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SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT
OF THK
Bureau of Labor Statistics and
Inspector of Factories
and Workshops
OF THE
STATE OF OREGON
From October 1, 1914. to September 30, 1916
TO
HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR
AND THE
Twenty-Ninth Legislative Assembly, Regular Session
1917
O. p. HOFF, Commissioner
Sai.km, Okkgon:
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1916
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Bureau of Labor Statistics, and
Inspector of Factories and Workshops,
Salem, Oregon, December 31, 1916.
To His Excellency the Governor, and to the Hon-
orable Legislative Assembly of the State of
Oregon:
In accordance with an Act of the Legislature
of 1903, creating the Bureau of Labor Statistics
and Inspector of Factories and Workshops, I
have the honor to present to you the Seventh
Biennial Report of the Bureau for the State of
Oregon, ending September 30, 1916.
Respectfully,
0. P. HOFF,
Commissioner.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In presenting this, the seventh biennial report, this Department desires
to express its appreciation of the assistance, friendly aid and cooperation
extended the Department by the owners and managers of the different
industries under its jurisdiction, who cheerfully complied with requests
for the betterment of the working conditions of their employes and the
safeguarding of their machinery, as well as complying with the requests
for statistical information; the zeal and loyalty displayed by the field
deputies and office force in the carrying out of their work, to the heads
of the various departments of state, and federal, for information fur-
nished and other valuable coopei'ation extended in the compilation and
issuance of this report; for valuable information cheerfully furnished;
to the private employment agencies, the Portland Public Employment
Bureau, the U. S. Employment Service; to the county, city and town
officials for generous aid and cooperation in the gathering of official
statistics; to the labor organizations, the Child Labor Commission, Indus-
trial Welfare Commission and to the public generally in lending their
valuable assistance and hearty cooperation in furthering the interests and
bettering the conditions of the laboring people of Oregon generally, to all
of whom this Department feels greatly indebted for whatever measure of
success has been achieved in the past and for the abundant promise for
the continued improvement of conditions that is held out for the future.
Commissioner.
REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS
WORK OF BUREAU EXPANDING
New conditions are continually arising which, to some extent, change,
and, at other times, create new work for the Bureau. The working
people throughout the State now look upon this Bureau as the place to
come for information and advice in the major portion of their difficul-
ties arising from their employment. By giving courteous and pains-
taking attention to their requests for information as to their rights and
privileges under the labor laws of the Stfite, much litigation has been
avoided. The working people, as a class, are not unreasonable, and only
want what is their right and justice, and I believe that in nearly every
instance where the law has been interpreted to them by this Bureau and
they have been pointed out their error, they have cheerfully acquiesced
and" gone about their labors uncomplainingly. The burdens and respon-
sibilities devolving upon this Bureau are steadily increasing and, I think
I can say, with due regard to modesty, that this Bureau is amply
equipped and quite equal to any and all occasions which may arise within
its province. Careful supervision of factory inspection and close scrutiny
of every situation from all angles, so as to be able to meet, cope with
and improve the conditions of the working classes generally, are chief
among the duties of this Bureau.
ORGANIZED LABOR
That labor organizations are a substantial benefit to a community
cannot be successfully contradicted. They are the upholders of the
American standard of living and doing. Being of human composition they,
like the human individual and other human organizations, sometimes make
mistakes and sometimes serious ones, but, has the public at large the right
to judge and condemn them by their worst mistakes unless they, them-
selves, are willing to be judged and condemned by their worst faults and
weaknesses? By meeting together and discussing the issues of the day,
their grievances, etc., when such discussions are conducted in honest
toleration and due respect is accorded the honest opinions of everybody,
an opportunity is offered for the broadening of the intellect and inculcat-
ing the spirit of square dealing in all of their transactions. It also tends
to create a fraternal feeling among the working people which helps to
make life more pleasant and lighten their burdens of toil and responsi-
bility. Many of these organizations maintain mutual benefit insurance
which serve as a material relief to the manifold burdens of the taxpayer
in many ways. Full cooperation between the employer and the employe,
supported by a mutual understanding of the rights and privileges of each,
is, after all, the ideal system and should be fostered and encouraged upon
everv side and occasion.
WAGE-PAYMENT REGULATION
There is urgent need for a law in this state for the protection of the
laboring man or woman to the extent of insuring him or her against the
unnecessary, sometimes serious, delay in the settlement of wages due
when the work is finished. The failure of employers to settle up with
their help, after the job is complete, has been the cause of a greater
number of complaints received by this bureau than from, perhaps, all
other causes and, in many instances, the laborer has been subjected to
great annoyance, humiliation and suffering because of his inability to
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
collect what is coming to him from the employer. There is no law at
present to which the laborer has recourse in case of inability on the part
of the employer to pay, as claimed, after having contracted for the labor
and the job is finished, and this state of affairs has been the breeder of
much justifiable discontent among the laboring people. The "laborer is
worthy of his hire" and there is no good reason why he should be
compelled to wait for his money after he has finished his work. He not
only sustains a serious loss of time in being subjected to a delay in settle-
ment, but, in many instances, where he is dependent upon his earned
wage to pay his transportation to another job, he is the loser of a good
job as a consequence. In some cases, no doubt, where unforeseen compli-
cations arise, the employer is honest and not to blame in his inability to
settle up, but these instances are extremely rare. If a law were enacted
providing for an allowance of a reasonable amount of compensation for
whatever delay is suffered by the laborer in awaiting a settlement, I am
firmly of the opinion that much of the evil would be eliminated. Such
a law would not work a hardship upon the employer who intends to do
the right thing since, if there is any question as to his inability to pay
when the job is done, that contingency can be easily met by the making
of a contract beforehand or the making of a frank statement of the con-
ditions at the time of hiring his help.
Swingins lut-olf saw, counter-weight fastened to strap passing through wall
over pulley. Strap mav break any time, releasing saw with a sudden for-
ward movement that has been known to disembowel the operator who stands
in front. Chain in picture prevents the saw from going beyond certain safe
limit in case the strap breaks.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
CONDITIONS OF THE LABOR MARKET
In order to secure some first-hand information as to the true condi-
tion of the labor market in Oreg:on at the close of the report year, and
as compared to the conditions existing one year and t^yo years ago, the
Bureau started out to make a complete survey of the situation, covering
the entire biennial period. Owing to the difficulties encountered m the
work as is hereinafter explained in detail, the statistics gathered were
by no means complete and representative, but enough was learned to
iustifv the statement that conditions surrounding labor in Oregon today
are very much improved in every respect over those of last year arid two
years ago, and there appears abundant prospect of a continued advance
along the line of improvement for an indefinite period. The industnes
appear to have undergone a change for the better within the present
year (1916), which is especially true of the lumber industry, and others
of lesser importance which could be mentioned, all of which speaks for
better times for many of our people. ^ff^r.¥
There are many causes which have produced a stimulating effect
upon labor conditions in Oregon, but the European war has unquestionably
nlayed a very, if not the most important, part m the bringing about of
the improvement by the attraction of labor of all classes to the muni-
tions and other war-material factories of the East, where the demand
for labor has greatly exceeded the supply, and a corresponding increase
in wages has resulted. This latter has drawn hundreds of both skilled
and unskilled laborers out of Oregon and the Northwest, prmcipally of
the transient or itinerant class, and the response to the colors ot their
native lands involved in the gigantic struggle has also brought about a
more or less heavy draft upon the supply of both common and skilled
labor in this country. While the prohibition law, which went into effect
on January 1, 1915, cannot be said to have had any very material ettect
upon the labor market of Oregon, it has, nevertheless, exerted some
influence since, as the manager of one employment agency expressed,
"manv laborers departed for California and other non-prohibition states,
where they could have their beer." The great war, however, has been
the chief controlling factor in the present labor situation and to what
extent its indefinite continuance or its sudden cease would ettect condi-
tions is not only a matter of conjecture, but of grave concern and serious
consideration.
Employment Agencies Cooperate
In course of the survey a blank form was furnished the several
employment agencies of the state, to be filled out from their records.
They were also requested to give their views upon several stated ques-
tions calculated to bring out the predominating influences which have
either direct or indirect bearing upon the labor market. 1 he blank torm
embraced the following subjects upon which data were necessary for the
compilation of statistics tending to throw light upon the situation : Vacan-
cies listed, applications received, positions filled, fees collected, tees
returned, excess vacancies over applications, and excess applications
over vacancies, for both sexes. Because of the absence of uniformity
of system of keeping records, and, in some cases, the absence of any
system whatever except a cash account of fees received and fees refunded,
with a daily record of applications received and positions filled (the
latter showing upon the duplicate of fee receipt), the duplication and
triplication of applications for positions and vacancies listed prevailing
among the several agencies, with no means of segregation and elimina-
tion without entailing an enormous amount of work of comparing records
which would necessitate the expenditure of a considerable amount of
8 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
money, which this department has not available, it was found impossible
to secure any reliable information concerning the total number of vacan-
cies listed, applications received, fees collected, excess of vacancies over
applications and such meager information as was gained upon these
subjects was rejected as of no material value and altogether misleading.
The returns from all of the sixteen agencies operating in the State,
including twelve private agencies in Portland, two in Marshfield, and
the Portland Free Employment Bureau and the United States Employ-
ment Bureau, conducted under the supervision of the United States
Immigration Service and in co-operation with the Portland free agency,
were incomplete for the two-year period, October 1, 1914, to September
30, 1916, upon all subjects embraced in the blank form, but eight agencies
reported fully upon the number of positions filled for the two-year period
for males, and for the one-year period for females, together with total
amount of fees returned for the one-year period for both male and female
applications. From a careful study and analysis of the statistics gathered
aided by the experience and advice of the heads of employment agencies,
it is shown that the demand for labor in Oregon is in more favorable
proportion to the supply than was the case one and two years ago; that
the general scale of wages has shown an improvement all along the line,
and that, while there was some indication of a shortage of help during
the past summer and fall, this shortage has existed in the classes of
seasonal employment, such as the fruit, hay, grain and hop harvest,
which usually occurs in greater or less degree.
Labor Data From Agencies
The following table shows the total number of positions filled in all
classes of male employment for the current years, October 1, 1914, to
September 30, 1915, and October 1, 1915, to September 30, 1916, as com-
piled from the reports of eight private employment agencies of Portland,
they being all of the total of twelve reporting which kept complete rec-
ords for the biennial period sufficient to use for comparative purposes;
the total number of positions filled for all classes of employment for
females, for the thirteen-months' period, preceding September 30, 19] 6,
from the reports of all agencies trafficking in female employment; the
number of fees returned, showing number of positions to which appli-
cants were referred and in which employment was not obtained, both
male and female, for the eight male agencies and all female agencies;
the per cent of increase or decrease in number of positions filled for the
current year 1915-1916, as compared to 1914-1915, as to males, and the
increase and decrease in per cent, as to females, for the thirteen-months'
period ending September 30, 1916, using January, 1916, as the normal
average basis of computation. In computing the percentage increase and
decrease for males for the biennial period, the month of June, 1915, was
used as a basis of comparison in that it more nearly represents the
average conditions of a normal year from an industrial standpoint, with
the exception of the logging and lumbering industry, which was at a
low ebb.
As to female employment, the fluctuation was so slight as between
the thirteen months recorded as to make the percentage comparisons
unnecessary except to show the divergence from the normal average,
January, 1916, due principally to seasonal demands coming from the
berry and hop fields, summer resorts, ice cream and delicatessen estab-
lishments, etc. Upon this basis of computation, however, the only decrease
shown for the period of thirteen months, with the exception of Septem-
ber, 1915, is in the case of December, the busiest month of the entire
year for female employment in department and other stores during the
holiday season; but this is accounted for by the fact that this extraordi-
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
nary seasonal demand was met by the employers, who received applica-
tions directly, and the business did not pass through the employment
agencies. The fact that the complete records for the thirteen months
show that there were 106 refunds of fees for the month of September,
1915, in proportion to 394 positions filled, as compared to but 84 refunds
in proportion to 554 positions filled for September, 1916, tends to reflect
the increased seasonal demand for female labor for 1916 over 1915.
October ...
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August ...
September
Totals
Number
positions filled
Number
fees returned
Female ! Male Female
1914-15
3,156
1,795
942
753
1,107
1,247
2,063
2,265
2,158
3,573
4,035
3,508
26,602
1915-16
2,538
1,550
1,567
1,520
3,038
4,639
5,837
7,865
7,269
6,586
5,407
"""5,125
1915-16
549
547
492
529
556
563
575
583
591
586
758
§394
554
1915-16
484
291
227
315
436
780
798
1,137
1,264
983
105
§449
684
1915-16
83
109
53
92
114
86
110
110
111
102
105
§106
84
52,941
6,687 8,606 1,265
'Positions filled — increase
or decrease — per cent
1914-15
46.0
-17.0
-56.0
-65.0
-48.7
-41.7
-4.4
4.9
0.0
65.15
. 87.0
62.6
1915-16
18.0
-28.0
-27.0
-29.0
40.7
115.0
170.5
264.4
236.8
205.3
150.5
Female
137.5
1915-16
3.8
3.4
-0.7
0.0
5.2
6.4
8.7
10.2
11.7
10.8
6.2
§-25.7
4.7
104.6
5.9
*Minus (-) sign means decrease. Intending to show the fkictuations as be-
tween months and seasons of 1914-1915, with comparisons for corresponding
months of 1915-1916. The percentages in the total columns represent the average
per cent of increases and decreases for the entire year. § Figures are for Sep-
tember, 1915, tlie only monthly records available for purposes of comparison:
figures in percentage column show comparative decrease in female positions
filled September, 1915, as to January, 1916, average normal.
Conditions Difficult of Analysis
Since it is impossible to give intelligent statistics regarding the num-
ber of applications for employment, during the periods covered by the
tabulated data, for reasons heretofore stated, there is no way of arriving
at a reliable analysis of the labor market upon the important subject of
supply and demand, from the reports of the private employment agencies.
However, the returns received from all agencies, incomplete, indicate
that the number of positions filled for the current year 1915-1916 were
in the ratio of six to one of the fees returned, while for the year 1914-1915
they were in the ratio of five to one, indicating that the proportion of
bona fide vacancies was greater during the past year than the year
previous.
Reports received from the Portland Public Employment Bureau and
the United States Employment Service, of Portland, which work in
co-operation, and their records, no doubt, are somewhat duplicated or
dovetailed, show a combined total of 61,544 persons asked for by employ-
ers during the current year, October 1, 1915, to September 30, 1916, and
a total of 52,912 persons supplied. The combined registrations for
employment for the two agencies totaled 31,769 for this period. The Port-
land Public Bureau furnished help to 2,464 females. Besides this, in the
juvenile department 600 positions were supplied to boys of a total of 702
registered for employment. While neither bureau kept an accurate and
complete record of the total number of applications for employment, the
Portland Public Bureau registering only such applicants as could furnish
a permanent address, and no reliable data could be secured upon this
10
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Drive wheel in electric plant, unprotected
Same drive wheel provided with adequate guard rail.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
11
subject, the Portland Bureau estimates a total of 125,000 applying for
work through the Bureau during the past current year, as against an
aggregate of 105,853 positions filled by all agencies in the city, exclusive
of females, which totaled 9,331 for all agencies reporting. A condensed
statement of the reports of these two agencies follows:
Registered 1 Furnished 1 Orders from
applicants employmont i employers
Portland Employment Bureau
U. S. Employment Service
11,287 32,537 | 37,969
20,482 1 20,375 ] 23.575
Totals
31,769 1 52,912 | 61,544
Director Johnson, of the Portland Employment Bureau, estimates
that 80 per cent of the positions to which men and women were referred
by his department were of a permanent character and that 50 per cent
of the 80 per cent were jobs outside of Portland.
Shortage Conditions Reviewed — Male
(Summarized from commentary of employment agencies' reports)
In 1914 there were as many vacancies as applications; in 1915 there
were a great many applications with little work to be found of any kind;
in 1916 there were a great many vacancies in nearly every kind of work
with comparatively few applicants, is the way the situation is summed
up generally by all agencies reporting. Among the principal vocations
in which shortages appeared to figure most prominently during the past
six or seven months enumerated by the agencies were millwork, railroad,
general road work, logging, ironworkers, cooks, donkey engineers, black-
smiths; but the principal deficiencies in the labor supply existed in saw-
mill and logging industries and the harvest work for fruits, grain, hay
and hops.
Wages — As a natural consequence of the unusual shortage in the
labor supply, or rather the gradual improvement of conditions in the labor
market of the Northwest, the wage scale has been proportionately
improved in practically all lines of employment, ranging from 15 to 20
per cent in farm and daiiy work to 25 to 30 per cent in common, semi-
skilled and skilled labor in the mechanical trades, lumbering and logging.
Briefly summarized, a few instances of wage increase in different indus-
tries, as shown by employment agencies' reports, they are: Logging
industry — Common labor in logging camps, from $2.50 to $3.50 per day,
the difference in range being as between common and semi-skilled; com-
mon laborers in ordinary work, roads, mills and railroad work, from
$2.50 to $2.75, and, in rare cases, even $3.00. One agency reports wages
in general farm work about the same, an average of $30 per month, with
board and lodging, while another reports an increase of 15 to 20 per
cent in farm and dairy work since 1914-1915, and expects "wages in this
line will be higher next year (1917) than it has ever been known in the
Northwest country." "In 1915 the wages for mill yard men was about
$1.50 per day, in 1916 about $2.50 to $2.75 per day, and nearly the same
with loggers," says another agency. "In 1915 wages for loggers were
$2.00 to $4.00 per day, while in 1916 the wages were from $2.75 to $6.00
per day, although board was more expensive in 1916 by about 50 cents
to $1.00 per week." The following wage scale is submitted to show the
changes in three classes of employment for 1914-1915-1916: Farm
hands— ^1914, $30.00 per month; 1915, $25.00; 1916, $35.00. Milkers—
1914, $35.00 per month; 1915, $30.00; 1916, $45.00. Millmen, in yard—
1914, $2.00 per day; 1915, $1.50; 1916, $2.50. In 1914-1915 the wages
for section men and extra gang men on the raih'oads were 15 cents per
12
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Gear-roll in saw mill before factory inspection. Dangerous.
Same gear-roll with gearing and shafting guarded.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 13
hour, and in 1916 the wages were from 18 1-2 to 25 cents per hour.
Another says: "The wages for loggers and sawmill help are from 50
cents to $1.00 per day better than in 1914. The greatest increase is with
common labor.
Review of Conditions — Female
Aside from the usual shortage in the labor market for females in
seasonal employment, especially in the berry and hop fields, there has
been no serious shortages in other lines of work for girls and women
during the past two years. As a matter of fact, two agencies report
business in hotel and family help for 1914-1915 slightly better than for
1915-1916. They report business very dull for the past year. The prin-
cipal excess in vacancies over applications for work has been for female
cooks in hotels and restaurants, and family help has been in somewhat
greater demand during certain periods. The principal excess in appli-
cations over vacancies in 1914-1915 was in hotel chamber work and
various lines of office work, and for 1915-1916 hotel chamber work,
waitresses, laundry and factory help and office work. Some scarcity is
also reported in applications for housemaid work.
Wages- — Little, if any, changes are reported in any line of work for
female labor during the past two years. Housemaids receive from $15.00
to $20.00 per month for assistants, and $25.00 to $40.00 per month for
head maids with executive or supervisory ability; waitresses in hotels
receive from $20.00 to $30.00 per month, with room and board; in res-
taurants from $6.00 to $12.00 per week; chambermaids, $35.00 per month,
without room and board, and $20.00 to $25.00 with. Chamber work is
reported better in 1914 than in 1916, in many instances hotels paying
as high as $10.00 per week, with room and board. Wages for cooks in
hotels are reported lower than in 1914, many hotels in the city and
country paying from $40.00 to $50.00 per month formerly, and there
were many more calls for cooks in restaurants at $10.00 to $12.00 per
week, with board. Now there are very few calls for restaurant cooks,
and the pay ranges from $7.00 to $10.00 per week, with board. Hotels
often pay $25.00 to $40.00 per month for cooks, with board, but there
has been no place for a $50.00 female cook for two years, possibly three.
Shortage Causes and Working Conditions
The shortage in the labor market for males has been explained before.
As to seasonal work for both males and females, the shortage of help
for the fruit, grain, hay and hop harvests is due, to a great extent, as
one agency explains, to the disinclination on the part of hundreds of avail-
able men and women to go into the hop fields and fruit harvest because
of the wages paid, and particularly because of the poor accommodations
provided by the employers for their help. This agency "anticipated this
difficulty will increase until the growers recognize the business sagacity
as well as propriety of properly housing or sheltering their employes."
In the cases of female employment, the agencies report that in many
instances the help is given a room that is undesirable and, perhaps,
insanitary, or the meals are provided from materials that are not appe-
tizing. Alleged insanitary and uncomfoi'table conditions in kitch-
ens, laundries, small and unventilated sleeping rooms, hot and stifling
in summer and cold in winter, are frequently complained of by female
workers to the heads of employment agencies. "There is no doubt, in
the cases of women cooks, the places are sometimes filled by men on
account of the eight-hour law for women," says one agency, "but the
falling off in the demand for women cooks is due, to a great extent, by
the closing of many hotels, restaurants, cafeterias, etc., owing to a wave
of hard times and high food prices."
14 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Prospects for the Future
Without exception, all agencies are inclined to view the future of the
labor market in Orepron and the entire Northwest as most promising
and encouraging, in the light of present conditions. Some go as far as
to predict an unprecedented wave of industrial prosperity, lasting oyer
a period of several years, while others are more conservative and confine
themselves to the belief that times are due to be much better for the
laboring classes, especially for the next year or two, but hold out no
glittering promises in the light of the uncertainties involved in the
gigantic struggle in progress on the Eastern hemisphere. One believes
the raise in wages is due to the increase in living conditions, as well as
to the scarcity of labor, and that a still further increase in wages is
justifiable, as* board in the logging and railroad camps has necessarily
raised to meet the extra charge of foodstuffs and clothing. "I believe
that wages will increase and that labor will be scarcer in 1917-1918 than
for 1916, for the following reasons," says one agency, "The men who
have gone East, to Canada and the war zones are not coming back soon,
and the demand for construction and maintenance work will be greater."
In conclusion, this bureau desires to express regret that some uniform
and co-operative system of record-keeping has not been devised and
adopted by the employment agencies of the State, by Avhich the duplica-
tion of applications for positions and listing of vacancies could be elim-
inated and whereby more accurate data could be obtained relative to the
true condition of supply and demand in the labor market of the State.
This department, however, is endeavoring to work out a uniform system
of record-keeping and reporting for use in all agencies in the State, pri-
vate and public, and hopes, through its adoption and following out by
the employment agencies, to be able to present more complete and reliable
statistics and in more g^i'aphic and comprehensive form at the close of
another report period. There being no funds available for paying the
expense incident to the gathering and compiling of such statistics, the
application of the receipts of licenses from employment agencies to the
credit of this department, instead of their being turned into the general
fund of the treasury, would assist very materially in the performance
of this work, as well as in the general administration of the employment
agency regulation laws, as recommended in another part of this report
under the head of "Employment Agencies."
SUGGESTIONS TO WAGEWORKERS
Be cautious.
Help to reduce the number of accidents.
Money lost is money thrown away. Be careful with money.
Never wear gloves while working around revolving machinery.
Brain in a factory is worth more than horsepower.
Put your money in a State or National bank. They are safe.
When you pay out money, pay by check. It teaches you business.
The bank will keep your accounts for you and advise you on business
matters.
Take no chances by carrying money with you. Someone may rob you.
Lending money without security is one way of giving something for
nothing.
If you have occasion to borrow money, borrow through your bank.
Establish a credit.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 15
SEASONAL EMPLOYMENT
FREE EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES
The question of how to take care of the unemployed will, I am afraid,
always be with us. New inventions are constantly displacing human
labor, and the population is increasing at a more rapid rate than the
number of new factories, or other industries which tend to increase the
demand for labor. The question of seasonal employment is, perhaps, one
of the very important and seemingly insoluble problems of the present
age. Eventually, I have no doubt, some practicable system may be
worked out under which the State government may be able to render
valuable assistance along the line of a solution of the matter upon a
profitable basis to both the direct beneficiary and the public at large.
State or government aid should, of course, be confined to the cases of
worthy men and women exclusively. I have in mind the vast area of
logged-off — in their present condition an absolute waste — lands, hun-
dreds of thousands of acres, which might be converted into happy, pros-
perous homes if a workable system of State aid could be devised to
encourage the settlement and development of the same. If the State
could secure possession of these now useless lands, covered with brush
and stumps, but possessing exceedingly rich and highly productive soils,
and sell them to the actual settler upon the basis of actual value, unim-
proved, upon long and easy terms of payment, without interest, in my
opinion the seasonal employment situation would be in a great measure
relieved and, perhaps, ultimately solved. Laboring men of little or no
means could contract to purchase ten to fifteen acres of these logged-off
and brushy lands and, while not engaged at remunerative employment
in the local field, could be putting in their otherwise idle time in carving
out a home. These men would be available to take care of our seasonal
employment, being able to take care of themselves half of the time upon
their land. , . .^ ,,
In the absence of some such state-aid system as this, it would seem
that the universal shortening of the hours of labor in all classes of
employment would be the only plausible solution to the difficulty. This
condition may not be brought about in the near future through man-
made laws, but it will work itself out eventually under pressure of
economic conditions and the principle of "live and let live." It has not
been so very long since eleven hours was the regulation workaday in the
majority of milling and similar industries. It will not be long until the
eight-hour day will be adopted universally in all lines of industry, the
great majority of crafts having already been accorded this reduction in
the work-day hours, and some of the leading organized crafts are looking
forward to the day when six hours will be considered a day's work. State
free employment agencies or exchanges would do much toward the early
solution of the major portion of the difficulties which now confront the
commonwealth from the standpoint of the laborer.
EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES
The Legislative Assembly of 1915 enacted a law designed to regulate
the method of conducting the business of private employment agencies in
the State for the benefit and protection of the laboring people, statu-
torally known as Chapter 128, Laws of 1915. General supervision of the
enforcement of the law, authority to prescribe rules and regulations for
the conduct of the business along equitable lines, collection of licenses
and issuance of license certificates was delegated to this department.
The amount of license fees to be paid by private agencies was fixed upon
a graduated scale ranging from $2.50 per year, the lowest, which applied
16 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
to agencies located in cities of less than 2,500 population, to $50.00 per
year, the highest, applied to agencies of 150,000 inhabitants or more.
The law also prescribes that employment agencies be required to furnish
a good and sufficient bond, in surety of the legitimate conduct of their
affairs, in amounts ranging from |lOO to $1,000, before a license to
transact business should issue. These bonds are renewable annually
and must accompany applications for renewal of license.
During the year 1915 applications were received and bonds were filed
and licenses issued to twelve private agencies in Portland at $50.00
each, one at Salem at $7.50, and two at Marshfield at $5.00 each. Total
receipts, $617.50. During 1916 licenses were issued to twelve agencies
in Portland at $50.00, two in Marshfield at $5.00, and one at Astoria
at $5.00. Total receipts for 1916, $615.00. Evidently, through an over-
sight on the part of the Legislature in framing the act, these receipts
are turned into the General Fund of the Treasury, whereas, in order
that the best results may be obtained in the enforcement of the law, this
money should properly be ci-edited to this department, to help defray the
expense of administering the law.
Operation of Law; the Agency
In order to ascertain the workings of the new law, inquiry was
directed to all of the agencies operating in the state, inviting full and
frank expression as to the adequacy and fairness of its provisions and
for suggestions for its improvement if, in their judgment, there was
need of it in the interests of all parties concerned — the agency, the
employer and the employe.
With the exception of one single feature of the law — that which
requires the employment agency to refund the fee collected in the event
of failure to secure work to which the applicant had been referred, in
which particular some agencies claimed that the spirit of the law had
been abused and injustices worked upon them in some instances — -all
agencies were practically a unit in declaring that, while some changes
might be made for the better in some respects, acknowledgedly of a non-
essential and unimportant nature, the law is serving the purpose for
which it was intended, and were content to let it stand as it is. A few
condensed excerpts from some of the replies received upon the subject
of "Suggestions for Improvement" of the measure are quoted:
(1) "We feel that there is nothing so detrimental to the progress
of the country than the continued change of laws. We are getting the
habit of initiative and referendum and legislative laws being continually
changed and added to, and I, for one, am going to discourage it as much
as possible." (2) "The present employment agency law is fair to all
parties concerned, if the law was enforced as it reads." (3) "Believe
the law a very good one; answers all requirements, and absolutely fair
to both sides; only suggestion is to weed out the disreputable agencies,
if such there are, as we believe a straightforward, well-conducted, thor-
oughly experienced agency an essential factor to the community, the
unprincipled one just the reverse." (4) "In cases where men are sent
out on bona-fide proved orders and the employers refuse to put them to
work, the employer should be directly responsible to the employe, in the
matter of refund of fees, railroad fare, etc., instead of the agent." (5)
"When an applicant is employed, gives satisfaction and is then dis-
charged on account of the old help returning, the employer should be
compelled to pay employment fee and make other just restitution to the
applicant instead of the agency." (6) "The law protects the agent from
unreliable employers and eliminates the crooked employment agent.
Cannot see whei-e the law can be improved much. In some respects it
works a hardship upon the private employment agent, but believe that it
is best to let well enough alone."
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 17
Six of the leading private employment ap^encies of Portland adopted
the following: blanket form of reply to the question which appears to
embody the sentiment of the majority upon the subject:
"We, the undersigned employment agents, in answer to your question
regai'ding the statute regulating private employment bureaus in the
State, beg leave to submit the following:
"That the present statute, while it works a hardship, and even an
injustice, in many cases, upon the private employment agents of the state,
has been found by a great many officials of this city and State and various
investigators to be adequate in its protection of the interests of the
laboring man or woman dealing with private employment bureaus, and
can be termed a good law to handle the general employment situation.
We therefore think it unnecessary to amend or change the statute at this
time, and shall not recommend that any changes be made, as we deem
it unwise to continually change the laws of the state."
Operation of Law; the Laborer
In order to secure light upon both sides of the question as to the
sufficiency of the law in serving the purpose for which it was intended,
an expression was also solicited to represent the views of the laboring
people, for the protection of whose interests the statute was enacted.
The investigation from this standpoint covered a wide field and embraced
a fair representation of all kinds of labor, the unorganized workers,
which 'depend chiefly upon the employment agency as a medium of secur-
ing work.
From the big volume of expression it is deduced that, while the
laboring people as a class are naturally independent and are loath to
accept a service in the form of charity, they are inclined to rebel at the
thought of being compelled to pay for something to which they feel inhei*-
ently entitled and in the securing of which they expect to deliver value
received for the wage they receive in return for their labor, they do not
object to submitting to a reasonable charge by the employment agency
if he is treated fairly in the transaction and the goods he pays for are
not misrepresented to him.
On the other hand, he is impelled to patronize the private employment
agency, being prompted in the act by the feeling that there is a sort of
partnership existing between the fee agency and the big concerns which
employ labor upon a large scale, and in doing so he stands a better
chance of procuring remunerative employment in the line of work best
suited to his abilities and adaptability. Furthermore, he feels that, in
patronizing the paid, agent, he is provided a measure of protection from
fraud and deceit through the medium of legislation which furnishes the
means of reprisal in the event of injury by misrepresentation; provided,
however, he can prove such misrepresentation.
Although there is no question that the present law has done much
to relieve the laboring man or woman from the greater portion of the
burden of impositions which he was made to suffer under old conditions,
judging from the nature of the complaints which have been lodged with
this department and the conditions expressed regarding the workings
of the law, there is a certain amount of exploitation still being practiced
in the traffic of labor to the prompt and effectual elimination of which
immediate steps should be taken. The laborer feels, and justly so, that
he is entitled to full protection against the evils of work to which he is
"assigned and for which he pays a fee, length of job, camp conditions,
board, etc., and if he does not find conditions as his mind has conceived
them, he blames the employment agent.
While it is a pleasure to be able to report that, as stated before, these
conditions have been greatly improved since the regulatory act became
of effect, and that the great majority of the pay agencies are conducted
along strictly honorable business lines, for which they are given due
18
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
credit and praise by the laboring: people, there are instances cited which,
if they cannot be classed as outright misrepresentations, have the ear-
marks of such, but, in the light of the subterfuges which the agents resort
to when called to an accounting, it would be extremely difficult for the
victim to secure redress at the hands of the courts, should he take such
a course. Again, the laboring man or woman will not take his or her
troubles to the court, except in extreme cases and as a last resort, for
to them it seems an impossible course of procedure, for they have no
money to fight their cases nor the time to squander in the undertaking.
One source of dissatisfaction to which the laboring people give
expression is the attitude of apparent indifference and, in some cases,
contempt which some employers — or, at least, their foremen — show for
the law in the matter of the endorsement of the employment ticket as
required by law. If the applicant does not secure the job, or if he is
discharged before the expiration of the six-day limit, too often the
endorsement is refused, or the return of the ticket is refused, or there
is a careless and indifferent explanation given, all of which places the
applicant at a great disadvantage when he returns to the employment
agent to seek the satisfaction which he feels is his due under the law.
This is the same condition to which the employment agencies have lodged
complaint, or criticism, since it frequently happens, st appears, that the
employer, and not the agent, is to blame for the mistreatment of the
applicant, yet the employment agent is made the "goat," for, as he
explains, for "business reasons" he would rather refund the fee than go
to court to clear clouds of his own transactions than to run the risk of
losing the business of an otherwise good customer.
There are, no doubt, instances of greatly exaggerated complaints of
alleged frauds and misrepresentations as to character of work, wages,
and other conditions recited before, but a well-defined statement as to
the exact conditions prevailing in connection with the job or work would
minimize the ground for controversy and a happier state of affairs would
exist all around. A more extensive use of state and federal free employ-
ment agencies would have a tendency to further relieve the conditons,
and it is the duty of the State to protect from exploitation, as far as
possible, the man, woman or child who has no other capital than his or
her ability and willingness to work and earn an honest living.
ACCIDENTS
The total number of accidents reported to the Industrial Accident
Commission, of sufficient degree of seriousness to require compensation
under the provisions of the Compensation Act, during the biennial period
beginning October 1, 1914, and ending September 30, 1916, was 13,612.
Of this number 137 cases were fatal and 13,475 non-fatal. The totals,
by months and for the entire period, follow:
Month
Fatal Non- fatal
Month
Fatal
Non-fatal
1914
October
November
7 I 481
6 361
374
3 1 520
December
Total
5
67
4
3
5
9
11
10
6
5
4
57
468
5,090
December
1916
Total
1915
-IQ 1 "Jl fi
442
4
5
6
6
4
12
5
4
8
5
February
400
608
January
325
275
364
325
387
480
423
486
479
558
April
741
February
1,019
March
946
April
886
May
1,064
June
1,063
July
Total
August
7,169
September
October
Grand total ....
137
13.475
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 19
INSPECTION OF MINES
The need of an Inspector of Mines in Oregon for the protection of the
lives and limbs of those engaged in this industry, as well as the properties
of the employers, was emphasized on the 31st of last October when three
miners lost their lives and two others barely escaped vvith theirs, as the
result of an explosion of gas in the Beaver Hill Coal Mines, near Marsh-
field, in Coos County. Under present conditions of lax or careless methods
of operating mines, such disasters are likely to occur at any time and they
never fail to take their frightful toll. While the mining industry is under
the jurisdiction of this department, by implication under the Employers'
Liability Law, and their machinery is subject to inspection by the field
deputies, the most dangerous element with which the workmen have to
cope is the generation of combustible and poisonous gases, the discovery of
the source of which and the means of avoidance of same, requires expert
inspectors who are equipped for the work. As soon as possible after the
occurrence of the above mentioned disaster an expert was sent to the
mine to ascertain the cause and also to inspect other mines in that section
for the existence of similar conditions, in order that prompt steps might
be taken to avoid a repetition of the Beaver Hill fatality, and to make a
full report of his findings together with recommendations. There being
no person in Oregon who, within the knowledge of this Department, was
properly trained and equipped with the necessary testing paraphernalia
to make the inspection, and, being desirous of sending some one who would
conduct the inspection in a manner uninfluenced by any motive or senti-
ment other than to perform his duty fairly and impartially, the Depart-
ment was fortunate in securing the services of James Bagley, Chief State
Inspector of Coal Mines of the State of Washington. Mr. Bagley made
the inspection of the Beaver Hill mine, the scene of the disaster, on
December 7, and, on the following day inspected the property of the
Henryville Coal Mines, in the near vicinity. His report, which is ap-
pended hereto in full, not only explains in detail the careless methods of
operating the mine and the inadequate working devices and equipment
which were responsible for the fate of the three victims of the Beaver Hill
Mine, but it shows that similar conditions, such as insufficient ventilation,
air supply, etc., exist in the neighboring mine and, perhaps, in the major-
ity of the mines in the state. It demonstrates that there is need for the
services of a trained and competent mining inspector in Oregon and I
trust that this Legislative Assembly will supply the necessary means of
safeguarding the lives and properties of those engaged in this industry.
Mr. Bagley's report follows:
December 11, 1916.
In compliance with your request and with the permission of Gov-
ernor Lister, I made an inspection of the Beaver Hill and Henryville
Coal Mines located near Marshfield, Coos County, Oregon, on Decem-
ber 7 and 8, 1916. The report which follows gives an idea of the
general conditions at both mines with special reference to the ex-
plosion at the Beaver Hill Mine on October 31, 1916, in which three
persons were killed.
Inspection of No. 3 mine operated by the Beaver Hill Coal Com-
pany December 7, 1916.
This mine is located at the town of Beaver Hill about twelve
miles southwest of Marshfield on the Southern Pacific railway.
One bed is worked in this mine and is about five feet thick between
walls. The mine is opened by a slope driven about 3000 feet on the
seam, which dips at an angle of from forty-two degrees at the top
of the slope and flattens to twenty-six degi'ees near the bottom. The
return airway is driven on the north side of the slope.
20
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REUORT OF THE
Wood-pipe machine with gearing open.
Showing gearing and dangerous parts guarded.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 21
Method of Workinji and System of Ventilation
The seventh and eighth levels north are turned off the slope
and are the levels that are being worked at the present time. The
sixth north has also been driven in some distance and is used as a
return airway for the air that passes through the seventh and eighth
levels. The coal seam generates explosive gases and the levels are
driven single and chutes are driven to the level above about every 200
feet as the level advances.
The plan of development is to mine as small amount of coal as
possible until the level reaches the property line, then to work the
coal out on the retreat system.
Small booster fans are installed in the fresh air outside of the
last chute holed and the chutes and gangway ventilated by air
driven from the booster fan throygh a six-inch circular pipe which
extends to a point near the faces of the working places. This was
the plan used in working the mine prior to the explosion on October
31, in which three of the workmen were killed by an explosion of gas.
Cause of Explosion
While it was more than a month after the explosion occured that
I visited the mine, I was able to get all of the information necessary
to determine the cause of the explosion by the conditions I found, and
by interviewing the mine officials and the men who worked in the mine
at the time of the explosion.
The explosion occurred on the eighth level north in No. 7 chute
which was driven off the level about 1,500 feet from the slope bottom.
Five men were working on this level at the time, two in the chute
and three on the gangway. All were working with open lights, but
the men in the chute and gangway faces had safety lamps which they
used for testing their places for gas.
The men who worked in No. 7 chute went up the chute about 7:15
p. m. Whether or not they had gone to the face at that time is not
known. The three others who worked on the gangway were eating
lunch near the bottom of the chute about 8 p. m., when without warn-
ing an explosion occurred in No. 7 chute, the force coming down the
chute with great violence. Two of the men on the gangway were
slightly burned and bruised but were able to get out to fresh air
where they gave the alarm. When a rescue party reached the bottom
of No. 7 chute, they found the third man who died shortly after from
the effects of the afterdamp which he breathed after the explosion.
The pipe which carried the ventilation up No. 7 chute was blown
down and the chute filled with gasses. It was sometime later that
this chute was cleared and the bodies of the two men found in the
chute about half way down. Their open light lamps were found
about fifteen feet from the face of the chute which at the time of
the accident was up 269 feet from the gangway. The safety lamp
used for testing was hanging on a set of timber about ten feet from
the face. The interval between the time the two chute men left the
gangway and the time the explosion occured was about forty-five
minutes. The men on the gangway heard the coal bursting out at
the face of the chute while they were eating their lunch, so it is
supposed that the miners had not gone to the face when they first
went up the chute but had waited in the chute below the face. More
than the usual amount of gas had been given off by the working
coal and it either backed down to where the men were waiting with
their open lights or they had started to the face without first testing
for gas and ignited it with their open lights. The men were badly
burned when found.
22 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
No. 7 chute was holed to the level above on the day of my inspec-
tion. Air reading taken at the end of the pipe showed 136 cubic feet
of air per minute coming out of the end of pipe.
At the time of the explosion very little more than this amount
of air was being delivered to the working face in No. 7 chute. Under
the above conditions men should not have been allowed to work with
open lights, for, no matter how careful the workmen could have been,
there was danger of gas accumulating and being lighted with the
open lights. If the mine had been on safety lamps this accident
would not have occurred.
The mine is ventilated by a fan placed on the return airway on
the outside. The air reading taken at the top of the slope, which is
the intake, shows 24,750 cubic feet of air per minute entering the
mine. On the eighth level north, which is the first level ventilated,
the reading showed 9,000 cubic feet of air per minute passing. On
the seventh level north, outside of where Nos. 6 and 7 chutes are
holed from the eighth level, the reading shows 3,500 cubic feet of air
per minute passing at this point. Practically all of the men working
are inside of this point, so a very small percentage of the air entering
the mine is taken to the working places.
The seventh and eighth levels are opened on the south side of the
mine. Some time ago a fire occurred on the seventh level south
which compelled the closing off of both south side levels by placing
fire stoppings on the gangway near the slope. The stoppings are
equipped with a pipe which runs through the stoppings, and a valve
is placed on one end of the pipe. When this valve was opened on the
seventh level stopping it showed firedamp in the safety lamp.
Recommendations for Future Safety
Under the pi-esent conditions this mine should be placed on locked
safety lamps or electric mine safety lamps. The second opening
should be kept in good condition for traveling, so if anything should
happen on the main slope, those in the mine will have a safe way to
get out. Air readings should be taken each week and recorded in a
book to be kept at the mine. Report should be made each day on
condition of haulage equipment for hoisting or lowering men out of
or into the mine. Counter gangway should be driven above main
gangway and air kept at least 60 feet from the face. Booster fans
should not be used except for driving not more than 60 feet ahead
of the air, and then the motor should be placed only on the intake
side of the air current. All chutes should be driven in pairs and
crosscuts driven not more than 60 feet apart. Dust should be looked
after and kept sprinkled, so that it will not be a menace to safety.
(The system of driving counter and double chutes has been adopted
at the mine, but very little work has been done under it at the time
of my inspection.) When the new system is working properly and
much gas is given off, the electric haulage should be taken off the
return air and bare electric wires allowed only on the fresh air direct
from the outside.
Inspection of Henryville Mine, Coos Bay Coal and Fuel Company,
on December 8, 1916:
This mine is located about eight miles southwest of Marshfield,
Oregon, on the Southern Pacific railway. The bed worked here is
the same as at Beaver Hill. A tunnel is driven which intersects the
seam on which a slope is driven to the third level.
!>fetho(l of Working
The method of working is the gangway and counter system on
the level, and the coal is mined on the pitch by the chute and pillar
system. The gangway is driven on the low side and is used as a
haulage road, and the counter is used as the intake airway.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 23
No reports of fire-boss inspections are kept, so I was unable to
find out how much gas has been reported in the past. I was assured
by those in charge that the mine gave off very little explosive gas.
The condition of the ventilation was very poor on the second north
gangway, where most of the men employed in the mine work. Reading
taken at top of manway, which is the intake, shows 7,800 cubic feet
of air per minute passing that point. Reading taken in crosscut
between Nos. 18 and 19 chutes, on second north, shows 187 cubic *
feet of air per minute. Six men were working inside of this point,
not counting the haulage men, who are in there part of the time. The
crosscuts were in bad condition and impassable, so the air could not
be expected to be good under these conditions. The fan on the out-
side would do more effective work if the conditions were more
favorable.
Recommendations
My recommendations at this mine are that permanent stoppings
of wood be built between the gangway and counter, and some effort
be made to get the air to the working places by cleaning out the
crosscuts or counter. That the fire-boss reports be recorded in a
book to be kept at the mine. That a record be kept each day of the
haulage equipment used for lowering and hoisting the men into and
out of the mine. That air readings be taken (Jnce each week and a
record kept of same. That the airway or manway be kept in proper
condition, so that those employed in the mine may be able to travel
that way if necessary.
Conclusions
In conclusion will say that the mines that I visited were in bad
condition and showed lack of proper supervision. An inspection of
the mines in Coos County would, in my judgment, be beneficial to
both the mine operators and those employed in the mines; also to the
State of Oregon. While I realize that the mining conditions at the
mines I visited are not favorable to keeping the mines in first-class
shape, they should be kept in better condition than at present. If a
mine is allowed to get in bad condition it is very hard to again put
it in good condition, but if the work is kept up as the mine advances,
the cost is not felt. If an inspection is made three or four times a
year, conditions would be called to the attention of the operator and
remedied, but if allowed to run from year to year, the cost to repair
them is prohibitive. In making these statements it is not my inten-
tion to cast discredit on any of the officials at the mines visited, but
to show the conditions as they exist.
Respectfully submitted,
James Bagley,
State Mine Inspector, State of Washington.
21
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 25
BOILER INSPECTION
Oreg:on is one of the few states of the Union which has made no
provision for inspection of boilers under the jurisdiction of the State.
Steam boilers are amonp: the most danp^erous risks with which the
laboring: people and the public generally have to deal in the industrial
sense, yet, as extensively as they are used in every branch of industrial
activity, no State provision is made for their inspection to determine their
safety, and thousands of lives are constantly placed in needless, almost
reckless jeopardy in consequence. Under present conditions this depart-
ment is only authorized to order an inspection of boilers when, in the
opinion of the Deputy Inspector of this Bureau, the external appearance
of a boiler indicates that there is a possibility of defect such as would
render it unsafe to operate. In such cases the representative of this
department can only notify the owner of the boiler that an inspection is
necessary, and the owner pays the expense of inspection. This procedure
occasions considerable delay and loss of time, because of the distances
traveled and special trips which an expert inspector has to make. If
the State would provide for a competent inspector of boilers, under the
direction and jurisdiction of this department, there is no question that
it would not only serve as an immediate relief to the manufacturer in
the saving of time, annoyance and injury to business in providing prompt
inspection of his boiler, but it would be less expensive to him for the
service and the protection of the public from the danger to life, limb and
property would be immeasurably enhanced.
OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS: THE TEACHER
There is no more honorable, responsible or onerous calling or profes-
sion than that of the teacher in the public schools. To the teacher of the
public school falls the arduous duty and responsibility of moulding the
character and fundamental principles of good citizenship of the average
child. In point of fact the destiny of a nation is, to a great measure,
chargeable and credited to the teacher of the public school. Much of the
future of the child depends upon the "building abilities" of the teacher.
Therefore all possible encouragement should be given them by the public
in order that none but those of the highest standard of manhood and
womanhood and the best of mental qualities need aspire to that grave
responsibility and trust, and be induced to enter the field of teaching as a
life work. A high standard of training should be required and those who
are entrusted with the management and conduct of a public school should
exercise the greatest care to ascertain the qualifications of a new teacher,
to the end that the incompetent and immoral may at once learn that they
have entered the wrong field.
It is a source of much gratification to note that, within the past few
years, there has been a decided tendency to recognize the real worth and
function of a public school teacher and to place him or her upon the
rightful plane of equality with the highest of professions. Having been
subjected to a reasonable period of probation, and, having demonstrated
their competency to fulfil the high mission of their calling, it is no more
than right that they should be placed upon a substantial liasis of suste-
nance, and material appreciation of their worth be manifested. Once their
status is established, their remuneration should be sufficient to enable
them to live according to American standards and also to provide against
want and misery during their declining years.
In response to a query sent out to all of the principals of the public
schools of Portland, under the guarantee of strict confidence, a largely
representative number of answers has been received upon the following
leading questions, involving the success or failure of the "tenure of
26 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
office" law, enacted by the Legislative Assembly of 1913 and placed in
application to the public school system of Portland during the past three
years: Its benefits; its drawbacks; and, suggestions for its improve-
ment. With but a solitary exception, all of the principals pronounced the
act far-reaching in its benefits, and particularly from the fact that it
effectually removed the element of doubt and uncertainty of reelection
which preyed upon the minds (and efficiency) of the teaching staff as a
whole, attendant upon the period of a few weeks or months previous to
the election of the teaching staff for the ensuing school year. While a
comparatively few complain that the requirements incident to the removal,
transfer or discharge of a teacher are objectionable, in that they subject
the complainant to the alleged disquieting position of being placed upon
the defensive in the substantiation, before the public, of charges preferred
against a teacher, the great majority is inclined to view the measure, in
its essential features, with approval. Hoivever, teachers having fitted
themselves for the ivork certainly ought to be guaranteed a public hearing
before being placed upon the "NON-DESIRABLE" list by any authopty.
Some suggestions were offered for the amendment of the act, chiefly
designed to eliminate the element of alleged antagonism, or suspicion of
personal preference, as it were, from the operation of the law, but prac-
tically all agreed that the law is still in the stage of experimentation;
is undergoing the time-trying process of interpretation, and that it should
be allowed to stand upon its merits until proven inadequate.
As to the efficacy of the adoption of such a law and the application
of its principles to school districts of a lesser magnitude than the city of
Portland, to which the present law exclusively applies, or the enlargement
of its scope to incorporate the entire commonwealth, this department
deems itself unqualified to recommend, inasmuch as the law is still in the
experimental stage. But, whatever the cost, it does not hesitate to say,
without equivocation, that any law which has for its purpose the amelio-
ration and edification of the status of the public school teacher, the lifting
of it from the slime of petty politics and factional dissension, is a forward
step toward the uplift of "humanity and the realization of a higher and
better plane of American citizenship, and should have the unstinted moral
and active support and encouragement of all loyal citizens of the com-
monwealth and the nation.
SAFETY FIRST
The proper time to use safety precautions is before the accident
happens.
Profit by the experience of others. First aid to the injured is safety
first.
Always set, think and act the safety example. You owe it as a duty
to your family to be careful.
The most effective safety appliance yet discovered is a careful man.
Personal caution is the greatest of all means of preventing accidents.
It is better to lose a minute in avoiding accidents than to lose a month
in nursing injury. Be cautious.
Do it the safe way. Take no risks.
Stop. Look. Listen.
Always be careful. Keep your head and you will not lose j'our limbs.
The safety first man is bigger, broader and better than the care-
less one.
Send your own safety first experience to the Bureau of Labor.
It is everybody's business to be careful; yet it must be some particular
body's business to sec that everybody is careful.
Keep your shoes in good condition, so that nails or slivers cannot
punch through soles.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 27
SHIPBUILDING ACTIVITY
EFFECTS UPON LABOR
Recently there has been much said in the newspapers of the compara-
tively sudden activity in the shipbuilding- industry in Oregon which
prompts an expression from this bureau concerning the effects of this
agitation upon the conditions of labor within the State. An investigation
of the matter reveals that a considerable impetus has been added to the
industry within the past few months, but no justifiable reason appears to
exist why the condition should be so flatteringly exploited by the press
as to create an exaggerated impression in the minds of the laboring
element of the country to the extent of attracting a large influx of the
unemployed into the State only to be met by disappointment. At the
present time laboring conditions in Oregon are far more satisfactory than
two years ago and the problem of "unemployment" has been materially
relieved. It would be exceedingly unfortunate if, through their zealous
efforts to promote the industrial welfare of the State, the newspapers
should lose sight of the injustice which their well-meant rejoicings might
bring upon the ever-hopeful rank and file of the laboring people. Psychol-
ogists, with all of their knowledge gained in exhaustive, scientific research
into the mysteries of human nature, have never been able to arrive at a
satisfactory analysis of that member of the human family, universally
called "Common Laborer." It is known, however, that he is of a highly
developed type of civilization who, in the frenzied hope of bettering the
conditions of himself and those dependent upon him, will follow almost
any sort of will-o'-the-wisp rumor of comfort and affluence, and is prone
to sacrifice his all of a material nature to rush to the scene of the new
"bonanza" only to find that he has been grievously deceived, without
work, penniless, a stranger in a strange land, without resources and
thrown upon the tender mercies of charity.
EFFECTS OF NEWSPAPER EXPLOITATION
A careful survey of the shipbuilding situation in Oregon reveals an
aggregate of seventeen plants actively and exclusively engaged in the
boat and shipbuilding industry, with two new corporations organized and
in course of establishment this year and two others in the more or less
remote and uncertain stage of prospect. These latter, at this writmg, are
only in the "newspaper" stage of realization. The statistical reports to
this department disclose that thirteen of the plants in actual existence
(reports from others not complete) employ an aggregate of 654 skilled
and 360 unskilled laborers in the construction of boats of all types and
descriptions, not including two or three of the larger ones, reports from
which had not been received up to time of going to press. The plants
reporting represent an aggregate investment of capital in property valua-
tions of $909,200 and pay out in salaries and wages to labor of all classes
over $1,000,000 annually. Reliable comparative statistics bearing upon
the subject are not available at the close of the report period for the
reason that the sudden activity in the industry is so immediately recent
that detailed figures upon the subject were not procurable. However, a
diligent canvass of the situation through the medium of the employment
agencies of the State tends to confirm the fears of an unwarranted stream
of unskilled laborers into the State which has already over-flooded the
market and threatens to grow worse if the agitation of the press con-
tinues unabated. Many agencies make reference to the matter in more or
less alarming degree but one large one, in pai-ticular, has the following to
say which, in a general way, voices the sentiments of all in a condensed
28 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
form: "We find that the publicity given this matter has attracted many
men to Portland. For the past two weeks we have, probably, had an
averag^e of twenty men a day applying for shipbuilding work, who were
attracted to Portland by the newspaper stories concerning the shipbuild-
ing plants to be established in this city. There are few skilled men
among the number, most of them being common laborers." It will be
noted from this that the great majority of the incoming laborers are
of the common and more dependent; the skilled, that naturally are in
greater demand, are in the minority.
According to information credited by the press to the West Coast
Lumbermen's Association there are fifty-three wooden vessels in course
of construction in yards along the Northwestern seaboard of the United
States, twenty of which are being built in the yards at Astoria, Portland
and St. Helens, divided as follows: Astoria yards, nine; Portland, eight;
St. Helens, three. These twenty vessels are being built expressly for
the lumber trade and will have a combined aggregate carrying capacity
of approximately 40,000,000 feet of lumber and will require 40,000,000
feet of lumber in the building. Three other large vessels, steam schooners,
are also in course of construction by a big shipbuilding plant in Coos
County, the combined carrying capacities of which will be 4,.500,000
feet of lumber and at a cost of about $1,000,000. It is gratifying to this
Bureau to be able to confirm, in a conservative measure, the current
reports of this new source of prosperity, not only on behalf of the interest
of labor, but from the stanpoint of the growth and well-being of the
commonwealth as a whole, but it sincerely trusts that the press of the
State, in the interests of humanity and justice, will temper its congratu-
lations over the new-found source of promised wealth to the true con-
ditions of the labor market that an unintentional injustice may not be
visited upon an innocent and trusting people.
Note. — Since the foregoing was written, official information has
been received by this Department from four of the big shipbuilding plants
in Multnomah County, not included in the above, showing that at present
they employ an aggregate of 2,050 men, and these plants estimate they
will eventually employ an aggregate of 7,000 men. Under the ship-
builder's method of clasification, the present complement of men is class-
ified as forty per cent, or 820 men, as skilled labor, and sixty per cent,
or 1,230 men, as unskilled. Under their system of employment all un-
skilled men receive thirty-two cents per hour for eight hours' work
upon entering their employ. As they become more proficient in the work
they are advanced along a graduated scale to as high as $7.00 per day
for piece work. In case of overtime all help is paid at the rate of time
and a half. These figures bring the total employed in boat and ship-
building work in Oregon to 1,474 skilled and 1,590 unskilled or a grand
total of 3,064 engaged in the industry with prospects of approximately
8,000 when the new plants are operated at maximum capacity.
"SAFETY" CAMPAIGN IS LAUNCHED
A Safety Federation, composed of the Industrial Accident Commis-
sion, the Labor Bureau and the University of Oregon Extension Board,
has been formed, whereby a more complete and effective campaign of
education may be conducted, demonstrating the need of gi*eater care and
cooperation between the employes and employers, looking to the ultimate
elimination of all of the elements of danger suri'ounding the workman.
Definite plans are now in process of formulation and an extensive cam-
paign will be launched in the near future and carried out to a beneficial
issue to all concerned.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
29
INDUSTRIAL WELFARE COMMISSION
Too much cannot be said in praise of the good results that have been
accomplished for the uplift of humanity by the work of the Industrial
Welfare Commission. This Commission has been in existence less than
four years, having been created by act of the Legislative Assembly of
1913, but no sooner had the appointment of the personnel been announced
and organization effected than the onerous task of looking after the wel-
fare and protection of the young boys and girls and young men and all
women workers of the state was entered into, and with an earnestness
that made itself felt from the start. In consequence of the tireless
activities of this Commission, which formulates and adopts its own rules
for the regulation of the employment of minors and women in all kinds
of work, and as a result of frequent sessions for the adjustment of certain
rules to meet every condition and contingency of employment, the condi-
tions of minor and women laborers in all trades and professions have
been improved and the relationship between employer and employe has
been placed on a better footing. A minimum wage, a maximum length
of workday and workweek, minimum duration of rest periods, have been
fixed; better health and comfort regulations established, and this depart-
ment, upon which falls the responsibility of enforcement of these regu-
lations, feels justified in saying to the Industrial Welfare Comrnission,
"Well done." This Commission is a non-sectarian, non-partisan institu-
tion which is serving without compensation for the bettei*ment of condi-
tions of humanity in general.
ManKle in laun(h-v, showing safety roll to prevent operators hand from getting
into machine "and crushed between heavy steel rolls. If operator s hand
should get under safety roll the machine is so adjusted that the raismg of
the safety roll disconnects the gearing and stops the machine.
30
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
REST FOR THE WEARY
View in Pmtlanrt department store, showing one kind of seat tliat is furnished
for the benefit of shop girls under the requirement of the Female Labor
Law which makes it obligatory on the part of people who employ female
lulp to provide seats, tliat they may rest when not otherwise engaged.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 31
CHILD LABOR
The Child Laboi- Department, through the exercise of tireless and
painstaking efforts, is accomplishing results that will merit and receive
the blessings of rising and future generations. The great majority of
the people do not realize, have not the least conception of what gross
misuse child labor is being subjected to, or what it amounts to in the
aggregate. In the case of manufacturing plants, child labor means, in
most instances, the displacing of the adult and operates to a serious loss
to the wage earning phase of the labor question, since the minor invariably
receives less pay than the adult. It subsidizes the plant at the expense
of the child; dwarfs the body and the intellect, thereby contributing
greatly, yes, criminally, to the retarding of the moral, intellectual and
physical development of the innocent victims of the lust for gain, and the
parents who permit the commercialization of their offspring to this insid-
ious end are guilty of the highest degree of usury in that it is nothing less
than the mortgaging of the child's future welfare and destiny for the
sake of immediate, but only comparatively temporary profit. As the child
grows older it gradually loses its natural affection for the parents and,
finally respect, and the practice almost invariably results in distress and
misery, and frequently in tragedy. As a result of a systematic campaign
of education and reform along these lines, conducted by the Child Labor
Commission, it is gratifying to note that the people are rapidly coming to
view this condition of things in its true light; there has been brought
about a decided change for the better and there is ample reason for hope
that it will be stamped out completely in due course of time.
GRADUATION OF PENALTIES
Penalties in all cases of labor law violations should be reduced so as
to come within the jurisdiction of the justice of the peace court. This
would have a tendency to reduce the number of more or less petty or
trivial violations to the minimum, and save the more expensive and cum-
bersome method of taking minor cases before the grand jury. In this
report I have confined the citation of instances of prosecutions to those
cases in which either convictions have been found and penalties imposed
in the justice court or have advanced through the process of grand jury
hearings and circuit court proceedings, but no mention is made of the
multitude of compai^atively small infractions of the labor laws and child
welfare regulations which were either dismissed with a reprimand in
the court of first resort or in which prosecutions were not instituted
because of the triviality of the offenses. If the scale of penalties were
readjusted so as to conform reasonably to all degi-ees of violations, I am
certain that the percentage of lesser infringements would be reduced to
an appreciable degree, while cases of grosser and more malignant char-
acter could be dealt with accordingly.
SAFETY FIRST
The hero at the risk of his own life saves another from a raging fire,
flood or collision. But he who prevents the fire, the flood or the wreck
by safety measures does incomparably greater good.
The single deed of valor which saves the human life rightly arouses
enthusiasm and recognition, but the steady, thoughful service and care
which saves numbers by prevention are too often met with indifference.
Prevention is better than rescue.
If your eye hurts, do not rub it or let an untrained person fool with it.
It may result in blindness. Seek safe and by all means sane treatment
immediately.
Picture at top of puRp is that of a sliapt r-saw m a ilanm.L: null i;iiarii>d. In
background is sliown dust-conveyor eciuipment adjusted to a trimmer saw.
Lower picture shows portal)le woodssaw witli tilting: table guarded. These wood-
Siiws, unsnardt'd, have been the cause of more accidents, in proportion to
number of men employed, than any other mechanical labor device.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 33
FACTORY INSPECTION
Realizing the importance of keeping abreast of the times in the strug-
gle to reduce industrial accidents to the minimum, as well as in the meth-
ods of conducting the administrative affairs of the department, last
summer I made a tour of some of the leading states of the East and Mid-
dle West. The principal object of my trip was to make a thorough inves-
tigation of the manner of conducting the offices, the methods of applica-
tion of factory inspection laws and the effects, in the hope of gaining
some advanced ideas along those lines whereby the interests of Oregon
might benefit. During the course of my tour, which covered twenty-
eight working days, after my arrival at Kansas City, I worked east and
north to Boston, Mass., and back to St. Paul, Minn., and visited the labor
bureaus and factory inspection departments of thirteen states and 102
manufacturing plants in twenty-six different towns. The plants I
mspected ranged in scope from those employing a half-dozen men to the
largest, in which upward of 17,000 men were employed. In all of the
states I visited, I found the laws to be very much the same as our own,
but the methods of their enforcement differ very materially. As a
result of my investigation, one prominent fact was strongly impressed
upon my mind, and that was that factory inspection laws cannot be too
rigidly enforced. The work of inspection must be performed by experts,
whose minds must be centered wholly upon their work, and they must
be practical and experienced men who make a special study of the
protection of lives and limbs through the placing of the most effective
safeguards around the dangerous parts of the machinery and all of the
equipment of the factories and workshops. Casual and slipshod methods
of factory inspection are extremely dangerous and no state can afford to
experiment in this important duty for the sake of saving a few dollars
in the expense at the risk of the loss of limbs and lives. While
I feel that I learned much by way of comparison of methods and picked
up a great many ideas which can be applied to improve conditions gener-
ally in Oregon, I feel that I am very consei-vative in stating that the
work of my inspectors will compare very favorably with the work done
in any of the states I visited. I regard it as the duty of the heads of
the various administrative departments of the State to strive to keep in
the front ranks of advancement in carrying out the trusts imposed
upon them, in order to give the people they serve the very latest and best
their services can command, and I feel that I have been, and the people
of Oregon through this department will be, greatly benefited by the expe-
rience, and that the trip has been a profitable one.
DANGEROUS WOODSAWS GUARDED
Of the industrial classes which come under the supervision of
this department, that one which has most recently required the
department's active attention and occasioned no little difficulty in
bringing about a satisfactory observance of the law and rules of the
bureau, is the portable woodsaw industry. Owing to the complete
exposure of the rapidly revolving saw and the almost universal employ-
ment of inexperienced, and consequently, careless, help, the portable wood-
saw has been the source of numerous serious accidents, in many cases
resulting in permanent partial disability. As many as four personal visits
have been found necessary, accompanied by the austere assurance of
prompt and rigorous prosecution in the event of absolute refusal or failure
to comply with the safeguarding requirements of the department before
entirely satisfactory results were accomplished. Our offices have been
very successful, however, to the end that much of the danger has been
removed and many machines provided with safe and adequate guards.
In due time this source of danger to the workman will be reduced to the
minimum.
Sig. 2
34 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
HOSPITAL FEES
One of the greatest, and seemingly unnecessary, sources of complaint
and trouble with which this department has had to contend in the imme-
diate past is the system, or rather multitude and variety of independent
systems, of assessing and collecting hospital fees from employes in force
by mjiny of the leading of our ipdustries. The hospital fee system was
adopted by many of our industries prior to the enactment of the Work-
men's Compensation Act in Oregon, and it served a good purpose as a
kind of industrial health insurance and guarantee of proper medical
and surgical treatment in the event of illness or accident. The regulation
hospital fee in force by the majority of our industries is $1.00 per month,
and this is deducted from the wages of the employe at the time of pay-
ment. It is also the practice to charge the full month's fee to the work-
man, whether he is employed a full month or only a few days; and, in
case of his discharge and employment in another position, he is compelled
to donate another dollar to the hospital fund of his new employment, and
so on ad infinitum. It would not be so bad if the laborer were to receive
the treatment which is his due when he falls sick or is injured, but it
frequently happens that he receives no relief from the industry hospital
fund, and his needs are attended to under the protective features of the
Compensation Act. He is required to donate at the rate of 26 cents per
month, one cent per day, for his protection under the Compensation Act,
and it would seem that one assessment for hospital treatment would be
sufficient, particularly so where he receives no benefit greater than that
given by the Industrial Accident Commission. If this practice is per-
mitted to continue, some provision should be made for the issuance of a
statewide transfer hospital credit card, under which the employe would
be entitled to treatment while in the employ of any member of what
might be termed a State Employers' Hospital Association, or some such
organization, for a period of thirty days, through the pajTnent of his
monthly dues or assessment to any employer. Or there should be a
uniform system of per diem assessment established at not to exceed four
cents per day. This is a matter that is of vital importance to the laboring
people of the state, and should receive early and serious consideration on
the part of our legislative body.
Summary of abuses needing correction: Collection of a month's fee
without guarantee of month's protection — charging the regular dollar-per-
month fee, where plant is under Compensation Act, and only providing
such medical services workmen are entitled to under said Act at the rate
of twenty-six cents per month. Failure to provide adequate service to
the families of workmen paying the fee therefor. — Furnishing physicians
or surgeons who are either incompetent, disliked or distrusted by work-
men patients.
Of the total concerns reporting, forty-two have collected $75,274.00
during the current year, June 30, 1915, to July 1, 1916, all of which
was disbursed; four collected $6,067.00, all disbursed except ten per cent
deducted to cover expense of bookkeeping; nine collected $17,585.00
and disbursed $13,601.00; five collected $3,450.00 and disbursed $5,662.00;
seventeen operating under the Compensation Act, collected $31,380.00,
including Compensation Act requirements, and disbursed $29,771.00.
A nuhiber reporting operating under ' the Compensation Act, made no
extra hospital fee charges. Copy of the act requiring this data has
been sent to every plant coming under the Factory Inspection Law. So
far as the knowledge of this department is concerned as to the number
of concerns making hospital fee charges, the reports from which the
above data was compiled, are complete.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 35
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFORMATION
OREGON
Oregon is bounded by Washington on the north, Idaho on the east,
Nevada and California on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
It lies between 42 degrees and 46 degrees 15 minutes and 24 seconds
north latitude, and between 117 degrees and 124 degrees 34 minutes and 16
seconds west longitude, and contains 96,699 square miles, or 61,887,360
acres. Of Oregon's area, 1,092 square miles represent water surface.
The United States census of 1910 gives Oregon a population of 672,765.
Using the ratio of increase in school census, enrollment and average
attendance as a basis for calculation (the most correct method of estimat-
ing), the population of Oregon on July 1, 1916, was 834,515.
The State offers unlimited opportunitites for persons who have money
to buy homes and enter business. The resources are endless and the
climate the best, with sufficient variation in the different sections to suit
any person's desire.
PUBLIC LANDS IN OREGON
On July 1, 1916 there were 15,337,809 acres of vacant public lands
in the State of Oregon open to settlement and entry under the provisions
of the homestead laws, of which amount 13,942,348 acres are surveyed
This total acreage is a decrease of 104,369 acres from July 1, 1915, and
632,037 acres since July 1, 1914. This does not mean, however, that all
of this land was taken up as homesteads during the past two years.
Much of it was taken up as claims under the timber and stone acts,
mineral, coal, desert land entries and withdrawn for power sites and
public water reserves, etc. There is no record as yet available showing
the exact disposition of public lands for the fiscal year, July 1, 1916.
The report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for the
year 1915 shows that, during the fiscal year ending July 1, 1915, an ag-
gregate of 6,814 entries upon vacant public lands were made in Oregon
representing a total of 738,401.77 acres in original entries, of which
1,839.03 acres represent sales of Indian lands; there were 316,627.27 acres
in final entries, and patents were issued to 441,609.47 acres, including
75,593.40 acres of railroad, Indian and private land grants. During
this fiscal year there were 22,634.89 acres, isolated tracts sold at auction;
9,887.28 acres entered under the timber and stone act; 691.22 acres
mineral; 43 acres coal and 22,204.44 acres of desert land entries. Of
the above acreage embraced in the original entries upon vacant lands,
all but 58,887.38 acres which were entered through the Portland and
Roseburg land offices, were entered through the five land offices for
the districts lying east of the Cascade mountains. During the fiscal
year 1915, there were withdrawn for power sites and public water re-
serves a total of 263,326 acres which should be charged against the de-
crease of 527,668 acres in vacant public lands for that period.
Desirable homestead lands are a very scarce article in Oregon, es-
pecially in the humid and highly fertile portion lying west of the Cascade
mountains, and where they do exist they are either very remote from the
denser populated sections, or difficult of access and without adequate
transportation facilities to profitable marketing centers. Of the 13,942,-
348 acres of surveyed vacant public lands, only 257,713 acres, or about 18
per cent, are situated in Western Oregon, and a very small percentage
of this area, in fact an almost negligible quantity, is suitable for prac-
tical homesteading. Many of the counties as shown by the accompany-
ing table, show an increase in public land area, and of this total 24,822
lies in counties west of the Cascades and represent, as a rule, entries
that have been canceled for non-fulfillment of statutory requirements
36 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
or relinquished, doubtless for the reason that they were found impracti-
cable for homestead tenancy. In the high plateau rejjions of Eastern and
Central Oregon, known as the arid and semi-arid region where irrigation
and di-y farming methods are used, and the 320-acre (enlarged homestead)
act applies, there is abundant opportunity for settlement and entry and it
is in this region that the great bulk of homestead settlement has taken
place during recent years. While the federal homestead act renders the
requirements comparatively easy of fulfillment from a physical stand-
point anyone contemplating exercising his homestead right any place in
Oregon should prepare himself for a season of greater or less hardships
and social privations and should, without fail, foi'tify himself sufficiently
with a surplus of funds to provide necessities of life and improvements
upon his property before hazarding the attempt. The settler should have
enough money to last him at least two years and this varies from $1,000
to $2,000, depending upon conditions surrounding the claim. In any
event greatest of caution should be exercised in the selection of the land
and strict personal investigation instituted to make absolutely certain
of all conditions before entering upon the land.
HOW THEY MAY BE PROCURED
Qualifications for Entry — Male citizens of the United States over
twenty-one years of age, or aliens who have taken out their first natural-
ization papers, also unmarried females meeting the same requirements,
are qualified to make entry and settlement upon vacant public lands in
Oregon. Married women, unless they are the head of the family through
the desertion of the husband or on account of his chronic illness or incar-
ceration for a long period of crime, insanity, etc., are not accorded the
same privileges as males and unmarried females.
Homestead Requirements — A homestead entrjTnan must establish
actual residence upon the tract within six months after date of the entry
unless an extension of time is allowed, and must maintain residence there
for a period of three years. During each year, beginning with the date
of establishment of actual residence, the entryman may absent himself
from the land for not more than two periods, aggregating as much as
five months. Cultivation of the land for a period of three years is re-
quired, and this must consist of actual breaking of the soil, followed
by planting, sowing of seed and tillage for a crop other than native
grasses. During the second year not less than one-sixteenth of the area
entered must be actually cultivated, and during the third year, and until
final proof is made, cultivation of not less than one-eighth must be had.
The homestead entryman must have a habitable house upon the land
entered at the time of submitting proof. Other improvements should be
of such character and amount as are sufficient to show good faith.
Comvtutation — After fourteen months of continuous residence upon
the land and the homesteader has fulfilled all of his requirements
as to improvements, he may procure patent to his homestead by the pay-
ment of $1.25 per acre for ordinary lands, or $2.50 per acre for lands
located within the limits of certain railroad grants, with the additional
sum of stenographic fees, at the rate of fifteen cents for each 100 words
transcribed for special papers.
Enlarged Homesteads — In certain designated sections of Eastern Ore-
gon, known as the semi-arid regions, 320 acres may be entered by a
qualified person. The residence and improvement requirements are the
same as under the old "five-year" and the new "three-year homestead"
acts, but the commutation privilege is not extended to lands entered under
this act (February 19, 1909 and June 17, 1910). Such lands as come
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
37
STATEMENT
Showing the amount of vacant public lands open to entry under the homestead,
timber and stone, desert, isolated tract and mineral laws and subject to selec-
tions by the State and by rairoads, and withdrawals for forests, reclamation and
various other purposes, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914 ; the amount
available on June 30, 1916 ; the acreage surveycnl and amount of increase and
decrease in each county ; the increase and decrease are due to various causes,
explained in the subject matter preceding this tabulation.
County
Acreage
July 1. 1914
Baker
Benton
Clackamas
Clatsop
Columbia — .
Coos
♦Crook
Curry
Douglas
Gilliam
Grant
Harney
Hood River
Jackson
♦Jefferson ..
Josephine ..
Klamath ....
Lake
Lane
Lincoln
Linn
Malheur
Marion
Morrow
Multnomah
Polk
Sherman ....
Tillamook ..
Umatilla ....
Union
Wallowa
Wasco
Washington
Wheeler
Yamhill
568,399
5,973
7,500
846
18,701
,233,906
34,995
29,828
73,790
394,371
,257,266
WiO
58,066
33,351
831,974
,459,373
28,484
47,668
15,722
,090,630
' 47r35'6
2,000
560
50,800
22,000
74,220
3..,960 '
112,223
198,120
280
239,130
200
Acreage
July 1, 1916
536,174
6,077
9,252
1,118
17,239
970,532
38,694
38,803
47,150
316,103
4,135,921
40
58,125
138,590
42,464
984,996
2,526,051
28,516
13,497
1,591
4.903,683
526
25,145
880
600
40,043
19.698
65,691
16,240
75,838
117,855
320
159,947
410
Acreage
Surveyed
531,275
6,077
9,252
1,118
15,979
969,272
35,993
33,843
45,390
315,632
4,098,325
40
55.885
130,910
33,488
878,054
2,272,707
28,516
13,497
1,591
3,954,049
526
25,145
880
600
39,403
19,698
65,400
16,240
65,040
117,855
320
159,947
410
Totals
tNet decrease
15,969,846 15,337,809 13.942,348
Acreage
Increase
104
1,752
272
3,699
8.975
59
►138.590
9,113
153,022
66.678
32
526
40
40
'2l6
tAcreage
Decrease
32.225
1,462
263,374
26,640
78,268
121,345
120
34,171
14,131
186,947
" "227265
1,120
""l6,'757
2,302
8,529
15,720
36,385
80,265
383,112 1,015,149
632,037
•Jefferson County created at the general election, NoTember 3, 1914, out of the northern part of
Crook County, and 13S.590 acres of vacant public lands credited to Jefferson County is deducted from
Croolc County's original area. Net decrease in Crooli County's vacant public land area, therefore, is
124,784 acres. Jefferson County's area is credited to "increased acreage."
under the provisions of this act are designated by the Secretary of the
Interior as nonmineral, nontimbered and nonirrigable.
Soldiers' and Sailors' Homestead Rights — Any officer, soldier, sea-
man, or marine who has served for not less than 90 days in the army
or navy of the United States during the Civil War, the Spanish-American
War, or the Philippine insurrection and who was honorably discharged
and has remained loyal to the g-overnment, and who makes homestead
entry, is entitled, under Section 2305 of the Revised Statutes and the
act of June 6, 1912, to have the term of his service in the Army or Navy,
not exceeding two years, deducted from the three years' residence required
under the homestead laws. No credit for military service can be allowed
where commutation proof is submitted. (For details write Director of
General Land Office, Washington, D. C, for Circular No. 302) . If he was
38 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
discharged on account of wounds or disabilities incurred in the line of
duty, credit for the whole term of his enlistment may be allowed.
Fees and CommissioHs — When a homesteader applies to make entry
he must pay, in cash to the receiver, a fee of $5.00 if his entry is for less
than 81 acres; $10.00 if he enters 81 acres or more. He must also pay both
at the time he makes entry and final proof a commission of $1.00 for each
forty-acre tract entered outside of the limits of a railroad land grant and
$2.00 for each forty-acre tract entered within such limits. On all final
proofs made before either the register or receiver, or before any other
officer authorized to take such proofs, the register and receiver are en-
titled to receive fifteen cents for each 100 words reduced to writing.
FARMING LANDS IN NATIONAL FORESTS
(Courtesy U. S. District Forester.)
Under authority of an Act of Congress of August 10, 1912, and the
direction of the Secretary of Agriculture, the United States Forest
Service has been engaged in the classification of all lands within the
boundaries of the national forests to determine whether the lands may be
subject to settlement and entry under the Act of June 11, 1906, which
provides that land in the forests chiefly valuable for agriculture and not
needed for public purposes may be opened to entry under the general
homestead laws. Since July 1, 1912, a total of 75,314.63 acres have been
listed by the Secretary of Agriculture with the Secretary of the Interior
as chiefly valuable for agriculture and opened to entry.
The total area classified since the Act of August 10, 1912, and formally
approved by the Secretary of Agriculture on August 5, 1916, was
7,648,942.81 acres. The total covered in the field classification pending
approval by the Secretary of Agriculture was 5,108,627.39 acres. The
total area eliminated from the national forests since July 1, 1912, and
up to July 1, 1916, was 449,034 acres, which includes a total of 377,032
acres formerly embraced in the Paulina National Forest, which was abol-
ished in 1915 and merged into the Deschutes, Fremont, and Crater
National Forests. These lands were eliminated from the Paulina National
Forest only because they were found to have little value for practical
forestry purposes.
The great bulk of this area of eliminated lands, as will be seen by the
following statement showing the national forests from which the lands
were eliminated and the counties in which the national forests are situ-
ated, is located east of the Cascade Mountains in what is known as the
high plateau, arid and semi-arid, and dry farming section of the State.
Only 18,440 acres of the total area, or about 4 per cent of the eliminations
are in Southern and Southwestern Oregon. A statement showing the na-
tional forests from which the eliminations were made, counties embraced
in the forests, and the acreage eliminated follows :
Forests Counties Acres
Deschutes Crook, Jefferson, Klamath and Lake oc'qol
Fremont Klamath and Lake tf'nAn
Siskivou Coos, Curry, Douglas and Josephine o Atn
Umpqua Coos, Douglas, Jack.son. Josephine and Lane , T?
Wenaha Umatilla, Union and Wallowa : o-^'Wo
Paulina (Abolished) Klamath and Lake 3i <,OAZ
Total 449.034
The area of land classified as chiefly valuable for agriculture and
listed for entry since July 1, 1912, including that examined on individual
applications in advance of the general classification, aggregates 75,314.63
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 39
acres. For by far the greater part of these lands, individual applications
were received prior to listing and a preferred applicant was named at the
time the land was opened to entry. The following list shows the acreage
listed for entry since July 1, 1912, by forests:
Forest Acres Forest Acres
Cascade 1,113.75 Siskiyou A'^Alll
Crater 3,047.50 Piuslaw 19.48 k80
Deschutes 3.363.16 Umatilla 7.35.00
Fremont 10,630.00 Umnqua A-iill^
Malheur 1,998.47 Wallowa 10,223.00
Minam 1,606.04 Wenaha "^'^ffSS
Paulina 5,865.40 Whitman 647.80
Ochoco 420.00 TTTTTT^
Oregon 1,811.50 Total 75.314.63
Santiam
Since June 11, 1906, and prior to July 1, 1912, an additional 62,384.77
acres in the national forests had been listed for homestead entry. All of
these lands were examined on individual applications.
Practically all of the more desirable agricultural lands in the forests
have already been examined and opened to entry; and with the completion
of the classification work within the next two years, it is expected that no
lands suitable for agricultural development will remain in the forests.
Such small tracts as may yet be opened for homestead entry are, as a gen-
eral rule, far from transportation and isolated from other settlements, and
are often of low producing value owing to adverse climate, topography and
soil conditions.' The areas eliminated from the forests were almost
entirely of low timber producing value.
Homesteads within the forests are made under the Act of June 11,
1906, (34 Stat. 233) which provides that the lands must be chiefly valua-
ble for agriculture, not needed for public purposes, and that their occupa-
tion for agricultural purposes must not interfere with the purposes for
which the national forests were created. The forest homestead is not a
means of securing valuable timber lands under the homestead laws, since
it must appear from an examination on the ground that the land is chiefly
valuable for agriculture before it will be opened to settlement and entry.
One desiring a claim under the Forest Homestead Act should first inspect
the land and then make application to the District Forester, Portland,
Oregon, upon an application form which may be obtained from any forest
officer upon request. The application must be certified before a forest
officer. Settlement or entry cannot be made until the land is classified as
chiefly valuable for agriculture and declared open to settlement and entry,
or until an occupancy permit is obtained from the Forest Supervisor.
After the land is opened to entry, the requirements as to residence and
filing fees are the same as under the general homestead laws: Three
years continuous residence, and one-eighth of the claim in cultivation at
the time of final proof are the principal requirements to be met. A five
months leave of absence each year will be granted upon application to
officials of the land office. No commutation is allowed on claims under
the Forest Homestead Act. When a homesteader applies to make entry,
he must pay in cash to the receiver of the local land office a fee of $5.00
if his entry'is for 80 acres or less, or $10.00 if he enters more than 80 acres.
A commission of $1.50 for each 40-acre tract if outside the limits of the
railroad grant, and $3.00 for each 40-acre tract if within such railroad
grant, must be paid both at the time of entry and of final proof. On
all final proofs, the register and receiver are entitled to receive 15 cents
for each 100 words reduced to writing, and no proof can be made or
approved until all fees are paid.
The public is warned to be careful in dealing with locators, as it is not
necessary to employ one in making application for lands under the Forest
Homestead Act. While the duties of forest officers make it impossible
40 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
for them to accompany applicants in the inspection of lands, such officers
will be glad to furnish all possible information to homeseekers. Local
forest officers can sometimes direct applicants who present themselves in
person to portions of the forest in which they might find land that they
would regard as suitable for homesteading; but too many uncertainties
are involved to inform persons at a distance by correspondence; hence,
those residing in the locality or who can secure the information through a
friend residing in the vicinity will find the best land.
REVENUES
Timber Sale, Grazing, Waterpower and Special Use
(Benefits to the homesteader.)
Aside from seeking to preserve the immense fortunes represented in
the timber resources of the State for the benefit of posterity, through a
system of organized conservation, the vast area embraced within the
limits of the National Forests of Oregon, aggregating a gross area of
15,448,960 acres, serve the multiple purpose of Nature's great storehouse
for millions of tons of moisture, in the form of winter snows, with
which to supply the needs of the fertile soils of the lowlands during the
periods of productivity; grazing grounds for hundreds of thousands of
horses, sheep, cattle and swine during the grazing seasons at a nominal
cost to the owners; and source of supply of lumber for building purposes
and wood for fuel for homesteaders located adjacent to the boundaries
of a National Forest, and also a source of supply for the general market
from fully matured and excess stands of merchantable timber. They also
contain vast waterpower resources which are subject to development and
rental for beneficial use. Twenty-five per cent of the net receipts from
these sources of revenue is turned over to the states annually, and ap-
portioned among the several counties upon a national forest area basis,
for the benefit of the public schools and public roads.
The homesteader is especially benefited by the grazing and timber
sale privileges afforded by the national forests in that he is almost
wholly, or to a very large extent, dependent upon livestock to get his
products to market for the first few years and upon livestock products
for a considerable portion of his sustenance. The grazing fees estab-
lished for the forests are reasonable. In general, year-long fees are
as follows: Sheep, fifteen to sixteen cents per head; cattle, sixty to
sixty- four cents; horses, seventy-five to eighty cents; and swine, thirty-
six to thirty-eight cents per head. Short period fees — that is, summer
or winter seasons — are approximately one-tenth of the year-long rate.
The Forest Service policy is to make as wide a distribution of the grazing
privilege as possible, and records show that in the last nine years the
number of grazing permits on national forests in Oregon increased
from 1,750 to 2,688.
The mature timber on the national forests is for sale in quantities
to suit the purchaser. Small amounts for the use of homesteaders and
settlers are sold by rangers, and larger amounts by the supervisors,
District Forester, or Forester. Timber needed by settlers for improve-
ments may be had at a low price. Dead timber, and live timber of cer-
tain species, can be obtained by settlers, homesteaders, prospectors, etc.,
for their own use free of charge upon application to the nearest forest
officer.
The total net receipts for the sale of timber, grazing privileges, special
use and waterpower rental, for the fiscal years 1914, 1915 and 1916,
from the sixteen national forests in Oregon were $772,279.56, segregated
as follows:
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 41
Waterpower
and
Year Timber sale Grazing special use Total
1914 $160,201.66 $ 84,174.91 .$ S.O.-^l.TT $249,408.34
1915 109,784.16 9.3,595.61 4,777.47 208,157.24
1916 209,093.35 100,658.80 4,961.83 314,713.98
Totals $479,079.17 $278,429.32 $14,771.07 $772,279.56
Oregon's 25'7r receipts: 1914, $61,606.50; 1915, $49,675.83; 1916, $77,029.23.
Total, $188,311.56.
REFORESTATION
It is estimated that approximately 4,000,000 acres of land, formerly
covered by merchantable timber, have been burned over and that one-half,
or 2,000,000 acres, of this area is within the national forests. The greater
portion of this burned over area is being reforested by nature's process,
but such as is not, for numerous reasons, the forest service is gradually
reforesting under two methods : Direct seeding, and planting of young
trees fi'om the national forest nurseries. During the past seven years,
fiscal years 1910 to 1916, inclusive, the department has seeded and planted
an aggregate of 26,051 acres of denuded lands within the national forests
to trees, which, in the course of time — 80 to 100 years — will be mature and
ready for harvest. Of this forested area, 18,163 acres were seeded, and
7,888 acres planted. None but the leading commercial species of stock
were used, the predominating varieties of which were, according to soil,
altitude and climatic conditions: Douglas fir, western yellow pine, Scotch
pine, European larch, Norway spruce, Austrian pine, lodgepole pine, Sitka
spruce, red oak, black walnut, shagbark hickory, western larch, western
red cedar, Japanese larch, Shasta red fir, noble fir, eastern and western
white pine, bigtree, and Lawson cypi'ess.
OREGON & CALIFORNIA LAND GRANT LANDS
(Their status from standpoint of ultimate settlement.)
On June 21, 1915, the United States Supreme Court rendered a
decision in the case of the United States vs. the Oregon & California
Railroad Company, et al., forbidding the railroad company from making
any further sale or other disposition of the unsold area of timber content
thereon, remaining of an original grant of approximately 3,782,411.17
acres of government land in Oregon to aid in the construction of a rail-
road from Portland, Oregon, to the northern boundary of California,
and from Portland to Astoria, in Oregon, for failure to comply with the
provisions of the granting acts of April 10, 1869, and May 4, 1870, which
required that the granted lands should be sold to actual settlers only, in
quantities not exceeding 160 acres to any one purchaser, and for a price
not exceeding $2.50 per acre. The unsold area of these two gi-ants, accord-
ing to the testimony of the company's land commissioner before the Con-
gressional investigating committee, at the latest date of revision and
including previously sold lands upon which outstanding contracts had
been canceled, was 2,402,758.98 acres. The injunction restriction of the
supreme court's decision was effective until Congress enacted such legisla-
tion providing for the proper disposition of the lands, consistent with the
rights of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, successor in interest to
the Oregon & California Co.
In conformity with this instruction, Congress, during the sixty-fourth
annual session in 1916, conducted an exhaustive hearing of the matter
through the medium of the committee on public lands of the House of
42 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Representatives, and enacted a bill, known as -the Ferris-Chamberlain
act, providing for the disposition of the unsold acreag:e within the grrants,
upon the following basis : First, the title to the unsold lands revests
in the government. After due examination in the field, the land is to
be classified, by the smallest legal subdivisions (40-acre tracts), into
three classes, as follows: Class 1 — Power site lands, which will include
only such lands as are chiefly valuable for waterpower sites; Class 2 —
Timber lands, which will include lands bearing a growth of timber not
less than 300,000 feet, board measure, on each 40-acre subdivision; Class
3 — Agricultural lands, which will include all lands not falling within
either of the other two classes. The power site lands are withheld from
entry subject to present and future legislation. The agricultural and tim-
ber lands are made subject to mineral exploration and entry under the
existing mineral land laws, except that title to the timber lands of Class
2 may not be acquired by mineral entry. Non-mineral lands in class 2
will not be opened to settlement or entry until the timber thereon has
been removed, whereupon they will fall into class 3 and be disposed of
in the same manner as are non-mineral lands of that class, as follows:
Lands in Class 3, and those in Class 2, when the timber has been re-
moved, will be subject to entry under the general provisions of the home-
stead laws of the United States and in accordance with the act of Con-
gress of September 30, 1913, under such rules and regulations as may
later be promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior, which act author-
izes the President to provide for the opening of lands "by settlement in
advance of entry, by drawing or by such other methods as he may deem
advisable." In addition to the usual homestead fees and commissions,
(see notes on "How They May Be Procured," following data on Vacant
Public Lands) , a fee of fifty cents per acre must be paid for the land at
the time the original entry is allowed and $2.00 per acre when final proof
is made, except that the payment of $2.50 per acre will not be required
of entrymen upon Class 2 (timber lands), when the same shall become
subject to entry as agricultural lands in Class 3. Commutation proof
may not be made on these lands and no patent will issue until the entry-
man has resided upon and cultivated the land for a period of three years,
proof of which must be made within five years fi'om date of entry. The
area cultivated must be such as to Scttisfy the Secretary of the Interior
that the entry was made in good faith for the purpose of settlement and
not for speculation.
Any person otherwise qualified, who on December 1, 1913 or prior
thereto, settled upon any of said lands in the primary limits or upon
any lands in the indemnity limits covered by a selection by the company
(railroad) and who has since, to the same extent and in the same manner
as is required under the homestead law, maintained his residence thereon
to the date of his application, devoting some portion thereof to agricul-
tural uses, is given a preferred right to enter the quarter section upon
which he has so resided whether the land be of Class 2 or Class 3 and
where such quarter section does not contain more than 1,200,000 feet,
board measure, of timber; and where the quarter section contains more
than said quantity of timber, such person may enter the 40-acre tract,
or lot or lots containing approximately 40 acres upon which his improve-
ments or the greater part thereof, are situated. A prior exercise of the
homestead right by any such person is not a bar to the exercise of these
preference rights.
The work of classification was begun in the field about August 1,
1916, in Jackson and Josephine counties, in Roseburg, Oregon, land dis-
trict. The classification will proceed northward as rapidly as possible and
will probably be completed some time in 1917. As soon as any considerable
portion of these lands have been examined and classified, it is the in-
tention, if they be found to be agricultural, immediately to open them
to entry without waiting for the classification of the full body of lands
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
43
POPULATION OF OREGON, JULY 1, 1916
(An Estimation)
Based upon the school population, school enrollment and average school attend-
ance for 1916, in relative proportion to school population, enrollment and average
attendance and U. S. Census for 1910, by counties.
V. 8. Census
1910
Inc. or Dec.
in per cent.
ll
1914
to
1916
Baker
Benton
Clackamas .
Clatsop
Columbia —
Coos
Crook
♦Jefferson ...
tCurry
Douglas
Gilliam
Grant
Harney
Hood River
Jackson
Josephine ...
Klamath
Lake
Lane
Lincoln
Linn
Malheur
Marion
Morrow
Multnomah .
Polk
Sherman
Tillamook ...
Umatilla
Union
TVallowa
Wasco
Washington
Wheeler
Yamhill
18,076
10,663
29,931
16,106
10,580
17,959
( 9,315)
"'2,'044
19,674
3,701
5,607
4,059
8,016
25,756
9,567
8,554
4,658
33,783
5,587
22,662
8,601
39,780
4,357
226,261
13,469
4,342
6,266
20,309
16,191
8,364
16,336
21,522
2,484
18,285
Totals
672,765
21,951
14,041
36,479
19,429
12,429
22,513
17,346
2,658
23,291
4,034
6,857
5,834
8,091
26,464
9,224
12,496
5,243
37,328
7,301
25,159
12,586
45,452
4,454
304,228
17,233
4,409
8,424
22,622
16,651
9,905
19,776
25,552
3,236
20,952
833,558
18.748
12,615
38,256
19,929
12,624
19,817
16,674
2,314
23,701
4,118
7,488
4,108
8,159
25,856
8,951
12,574
6,482
37,951
6,427
25,504
13,104
48,341
5,374
'.93,484
17,313
4,884
8,516
24,808
16,178
11,138
21,463
24,063
3,103
19,356
823,421
24,075
14.126
43,215
19,019
14,251
17,714
23,257
2,656
22,984
4,217
7,661
3,864
4,857
27,132
10,018
11,411
5,495
43,041
6,806
28,031
14,875
53,846
4,848
.'.85,139
18,079
4,923
8.681
25.369
22,421
11,847
21,889
19,764
2,885
18.169
21.591
13,594
39,317
19,459
13,101
20,015
12,728
6,364
2,543
23,325
4,123
7,335
4.602
7.036
26.484
9,398
12.160
5,740
39,440
6,845
26,231
13,522
49,213
4,892
294,284
17,542
4,739
8,540
24,266
18,387
10,963
21,043
23,126
3,075
19,492
16.3
21.5
23.8
17.2
19.2
10.3
26.8]
"l'6"3 '
15.3
10.2
23.5
11.8
-12.2
2.7
—1.7
29.6
19.0
14.3
18.4
13.6
36.8
19.2
10.9
23.1
23.2
8.4
26.6
16.3
11.9
23.6
22.3
6.9
19.2
6.2
5.1
5.1
4.1
10.4
5.8
4.2
—6.0
1.3
7.2
7.8
3.3
—9.2
6.0
4.8
9.9
4.7
1.7
1.8
—1.4
3.9
12.4
4.7
6.5
11.6
7.2
3.5
2.4
11.3
9.6
— .6
5.6
—7.4
846,565
834,515
19.4
3.9
( — ) Minus sign means decrease.
'Jefferson County created from Crook County at general election in 1914. Xo basis available upon
which to compute population of Jefferson County separately, hence school statistics for Crook and
Jefferson Counties were combined for the year 1916, and percentage proportions for Crook County for
1910 applied to the totals. Registration of voters for 1916 and other available (estimated) data indicates
Jefferson County's pojuilation is approximately one-third that of Crook County, and the aggregate total
was apportioned on that basis. Crook County's percentage increase in population is based upon its
portion of the combined totals. This combination does not affect totals for the State.
tTotal enrollment and average attendance not given for Curry County. Average percentages of these
Items as to total school population for years 191.5 and 1910 were obtained and appUed In like proportion
to the school census for 1916 to secure population figures for 1916.
Note. — (Explanatory) — Estimated population for 1916 is obtained by first
determining percentage or proportion of school census, enrollment and average
daily attendance in relation to total census of county (U. S. Census, 1910). and
applying these proportions to school census, enrollment and attendance for the
year 1916. The ai'"rage of these three results represents the total population of
44 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
in the grant. No more definite information can now be given as to
when the lands will be opened to settlement and entry. No portion of
the lands, title to which has been resumed by the government, is subject
to disposition until after classification. Notice of at least thirty to
sixty days will be given in the press before any opening of these lands
takes place; and, when they are declared open to entry, applications
may be made before the local land officers, or the United States Commis-
sioner or county clerk in the county in which the land is situated.
There are no maps available of said lands for distribution, but town-
ship plats, showing the location of all vacant lands may be obtained for
$1.00 each, upon application to the local land offices — Portland and Rose-
burg, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington. The public is warned, how-
ever, that while certain lands within the primary limits appear to be
vacant the same may have passed under the grant and been sold by the
railroad company prior to July 1, 1913, in which case they would not
revert to the government.
The act of Congress of June 9, 1916, revesting title to the lands in the
government, provides that the unsold lands in Class 3 (agricultural),
shall be opened to settlement and sold at not to exceed $2.50 per acre as
soon as classified; the timber upon the land in Class 2 is to be disposed
of first by selling to the highest bidder, in quantities to suit the purchaser
and subject to the discretion of the Secretary of the Interior and in
such manner as not to promote injurious effect to the lumber market
of the present or future. After the land is cleared of timber it will be
opened to homestead entry without the payment of $2.50 per acre.
Immediately the timber is sold it becomes subject to taxation. The lands
in Class 1, classified as power site lands, are to be held intact by the
government and subject only to development for waterpower purposes
and to rental for beneficial use. The Southern Pacific company is to
be paid, out of the receipts of the sale of land and timber, an amount
equal to $2.50 per acre for all unsold lands within the grants, and the
eighteen counties of Western Oregon, in which the grant lands are sit-
uated, are to be paid the full amount of taxes accrued and due for the
years 1913, 1914 and 1915, amounting in the aggregate to $1,565,458.88,
including penalties and interest. The remainder of the proceeds of the
sales is to be apportioned: Twenty-five per cent is to be paid to the
State Treasurer to become a part of the irreducible school fund; 25 per
cent to the treasurer of each county in which the grant lands are situated
the respective counties and the State as a whole for the year 1916, based upon
the reports of the county school sperintendents. universally recognized as the
most accurate and reliable basis for estimating population.
The last two columns in the accompanying tabulation are designed to show
the percentage of increase or decrease, as the case may be, in population for 1916,
as compared to the United States Census for 1910, and the increase or decrease in
population during the past two years, 1914 and 1916. Many of the counties show
an increase in population for both the ten-year period and the two-year period;
others show an increase for the ten-year period but a slight decrease for the two-
year period. Because their population statistics were combined for the purpose of
arriving at an approximate estimation of their 1916 populations, respectively, the
percentage of increase or decrease cannot be given for Crook and Jefferson
Counties for the two-year period (1914-1916), and only the ten-year comparison
can be made in the case of Crook County.
Multnomah County's increase in population for the ten-year period is shown
bv this method of computation to be 2 3.1 per cent, and, for the two-year period
(1914-1916), 4.7 per cent, which latter tends to disprove or correct the apparently
erroneous impression that seems to prevail that Portland's population has fallen
off approximately 40,000 during the past two years. This latter impression is
said to have gained credence through the reported increase in vacant houses in
the city. However, if there has been a decrease, it certainly does not show in the
school population, and, if there is an increase in the number of vacant dwelling
houses, it might be accounted for in the growing tendency to concentrate tenancy
in apartment houses, and whatever falling off there has been in actual population
must have been in the case of individuals leaving the State without affecting or
disturbing the family, or unit system, upon which basis permanent and substan-
tial population is founded.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 45
to be expended for the benefit of the county schools, roads, bridj^es,
highways, and port districts; 40 per cent is to be credited to the United
States reclamation fund, and 10 per cent to the' general fund of the
United States treasury. Of whatever other receipts are derived fi-om the
grant lands and turned into the grant lands fund, 25 per cent is to be
paid to the State Treasurer as a part of the irreducible school fund; 25
per cent to the counties to be expended upon schools, roads, highways,
bridges, port districts, etc., and the remainder shall become a part of the
general fund of the United States treasury. Before the State schools
and roads receive any benefits from the fund the railroad company must
be paid its $2.50 per acre poi-tion and the government must be reim-
bursed for the amount advanced for unpaid taxes upon the lands.
WHAT PORTION IS AGRICULTURAL
Of the 2,402,758.98 acres of unsold lands in the grants, (2,360,492.81
acres at the time the railroad company filed answer to the forfeiture
suit in 1908) it is estimated that about eighty per cent was covered with
a growth of merchantable timber, variously estimated at from 40,000,-
000,000 feet to 60,000,000,000 feet, board measure, and valued all the way
from $20,000,000 to $40,000,000. The grant lands range in altitudes
from 200 or 300 feet, along the edge of the valleys, to 5,000 and 6,000
feet, above sea level in the mountainous regions. The most conservative
and accurate estimate of the total timber content of the grant lands is
40,000,000,000 feet, valued at approximately $30,000,000. The percentage
of agricultural lands embraced within the grants, that is, land that is
now suited and adapted to profitable farming, has been estimated at 50
to 75 per cent by administrative department heads and agents. Those
who are personally familiar with the lands and the conditions surrounding
them, however, declare that not to exceed 15 per cent of them is at pres-
ent suited to practical farming and that fully 50 per cent of it never will
be farmed. B. A. McAllaster, land commissioner for the Southern Pacific
Co., who has had a critical survey and cruise of 41 per cent of the grant
lands made since 1906, to determine what portion of the grant is suitable
for agriculture, testified before the committee on public lands that but 2
per cent is agricultural, bearing either no timber or a comparatively small
amount; 19 per cent is grazing land, not agricultural or useful for farm-
ing; either non-timbered or small amount, rocky or on steep hill sides, and
79 per cent is valuable primarily, almost solely for timber. He stated that
this estimate would apply in like proportion to the remaining 59 per cent
of the grant lands.
The most careful, unbiased and unprejudiced estimates as to the
approximate classification of the lands within the grants give: Fifteen
per cent situated along the edge of valleys and adjacent to other farmed
areas, would become farm lands in the course of years by reason of the
fact that the timber is comparatively light; 20 per cent additional might
be placed in cultivation at considerable expense in the distant future;
50 per cent higher mountain land that cannot be cultivated, and 15 per
cent, rocky and brushy, no grazing or timber value, never will be culti-
vated. Therefore, from this, it may be conservatively deducted that
possibly 35 per cent of it may be placed under cultivation in the remote
future, probably several generations hence; and 65 per cent may never
be placed under cultivation. After the timber is removed it will cost from
$50.00 to over $150.00 per acre to clear the land and place it under culti-
vation. Since the probability of the chance to secure a valuable tract
of timber by settlement and entry has been forever removed by reasons
of the careful instructions placed around the settlement requirements
by Congress and the Department of the Interior, the chances of securing
46 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
a desirable homestead without considerable outlay of money and a long:
season of labor, coupled with the privations incident to pioneer life, are
somewhat remote. At any rate, before goin^ to great expense of mak-
ing the trip from a distance in the hope of securing a valuable farm
with comparatively little sacrifice, it will be extremely well to make a
thorough investigation through absolutely reliable sources, preferably a
trustworthy friend or relative who is on the ground and knows all of the
conditions thoroughly.
The approximate area of unsold grant lands, by counties, according
to the assessors of the several counties, follows:
County Acres County Acres
Benton 53,627 Lincoln '. 16,000
Clackamas 98.20fi Linn 62,870
Columbia _ 18,000 Marion 33,062
Coos 121,045 Multnomah 9,369
Curry „ 23,400 Polk 37,000
Douglas 650,418 Tillamook 30,000
Jackson 464,560 Washington 17,932
Josephine 303,768 Yamhill 28,655
Klamath 42,983
Lane 300,110 Total 2,311,050
AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, ETC.
An Oregon horse is considered at his best when between six and seven
years of age.
A laying hen should average twelve dozen eggs a year. Worth $3.72,
cost $1,45, profit $2.27.
Wages rise and fall with the crop prices, Labor cost of growing wheat
ranges from $4.00 to $9.00 an acre.
Corn when ripe averages 28,460 pounds to the acre. Water in the crop,
20,542 pounds; dry matter, 7,981 pounds.
An average labor cost not including harvesting fruit is $17.00, harvest-
in averages $16.00, and picking cost according to the yield.
Hops cost about $27.00 an acre for cultivation, $22 for harvesting and
$60.00 for picking. Total cost $109.00. Average yield, 950 pounds cu.-ed
hops at 11 ^^c. just covers. Four pounds of green hops make one of dried.
The United States Census Bureau has made the following estimate of
the value of lands in Oregon for 1916: Plow lands, average for poor,
$36.00; average for good, $80.00; average for all, $60.00. Average for all
farm lands without improvements, $48.00; with improvements, $70.00.
The government finds that the average price for lands without improve-
ments has increased $2.00 per acre in four years and with improvements
decreased $5.00 per acre in the same time.
Minimum weights per bushel in the United States: Barley, 48; bran,
20; buckwheat, 49; blue gi-ass seed, 44; corn, in the ear, 70; corn meal,
castor beans, 46; corn, shelled, 56; clover seed, 60; dried apples, 26; dried
peaches, 33; flax seed, 56; ground peas, 24; hemp seed, 44; Hungarian
grass seed, 50; millet seed, 50; malt, 34; oats, 32; onions, 57, peas, 60; rye,
56; turnips, 55; timothy seed, 45; wheat, 60; white beans, 60.
Taxes paid per $100.00 in the stock raising counties of Oregon amount
to $3.51.
The Department of Agriculture estimates that it costs $31.13 to pro-
duce a yearling beef, and $45.70 to produce a 2-year-old, in Oregon.
The Department of Agriculture is credited with placing the average
valuation on Oregon range cattle for assessment purposes, at $25.80.
The interest loan on cattle in Oregon is 8.42 per cent.
Tables on opposite page show Oregon products and values for 1916.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
47
CEREALS
Crop
Barley
Buckwheat .
Corn
Oats
Rye
Wheat
Total
Price Oct. 1
1916
$0.75
1.00
.81
.46
1.11
1.26
Acres
Acre yield
Total
Value
129,870
28,900
42,857
364,583
23,833
745,000
38.5
18
35
48
18
23
5,000,000
520,200
1,500,000
17,500,000
429,000
17,143,000
$ 3,750,000
520,200
1,215,000
8,050,000
476,190
21,600,180
$35,611,370
BERRIES
P d t Value
Blackberries, "ic lb., 6,000,000 ? ^to'oOO
Cranberries, 10c lb., 100.000 j"'""^'
Gooseberries, 2c lb., 2,000.000 vAoo
Huckleberries, 10c lb., 125,000 4^0000
Loganberries, 4c lb., 10,000.000 ISo'oOO
Raspberries, 4c lb., 4,500,000 440 000
Strawberries, 4c lb., 11,000,000 ^^"■^^"
$ 1,322,500
Total
DAIRY PRODUCTS
Butter, 32c lb., 21,000,000 ? kJoKoO
Cheese, 16c lb., 10,000,000 7 000000
Milk, 25c gal., 28,000,000 ^'"""'""^
„ , , $15,320,000
Total
EGGS AND POULTRY
^ „, , 1 nn nnn r\f\(\ $34,000,000
Eggs, 34c doz., 100,000,000 29 500 000
Poultry '
^ , , $63,500,000
Total :
FRUIT
. , -„ , ^ 100 nnn $ 3,903.000
App es, 93c bu., 4,190,000 350,000
Apples, 35c bu., 1,000,000 K c;no
Apricots, $1.08 bu., 6,000 ^189 610
Peaches $2 03 bu 287 OOO ----■■-;■■•■ ^«. bi^
Pears, $1.17 bu., 587,000 126 000
Plums, fl-05bu 120 000 ■■--•;- ^^^'^q^o
Plums, 75c bu., 400,000 ..— - . aar, oOO
Prunes, dried, 7c lb., 28,000,000 " l-»^"-"""
^ ^ , $ 7,914,900
Total
LIVESTOCK
Cattle, $33.00 head, 553,000 '^^^'loo'oOO
Goats, $2.00 head, 200,000 . G80000
Hogs, $14.20 head, 400,000 31 976 500
Horses, $107.85 head, 290,000 i4 987 500
Milch Cows, $68.75 head. 218,000 1140000
Mules, $114.00 head, 10,000 15366000
Sheep, $6.00 head, 2,561,000 15,jbb,uuu
^ ^ , $87,099,000
Total
VEGETABLES
Beans, 5c lb., 110,000,000 ? ^'sJo'oOO
Cabbage, IVaC lb.. 36,000,000 49 000
Cauliflower, $1.35 crate, 37,000 ^07242
Onions, $1.37 bushel, 370.000 106 09^
Peas, $2.18 bushel, 48,666 4 975'obo
Potatoes, 60c bushel, 7,125,000 1 Rr,o ooO
Rhubarb, IVaC lb.. 122,000 000 - ^'S^o'qoo
Tomatoes, ^c lb., 74,000,000 5 000 000
Seed ;;"!"!! i;217;000
Miscellaneous
^ , , $19,414,334
Total - ^
48
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
MIXED PRODUCTS
„ Price Oct. 1
Crop i9„;
Acres Acre yield Total Value
Flax $15.00 ton
621 i 1 35! • ^'>'i
$ 12.645
Flax seed 2.00 bu.
6,210
1,973,000
18.500,000
1,300,000
600,000
6,669
416,000
11,600,000
Hay 12.00 ton
$22,676,000
1,850,000
130,000
210,000
10,670
66,560
3.364,000
2,000,000
Hops .10 lb.
Honey .10 1b.
19,453
951
Mohair .35 lb.
Peppermint 1.60
117
457
57 lbs.
Walnuts .16 lb.
Wool .29 lb.
Grass seed |
1
Total \
: j
$30,332,295
From the above figures it will be seen that Oregon's agricultural and
horticultural crop for 1916 amounted to $252,853,007. The prices quoted
are of October 1st, the date of closing this report. One industry not
quoted is that of the sugar beet, an industry that has been dormant for
sevei-al years. The crop has not been harvested at the time of closing this
report. Yields as high as twenty-eight tons to the acre are reported with
net return of $154.00 to the acre. Average price, $6.00 per ton. Esti-
mated 1,000 acres at an average of twenty-four tons to the acre and $6.00
per ton wquld give a crop of 24,000 tons and a value of $144,000.
STATE INSTITUTIONS
Agricultural College, Corvallis — Organized, 1885; W. J. Kerr, pres-
ident. President's salary, $7,000; 162 instructors; 3,265 students 1913-
1916; 37,465 volumes in library.
Oregon Institute for the Blind, Salem — E. T. Moores, superintendent;
salary, $1,200 (living expenses furnished) ; four teachers; 700 volumes in
library; 40 students.
University of Oregon, Eugene — Organized, 1876; P. L. Campbell,
president; salary, $5,000; 151 instructors; 1,395 students on the campus,
1915-1916; 66,000 volumes in the library.
Oregon State School for the Deaf, Salem — E. S. Tillinghast, superin-
tendent; salary, $1,500 (living expenses furnished) ; first opened by pri-
vate parties in 1870; placed under State Board of Education and sup-
ported by State in 1874; ten literary and four industrial instructors; 121
students enrolled 1915-1916.
ACADEMIES AND COLLEGES
Albany College, Albany — Organized, 1866; Presbyterian; Wallace H.
Lee, president; sixteen instructors; 130 students in 1915-1916; 7,500 vol-
umes in library; president's salary, $2,000.
McMinnville College, McMinnville — Organized 1857; Baptist; Leonard
W. Riley, D. D., president; president's salary, $1,800; fifteen instructors;
225 students 1915-1916; 6,000 volumes in library.
Pacific College, Newberg — Organized as an academy in 1885, and as a
college in 1891; Friends; Levi T. Pennington, president; president's sal-
ary, $1,800; twelve instructors; 136 students 1915-1916; 3,500 volumes in
library.
Pacific University, Forest Grove — Organized as an academy in 1849;
university organized, 1854; non-sectarian; C. J. Bushnell, Ph. D., presi-
dent; president's salary, $2,400; twenty-two instructors; 182 students,
1916-1917; 20,000 volumes in library; academy discontinued, 1915; value
campus buildings and equipment, $26,000; endowment, $240,000; college
offers standard courses as approved by U. S. Bureau of Education, in
regular arts and letters departments and in music; conservatory offers
complete training in voice, piano, violin, organ, orchestral instruments,
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 49
theory and history of music; fifteen units of standard hig:h school training:
required for unconditional admission to freshman class; emphasis placed
on provision for remunerative employment for self-supporting students,
by industrial art w^ork.
Reed College, Portland— William T. Foster, Ph. D., LL. D., president;
organized, 1911; 276 students, 1915-1916; twenty instructors; 7,000 vol-
umes in library.
Willamette University, Salem — Organized, 1844; Methodist Episcopal;
Carl Gregg Doney, Ph. D., LL. D., president; president's salary, $3,600;
twenty-three instructors; 377 students 1915-1916; 11,500 volumes in
library. Academy discontinued in June, 1916, causing decrease in faculty.
GOVERNMENT SCHOOL
U. S. Indian Training School, Chemawa — Established 1879; Harwood
Hall, superintendent; assistant superintendent and principal's salary,
$1,600; fifty instructors; 600 students 1915-1916; 2,975 volumes in library.
U. S. Fort Klamath Indian Agency Boarding School, Fort Klamath—
Wm. B. Freer, superintendent; superintendents salary, $1,800; instruc-
tors, 10; students, 97.
BUSINESS COLLEGES
Baker Business College, Baker — Organized, 1906; two instructors;
sixty students, 1915-1916; volumes in library, 200.
Behnke-Walker Business College, Portland — I. M. Walker, president;
instructors, 12; 467 students, 1914-1915, and 502 in 1915-1916; and 476 in
1914-1915 and 564 in 1915-1916 in stenographic course.
Calital Business College, Salem — ^W. I. Staley, principal; organized,
1889; five instructors; 196 students enrolled 1915-1916.
Elite Private Business College, Portland — -Organized, 1912; Maude S.
Decker, principal; thirty students, 1915-1916; instructors, 2.
Holmes Business College, Portland — Organized, 1887; private school.
Link's Business College, Portland — Established, 1914; A. T. Link,
principal and president; five instructors; 210 students, 1915-1916.
Progressive Business College, Portland — Organized, April, 1914;
Florence Ridings, principal; sixty students per month, 1915-1916; fifty
volumes in library; four instructors.
LAW SCHOOLS
Northwestern College of Law, Portland — Organized in 1884 as the
law department of the University of Oregon; name changed to the North-
western College of Law, in 1915; C. U. Gantenbein, Dean; 176 students in
1915-1916; an annual payment is made by the school to the Multnomah
County Law Library, so that all students of the school have free use of
the library, which contains 16.000 volumes; twenty instructors; school
located on seventh floor of Multnomah County courthouse, Portland,
Oregon; Carlton E. Spencer, secretary.
Oregon Law School, Salem and Portland — S. T. Richardson, Dean;
forty-five students, 1915-1916; eleven instructors; 535 volumes in library.
MILITARY SCHOOL
Hill Military Academy, Portland— ^Organized, 1901; incorporated,
1908; president and principal, Joseph W. Hill; vice-president and mana-
ger, Joseph A. Hill; six instructors; fifty students; small library; num-
ber of reference books.
SCHOOL FOR GIRLS
St. Helens Hall, Portland — Organized by Bishop Morris, 1869; Epis-
copal; in charge of Sisters St. John the Baptist; fifteen secular instruc-
tors with salaries; 130 students (nineteen boarders. 111 day) ; post grad-
uate course; kindergarten training school; 1,000 volumes in the library;
Elisa Monica, of the Community of St. John the Baptist, Sister Superior.
50 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
SCHOOLS OF EXPRESSION
Gillespie School of Expression, Portland — Organized, 1900; Emma
Wilson Gillespie, principal; thirty-four students, 1915-1916; three
instructors.
Fish School of Expression, Salem — Anna Rogers Fish, director; organ-
ized, 1915.
THEOLOGY
Eugene Bible University, Eugene — Organized 1895; Christian or
Disciple of Christ; Eugene C. Sanderson, president; president's salary,
$1,800; eighteen instructors; 133 students, 1916-1917; 5,400 volumes in the
library. The university comprises (1) the School of Liberal Arts, with
two courses of study; (2) the Bible College, with two courses of study;
(3) the College of P'ine Arts, which includes the School of Elocution and
Oratory, and School of Music; (4) the Girls' College; and (5) the
Academy.
Kimball College of Theology, Salem — Organized in 1906 by the Rev.
Henry D. Kimball, D. D., LL. D.; Methodist Episcopal; three instructors;
thirty-five students, 1915-1916; 3,000 volumes in library. The building
was donated by Mrs. Henry D. Kimball, and the founder. Dr. Kimball,
served as Dean and President from 1906 to 1914. President since 1914,
H. J. Talbott, D. D.
CATHOLIC INSTITUTIONS
Academy of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Albany — Organized Novem-
ber, 1886; Roman Catholic; Benedictine Sisters; Sister M. Placide,
Superior; five instructors; eighty-five students, 1916-1917; resident stu-
dents, 27; 470 volumes in library.
McLoughlin Institute, Oregon City — Sister M. Ida, Superior; 281
pupils; seven instructors.
St. Mary's Academy and College, Portland — Organized, 1859 as an
academy, and in 1893 as a college; Catholic; Sister Mary Alphonsus,
Superior; forty instructors; 374 students, 1913-1914; 8,000 volumes in
library. ^ , ,. _. ^
St. Paul's Academy, St. Paul— Organized in 1861; Catholic; Sjster
Mary Louis, Superior; four instructoi-s ; thirty-five students, 1916-1917;
public school district No. 45, by two of the Sisters; sixty-six students.
Columbia University, Portland — Organized, 1901; Roman Catholic;
Rev. John T. Boland, C. S. C; fifteen instructors; 170 students, 5,000
volumes in library.
Mt. Angel College, Mt. Angel — Roman Catholic; in charge of Bene-
dictine Fathers; Rev. Basil Schieber, principal; twenty-five instructors;
137 students.
Mt. Angel Academy and Normal, Mt. Angel— Organized September 1,
1888; conducted by the Benedictine Sisters; Mother M. Agnes, O. S. B.,
Superior; Sister M. Rose, 0. S. B., Directress; twenty-seven instructors;
475 students, 1915-1916; 2,990 bound volumes in library-
Sacred Heart Academy, La Grande — Organized, September, 1894;
Roman Catholic; Sisters of St. Francis; Sister M. Aquinata, Mother
Superior; six instructors; 160 students, 1913-1914; 500 volumes in library.
Sacred Heart Academy, Salem— Organized, 1863; Catholic; Sister
Mary Elphege, Superior; eleven instructors; 150 students, 1916-1917;
1,200 volumes in library. . , a
St. Francis College and Academy, Baker. — ^Organized August 24,
1885; Roman Catholic; under supervision of Sister Mary Polycarp; ten
instructors; 200 students 1916-17; 600 volumes in library. _
St. Joseph Academy, Pendleton.— Organized 1887; undei auspices of
Sisters of St. Francis; Roman Catholic; Sister Mary Kilian, Superior;
twelve instructors; 201 students 1916-1917; 1,030 volumes in library.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
51
St. Mary's Home, Beaverton. — Sister M. Theresa, Superior; Rt. Rev.
James Rauw, superintendent; 145 students 1915-16; four instructors.
St. Boniface School, Sublimity.- — Sister M. Imelda, principal; Sister
M. Genevieve, Sister M. Innocentia, Sister M. Elizabeth, assistants; 140
students 1916-17; four instructors.
POSTOFFICES IN OREGON
On September 30, 1916, there were three first class, twenty-five
second class, sixty third class, total 118 presidential and 756 fourth class
or a total of 874 postoffices in Oregon. The official abbreviation for
Oregon is "Oreg.," not "Ore." or "Ogn."
STATEMENT OF ASSESSED VALUE OF ALL TAXABLE PROP-
ERTY IN THE STATE, BY COUNTIES, FOR 1916.
(Prepared by the State Tax Commission of Oregon.)
Showing: First column, names of counties; second column, value of
taxable property in each county as assessed by the county assessor and
equalized by the county board of equalization thereof, as of March 1,
1916; third column, value of taxable property assessed and equalized by
the State Tax Commission and apportioned according to respective county
ratios; fourth column, total value of taxable property in each county, in-
cluding that equalized by the county board of equalization and that equal-
ized and apportioned by the State Tax Commission; fifth column, per cent
or ratio of taxable to full cash value of property generally in each county,
as determined by the State Tax Commission; sixth column, total taxable
value of all property in the State equalized among the several counties
according to their respective ratios.
First
Column
Second
Column
Third
Column 1
Fourth
Column
Fifth
Col.
Sixth
Column
Baker
$ 18.819.245.00
9.909,380.00
23,038.965.00
19,361.338.00
10.645.560.00
18,929,545.00
7,909,170.00
4,633.755.00
21,668.615.00
7.231.255.58
6.852.758.00
8.256.363.00
7.324.340.00
22,989,100.00
3,795.220.00
6.761,410.00
14.230,536.00
9.420,264.00
26,413.272.00
9,275,386.00
26.093,130.00
5,938,920.00
36,142,120.00
9,630.139.00
271.357.940.00
11,853,255.00
6,305,400.00
19,829,975.00
37,924,138.00
16.127,160.00
11,947.189.00
12,269.080.00
19,160,000.00
4,305.294.00
14,685.910.00
$ 5,529.586.06
968,944.45
5.697,017.94
1,607,148.77 '
1,651.130.70 ;
833,135.16
504,518.92
15,867.32
6.207.541.50 ,
3,129,902.57
311,809.54
20.949.50
1.748,328.23
3,505,405.26
1,212.406.56
1,940.880.08 ,
988.371.84
129,438.49
3,912.188.67
615.224.34
4.186.134.41
1.583.516.24
5.237,399.72
2,917.556.41
33.979.1.54.85
1.449,040.27
2,499,178.89
814,265.27
10.860.693.15
4.284,447.42
1.277.085.58
4.937.702.87
2,011,372.12
2,368.85
1.1,53,105.18
$ 24,348.831.06
10.878,324.45
28.735.982.94
20,968,486.77
12.296,690.70
19,762.680.16
8.413,688.92
4,649.622..'?2
27.876.156.50
10,361,158.15
7.164.567.54
8,277,312.50
9.072.668.23
26,494,505.26
5.007,626.56
8.702,290.08
15.218.907.84
9.549.702.49
30.325.460.67
9,890.610.34
30,279.264.41
7.522.436.24
41.379,519.72
12.547,695.41
305.337.094.85
13.302,295.27
8.804.578.89
20.644.240.27
48.790.831.15
20.411.607.42
13.224.274.58
17,206,782.87
21,171,372.12
4,307.662.85
15.839.015.18
.76
.62
.58
.58
.60
.66
.53
.87
.74
.78
.66
.65
.64
.62
.72
.71
.69
.73
.53
.93
.68
.42
.67
.88
.60
.51
.68
.91
.78
.71
.76
.75
.51
.73
.50
$ 20.395.390.50
11.169.605.10
Clackamas
31,540.281.50
23,014.767.80
13.046.814.90
19,062,041.40
10,105.971.80
Curry
Douglas
Gilliam
3.402.247.70
23,981.076.60
8.456,316.00
6.910.,564.90
8,106.688.70
Hood River
9,024,487,70
27.203,928.60
4.427.585.40
7.802.660.50
14.041.124.80
Lake
8.327.881.30
36,424,956.20
6.770.295.80
28.346.791.50
11.401.886.80
39,316,798.30
9.077,135.10
323,963,304.00
Polk
16.604,427.60
8.242.656.10
14.441.922.60
Umatilla
39.820.904.00
18.301.486.30
11.077,092.10
14.605.146.50
26.426.906.70
3,756.525.51
Yamhill
20.166,274.40
Totals
$761,035,127.58
$117,728,817.13
$878,763,944.71
$878,763,944.71
52
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
TIMBER INDUSTRIES
SKILLED WOHKEKS
UNSKILLED WORKERS Ji^^J^^g
OFFICE FORCE
COUNTY
1
1
1
£.3
<
Total wages paid
in year
Number
Average days worked
in year
Average wage
per day
Tntal wages paid
in year.
3
C
Chinese
Japanese
Male
Female
1
283
57
136
511
545
271
349
165
99
51
34
114
64
5
50
292
4
278
15
115
3
197
11
1737
110
67
46
208
157
25
114
18
143
242
170
180
305
226
282
143
219
194
155
90
168
196
15
121
241
86
185
97
202
55
271
62
279
266
216
145
240
190
108
133
77
128
$ 3.41 % 282.354
880 214
$ 2.50
2.23
1.69
2.30
2.42
2.62
2.29
$ 362.721
49,922
69,837
530,298
271,563
817,068
223,963
163,821
175,492
46,474
4,152
176.500
6,255
344
40,810
171,688
2,337
267,783
8,995
52,979
591
374.993
3,572
1,409.253
60,172
92.361
12,417
171,893
50,187
9,267
87,641
5,543
46,690
58
5
...„
.... 70
29
3
3
31
16
25
22
12
12
8
3
....„
18
30
1
5
22
iiid
6
5
2
18
5
1
10
....„
4
3
2
8
4
5
4
2
3
1
1
1
....„
....„
52
1
1
1
3
$ 44,231
Benton
Clackamas ....
Clatsop
Columbia ....
2.93
3.27
4.11
3.00
3.61
3.01
4.16
3.50
3.94
2.43
3.72
3.17
2.76
3.08
3.28
3.00
3.04
2.73
2.68
2.75
3.08
2.72
3.11
2.83
3.58
3.62
3.29
3.02
2.87
3.38
2.90
3.16
28,467
80.058
155.761
368,560
276,061
150,347
150,330
67,247
31,142
7,386
71,139
39,643
210
18,652
230.960
1,035
156,604
3,946
62,365
451
164,515
1.859
1,505,056
82,703
51,770
24,177
164,749
90,065
7,764
51,322
4,043
57.917
135
218
765
523
1192
674
238
322
120
26
396
41
10
148
366
12
587
34
156
5
587
29
2338
124
164
57
347
149
37
286
28
166
189
301
214
261
145
4
159
"is
"25
....„
70
16
13
2.540
4,111
44,371
21.425
28,716
13,923
277 2.48
15.400
Douglas
237
160
76
192
70
15
128
194
67
213
118
170
55
268
58
261
213
208
89
212
149
106
140
K4
2.30
2.42
2.11
2.32
2.19
2.26
2.15
2.42
2.95
2.14
2.24
2.00
2.16
2.38
2.X2
2.31
2.28
2.71
2.45
2.33
2.27
2.36
2.18
2.35
2.16
16.845
Harney
Hood River ..
Jackson
Jefferson
Josephine ....
Klamath ....
160
7,115
2.329
4,128
15,966
42,906
Lincoln
Linn
Malheur
Marion
Morrow
Multnomah ..
Polk
Tillamook ....
UmatiUa
80
3,980
31,401
230,906
7,479
4,594
3,001
25,754
Wallowa
Wasco
Washington ..
WTieeler
YarahiU
5,383
1,092
4.530
197 110
3,245
Total 1916
6274
$4,238,311
11,191
$5,837,584
70
4
373
440
109
$ 585.611
Total 1914
4883
1 $4,098,329
9,335
$5,186,749
120
16
178
352
65
$ 439,203
Capital to the amount of $23,619,902 is invested in the plants and
equipment of the various timber industries of the State. This is exclu-
sive of working capital and timber holdings and includes only the build-
ings, machinery and other equipment that is actually used in putting
timber and the articles manufactured therefrom on the market. Two
years ago the total investment was $19,242,119.
These industries give employment to 22,984 persons and the annual
payroll totals $14,317,135. The preceding report of this office showed
that 20,535 persons were engaged and that they received in wages and
salaries the sum of $13,493,031.
Wages, on the whole, both for skilled and unskilled workers, show
a gratifying increase during the past six months and give indications of
going higher. For the preceding year and a half they averaged about
what they did for the previous two-year period. All reports received show
that there is an undoubted reawakening of business in the timber indus-
tries, gradual, it is true, but of a nature that holds out rich promise for
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
53
MEN IN WOODS
KIND AND AMOUNT |
OF POWER USED
I > '
EH
423
95
81
452
46
840
236
130
360
$2.72
2.64
2.79 '
3.15
2.84
3.10
2.98
3.00
3.05
2.90
1.74
2.89
2.95
2.61
2.75
2.50
2.68
1.25
2.43
2.85
2.00
2.61
3.14
2.50
2.81
2.69
2.28
2.77
1.99
3.00
107,124
16.674
10,722
127,430
9,250
193,460
33,810
39.279
82,386
34.353
529
27.273
5,808
$ 242,344
43,997
29,924
401,775
26,242
600.955
100,775
117,751
251.201
99,466
921
78,715
17,120
$ 964,531
125,236
184.110
1.616,026
688,066
1,711,568
489,858
447,142
459,649
177,081
12,619
333,490
65,347
554
76.081
615.930
5,434
686.526
13,111
129,270
1,042
698,746
5,605
3,237,422
289,917
185,407
40,347
634,578
145.640
18,492
235,041
10,921
147,280
25
80
40
""42
25
'20
?5
70
40
30(1
75ii
2M
■"2;;
411
130
40
10
414
3.006
1.177
2,477
7,460
4.870
9.668
2,936
180
3,897
1,496
288
2,054
445
115
730
2,480
80
5,133
232
1,439
65
5,260
241
18,021
2,193
1,296
245
2.769
1.680
363
3,040
282
1,781
20
23
6
20
16
20
20
15
8
16
235,312,000
42,962,000
118,321.000
302,180,064
323,916,265
1.769,871,800
99,994,000
82,332,000
104,002.500
51.106,500
7,127,000
122,110,000
13.869,000
530.000
18.468.000
131,106.000
375.000
210.871.192
8,246.000
42,996,000
1.120.000
72.253,000
3,282.000
777.524.000
54.958,000
63,700,000
8,987,000
116.310,000
52,664.000
10.974,500
88,516,100
5.418.500
28.787,891
$ 884.711
126.432
231.012
2.145.296
1.551.505
2,072
2.915.353
1.393.005
10,000
590,900
541,650
207,050
22,300
175
36
1,240
45
1,168,240
79.000
6,000
44
351
g
4,785
71,075
825
79,426
360
3,672
44,874
86
31.652
44,444
14,670
268
101,127
12,491
195,126
2,062
212,722
450
8,936
97
615
113.500
734.769
7.800
394
3
2,461
1,402,327
21.100
25
135
198,434
3,000
295
127,837
174
82,703
139,563
36,675
752
272,182
539.303
3
16,900
153
151
60
11
375
2,563
55
30
150
80
5.599.159
251.015
219,600
65,800
1,587.100
215,000
9
203
8
276
33,734
670
13,127
630
93,536
1.335
39.428
30
31
25,200
450.479
28.000
144
15
429,050
5250
1,133,178
$3,237,788
$14,452,067
1510
20,213
87.399
164
4,970,190,000
$23,669,990
$13,043,031
2714
7,012
81.631
120
2.871,198,000
$19,242,11?
the future. The demand for men is steadily growing and inducements in
the form of wage increases are being held out in some instances. Reports
from employers of labor show a tendency toward still higher wages and
lead to the conviction that the coming years are to be prosperous ones
for the workers as well as the operators.
The lumber industry proper, that branch which deals with the con-
verting of logs into rough lumber, gave employment to 3,104 skilled and
7,050 unskilled workers during the past two-year period. In this time
$2,050,241 was paid in wages to skilled workmen and unskilled men
received $3,432,769. Including the payroll for office maintenance and
operations in the woods the amount turned over to employes totaled
$7,531,446.
In this time the output of rough lumber was 2,020,516,637 board
feet and the valuation of plants engaged in the business was $13,482,337.
For logging operations alone, $3,193,282 was paid in wages. Men are
now in demand for this work at wages ranging from $2.75 to $3.50 a day.
54
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
STATEMENT
Showing' amount of general and special taxes raised for school pur-
poses; apportionment of common school fund, interest, among counties
for school purposes; amount of general and special taxes raised for road
purposes and total amount of taxes raised for all purposes; by counties,
including schools and roads, for the years 1915 and 1916:
SCHOOLS.
General
Special
SUte
Fund
1915
1916
1915
1916
1915
1916
$ 47,657.44
50,777.78
102,111.60
42,812.14
30,496.00
55.104.00
56,782.91
8,956.29
69,199.35
16.419.54
27.242.58
22,189.92
105,686.43
$ 55.114.86
50.258.09
125,175.59
43,247.45
30.536.00
62,932..'?G
40.819.34
7,046.05
70,451.79
18.681.02
24.416.94
22.643..58
79.976.78
15.013.22
17,802.16
35,814.79
93.284.73
31.256.12
138,902.21
25,041.47
92,225.40
28.164.49
127.148.05
15.465.88
436.860.92
60.707.55
12.580.11
48,574.30
72,000.00
62,715.49
26,732.45
44,060.71
79,477.43
12.927.10
84,012.75
$ 89,395.06
50.445.99
110,397.80
91.666..34
77,300.96
141,181.21
73,216.44
7.231.09
89,267.41
28.169.71
32,74.3.58
52.610.81
153.634.07
$ 97,323.40
58,291.46
114.872.25
103,349.30
74,137.99
150.064.73
.58.314.74
11.780.65
122,299.19
30,642.30
38,658.67
51.152.66
1.56,333.05
31,227.14
27,276.72
42,593.80
32.036.70
26.857.65
195,869.04
36.026.06
111,936.48
86,048.70
159,267.95
44.475.11
2,083,291.93
63,431.97
36,428.67
36,408.57
206.573.20
104,351.18
60,242.33
80,182.56
73,473.75
14,494.89
91,857.04
$ 10,718.75
7,1.55.75
20,368.25
8,881.25
6,833.75
12.027.75
4.838.75
1,482.25
11,520.25
3.501.75
2.506.00
3,696.00
12,146.75
1,828.75
1,947.75
5.048.75
4.704.00
2.712.50
21.077.00
3,892.00
14,659.75
5,600.00
23,779.00
2,619.75
87,596.25
9,133.25
1,846.25
3.904.25
12,267.50
9,922.50
5.544.00
7,183.75
14.871.50
1.860.25
12,390.00
$ 11 189 94
7 373 82
20,493.06
Clatsop
9.457.11
6.665.82
Coos
Crook
12,016.53
5,177.25
1,486.80
11,818.29
3,738.24
2 674 47
Hood River
Jackson
3,623.19
11.804.13
1 816 02
Gilliam
17,59L63
35.842.16
99.398.67
30.460.60
128.406.70
27,969.64
82,171.73
26.820.03
117,315.10
14.841.63
486.818.29
57.570.00
8.840.00
56,264.67
69,756.00
45.711.29
30.375.62
50.563.97
32.299.27
14.213.49
177.223.72
27.431.40
93.063.65
66,807.56
150,164.18
33,077.09
1,633,424.57
54.823.04
32,612.15
3M62.86
197.592.08
95,690.26
53,262.43
79,827.72
77,096.77
13,458.19
82,584.12
2,086.83
Josephine
Klamath
Lake
5,175.48
4,954.23
2,709.87
20 746 17
3 902 85
14 384 79
5,784.36
23 732 16
Morrow _
Multnomah
Polk
2,672.70
94,234.80
9,425.25
1,906.29
Tillamook
Umatilla
4,115.25
12,451.95
9 439 41
Wallowa
5,872.86
42.114.66
67.545.81
13.688.46
82.095.07
7,490 64
Washington
Wheeler
Yamhill
14,744,10
1.970.01
12 349 29
Totals
$2,156,658.12
J2,192,067.1S
$4,024,014.61
$4,711,571.83
$360,066.00
$369,483.96
'Included in blanket county tax; not segregable.
Special Road Expeiiditures. — Aside from the regular g:eneral and
special taxes raised for road and bridge construction and repair for the
years 1915-1916 several of the counties of the state bonded themselves
heavily for road construction during the past three years, as follows:
Clatsop County, $400,000 in 1913, expended upon roads in 1914-1915;
Columbia County, $360,000, in 1913, expended during 1914-1915; Jackson
County, $500,000 in 1913, expended during 1914-1915; Hood River County,
$75,000 in 1914, expended in 1915-1916; Multnomah County, $1,250,000
in 1915, expended in 1915-1916; Wasco County, $362,000 in 1916, to
be expended in 1917; Coos County, $358,000 in 1916, to be expended in
1916-1917; Wheeler County, $65,000 in 1916, to be expended in 1916-1917.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
55
Klamath County voted $450,000 bonds in 1912 which were expended for
road construction in 1913-1914-1915. Besides the funds realized upon the
sale of bonds, sixteen counties of Orep^on have received aid for the con-
struction of permanent hij^hways from the state highway fund, produced
by the annual levy of one-fourth mill upon all taxable property in the
State durinc- the past three years as follows : Benton and Polk counties,
1916, $1,500; Clackamas, 1916, $15,000; Clatsop, 1914, $65,397.96; 1915,
ROADS.
Special
48,602.92
243,001.14
133.255.69
196,000.00
37,107.22
35.286.27
111,851.41
29,394.38
25.118.48
23.350.71
42,403.01
80.744.87
41.606.87
58.019..57
19,712.42
57,247.26
30,561.27
140,188.31
41,039.14
123,945.54
27,498.21
537,178.80
51,106.24
25.293.69
101,773.91
29,462.66
73,672.68
121,010.41
18,844.78
62.512.24
28,677.47
242,628.30
193,201.23
168,877.36
37,578.94
164,435.85
27.692.26
32,119.05
32.555.92
43.197.77
70.379.55
15,013.22
39,442.64
64,093.82
29,417.53
60,097.72
118,471.03
46,253.73
121,721.83
27,963.26
631.021.33
43,415.05
29,713.85
174,015.76
120,000.00
9,742.21
74.482.93
118,206.85
19,499.95
61,895.36
$2,566,790.10 $2,845,811.77
5.146.93
64,012.21
105,670.53
13,360.62
23.784.52
16,463.95
21.672.16
41.234.31
22,088.92
39,130.89
8,713.42
392.26
1.366.61
54,498.71
2.435.04
TOTAL TAXES FOR
ALL PtJRPOSES.
$419,971.08
14.080.12
70.281.28
127.697.72
12.902.53
19.622;09
47.593.26
1.042.17
571.34
6.727.50
3.931.61
41.676.02
60.196.48
24.775.15
35,538.37
18,640.51
2.774.88
61.974.30
1,454.98
1915
1916
384,413.01
301,984.22
784,378.64
730.689.28
399,392.28
741,362.34
365.255.10
80,388.67
501,713.28
138,477.25
129,471.68
205.386.90
229.050.74
789.274.81
301,240.17
452,206.92
130,933.36
983.581.37
203.598.01
564,692.23
314.521.37
931.867.85
146.619.85
7.563.310.26
363.694.47
125.216.84
417.729.10
660,694.29
387,450.69
205,789.53
357,129.65
513.520.06
80.043.53
434.043.22
$551,388.86 $20,919,120.97
424,114.23
306,170.54
818.177.85
823.855.00
426,450.64
756,722.82
281,210.33
86.130.09
630,404.09
129.316.94
124,731.17
221,406.03
236.017.58
778.778.44
138.150.65
271.852.98
504,693.76
160.247.34
1.040.594.64
201,880.02
568,7.';7.87
349.302.05
980,650.61
169.217.96
7,981,937.32
383,195.26
139.372.95
412,729.69
671.774.73
401.844.97
199.170.32
351.476.06
527,651.45
78.201.29
452,133.27
$22,028,420.94
$35,000; 1916, $20,500; total, $120,897.96. Columbia, 1914, $28,510.25;
1915 $50,000; 1916, $36,000; total, $114,510.25. Crook, 1916, $12,000;
Douglas, 1915, $20,000; 1916, $18,000; total, $38,000; Hood River, 1915,
$50,000; 1916, $5,000; total, $55,000; Jackson, 1914, $60,101.52; 1915,
$50,000; 1916, $40,000; total, $150,101.52; Josephine, 1915, $5,000; 1916,
$7,000; total, $12,000; Lane, 1916, $5,000; Multnomah, 1914, $111,253;
Polk, 1916, $5,000; Sherman, 1914, $44,920.29; Tillamook, 1916, $4,500;
Washington, 1914, $5,008.14; 1915, $7,300; 1916, $28,000; total, $40,308.14;
Yamhill, 1916, $9,500. Total State aid covering three-year period, all
counties, $739,491.16.
56
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
PUBLIC SCHOOLS; SALARY SCHEDULE
Average salaries paid teachers and principals in schools of Oregon under
classification as to size of school, and of superintendents
in districts of the first class, by counties.
(Courtesy of J. A. Churchill, Superintendent of Public Instruction.)
County
Average Monthly
Salaries of Teachers
for 1916
¥Q0 S.2
— g^Sj — 522S
Mo)" —
£■3131
tx IS3 d X
CS— 5 M »
!r =s
Baker
Benton* ....
Clackamas
Clatsop* ..
Columbia ..
Coos
Crookt .
Curry ...
Douglas*
Gilliamt
Grant
Harneyt ....
Hood River
Jackson* ....
Jefferson ....
Josephine*
Klamatht
Lake*
Lane*
Lincoln* ..
Linn*
Malheur ....
Marion
Morrow
Multnomah
Polk*
Sherman ..
Tillamook*
Umatilla ..
Union* ....
Wallowa*
Wasco*
Washington
WTieolert ....
Yamhill* ....
Average ? 87.14
$107.20
72.57
82.84
104.58
100.15
81.45
77.50
65.00
81.70
92.54
94.10
73.15
104.50
92.05
73.40
72.00
102.20
82.00
73.64
69.50
74.40
88.43
80.86
106.66
98.82
80.86
96.50
83.83
127.03
95.15
78.^5
78.71
75.00
106.66
76.36
$65.54
54.30
61.16
70.13
64.00
62.66
64.00
60.00
60.00
62.70
72.46
62.15
75.64
68.65
64.41
61,00
77.54
69.00
57.00
59.00
54.20
65.31
60.49
69.25
64.84
55.26
70.82
65.00
74.27
62.48
60.00
60.10
60.00
57.31
55.85
$63.61
$52.03
54.20
61.27
65.52
64.00
60.83
63.50
60.00
55.00
59.73
73.00
65.00
75.00
59.13
62.66
61.00
77.90
65.60
55.0ft-
58.40
55.00
63.75
59.45
64.59
83.70
55.00
70.38 ■
63.38
73.25
64.46
59.70
59.30
60.00
61.25
54.62
$62.76
$69.11
67.24
60.54
66.66
70.00
66.17
74.00
60.00
69.00
72.62
70.93
75.00
79.30
77.26
71.25
72.00
78.00
78.20
71.00
68.00
65.00
66.00
63.97
75.47
84.43
60.00
78.95
65.23
77.53
76.65
71.48
72.18
55.00
63.25
62.00
$106.91
81.15
81.46
93.23
115.00
99.78
115.00
80.00
104.00
108.19
96.00
100.00
82.70
106.59
75.00
84.00
100.00
125.00
98.00
92.00
110.00
121.50
81.39
154.33
99.33
90.00
112.00
86.36
112.86
114.37
131.73
103.73
95.no
97.25
86.64
$70.09 $101.16
$2,400.00
1,800.00
1,900.00
2,100.00
1,800.00
2,125.00
1,800.00
1,800.00
2,500.00
2,200.00
2,'"750^00
3,'833.'33
1,350.00
1.800.00
2,400.00
2.500.00
i'iedb.bo
$2,156.37
*Has County High School P^ind.
tHas County High School.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 57
FIRE, HEALTH AND ACCIDENT INSPECTION
In the performance of its paramount province, the placinp: of safe-
guards around the lives and limbs of employes in the varied industries
of the State, this department has ever borne in mind the best interests of
the employer and the public at large and has used its every effort to
bring about a betterment of conditions in all respects, within the scope
of its jurisdiction, from a standpoint of health and safety as well as
financial. In years past the principal activities of this department
have been centered for the most part around the protection of life and
limb against accident through the guarding of the most dangerous and
exposed parts of machinery. More recently, however, the scope of its
efforts has been gradually enlarged and extended to include every agency
which works to the good or the evil of the working classes in every line of
industry. In keeping with its adopted policy of "Safety First" and the
old axiom, "An ounce of prevention, etc.," which militate to the benefit
of the employer, employe and public at large in equal proportions, especial
attention has been devoted by the department the last year in prosecuting
a campaign of "Safety First" as applied to fire, accident and health
hazards whei'ever they have been found to exist within the domain of its
authority. To this end a special form of inspection blank was prepared
early in the year and a vigorous inspefttion was carried out in all of
the four districts into which the State has been divided for the purposes
of this department.
Aside from actual exposure of dangerous parts of machinery this
department is fully cognizant of the fact that there are a "thousand and
one" other things, more or less significant in their relative individual
importance to everyday life, which contribute their portion to the long
list of accidents. Among these may be mentioned, incidentally, the con-
dition of floors of buildings wherein people labor or are wont to assemble
for divers reasons, whether they have holes, are slippery or otherwise
dangerous; whether the lighting system is safe; exit doors open outward
or kept open during working hours and stairways properly arranged
and adequate in event of fire; if proper safeguards are provided to take
care of any emergency; sanitary conditions conducive to good health of
employes to prevent sickness or faintness on account of improper toilet
and drinking facilities, foul and stifling atmospheric conditions, etc.
All of these and other things of a like nature are matters of vital
importance to the employer as well as the employe. The results of the
inspection, which has for its purpose the ultimate elimination of every
visible or invisible risk or cause of accident or death (atmospheric,
physical or human oversight) have been most gratifying. While some
of the conditions discovered, as a result of this inspection, and rectified
might seem insignificant in themselves, although any one of them may
have been directly or indirectly the cause of a serious accident, there
were a great many grave discrepancies uncovered which, if they had
been permitted to exist without check, may have some day resulted in
serious loss of life, if not a dreadful holocaust. Upon the whole the results
have been most satisfactory and, if but a single hand or foot, to say
nothing of an entire limb or life, has been saved through the medium
of this inspection, this department will feel amply compensated for the
additional effort and outlay expended and feels certain that inestimable
benefits will accrue to the employer, employe and humanity in general.
In the four districts under the organization of this department an
aggregate of 524 inspections were made of which 316 were one-stoi"y
structures; 124 two-story; 14 one and one-half-story; 41 three-story;
21 four-story; 1 five-story; 3 six-story; 3 seven-story; and 1 eight-story.
Comparatively little consideration can be paid to the fire hazard in
structures of but one and one and one-half stories, which predominate
in the report, but much stress can be laid to condition of the floors, exits,
58 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
protection of electric lighting and heating equipment, sanitation and
ventilation, and particular attention was directed to these conditions.
In the structures of two stories and over every condition was taken
into consideration and detailed reports were exacted and received upon all
questions. In summarizing these reports, for the sake of space, no men-
tion will be made of the "good," "fair," or "adequate" conditions which
were found to exist and which will be taken for granted and duly appre-
ciated, but only instances where discrepancies or dangers were found
to exist and were corrected as a direct result of this inspection will be
treated and in the briefest form possible, consistent with clarity. The
inspection has covered a period of several months but only the latest
reports upon each institution visited and inspected will be considered.
ONE AND ONE AND ONE-HALF STORY
Total inspections, 330. Of these 246 were frame; 37 brick; 13 con-
crete; 4 mill construction; 1 frame and concrete; 2 frame and steel, and
27 open and incomplete.
Floors. — Twenty were dilapidated, unsafe, slippery and otherwise
dangerous and ordered repaii-ed, rebuilt and remedied; 1 slippery and
dangers; 1 oily; 1 holes and dangerous and 1 being repaired.
Lighting.— Electric 154; gas 2. Gas brackets in two unprotected.
Wiring faulty and unprotected in 4; motors unsafe in 21; motors ordered
grounded in 9 and protected in 12. Switchboards unsafe and ordered
protected in 8.
Exit Doors. — In only 17 cases were they found to open outward; were
"sticky" in 1, and two instances were found where exit doors were kept
fastened during working hours.
Exits. — Not kept clear, 7. Rubbish allowed to accumulate in 3, and
inflammables in 5. Smoking was prohibited in 17 cases in only 14 of
which were signs posted.
Fire Protection. — None had fire escapes and several had no exit doors
other than through the office. Majority was provided with some kind of
extra fire protection, such as extinguishers, grenades, water in pails, etc.,
but two were found to be "extra hazardous," were condemned and will be
rebuilt.
Sanitation. — Toilets were found inadequate, insanitary and out of
repair in 20 instances in 2 of which conditions were reported as "bad,"
and in 16 others drinking facilities were reported insanitary and all condi-
tions were ordered remedied.
Ventilation. — One was reported bad and one ordered to install adequate
dust exhaust system.
TWO-STORY STRUCTURES
Total 123. Of these 80 were frame; 14 brick; 7 concrete; 15 mill
construction; 5 brick and mill; 1 brick and frame, and 1 concrete and mill.
Includes two dredge boats, both reported in safe and sanitary condition.
Two concrete and 3 brick buildings reported fireproof, and 3 semi-fire-
proof.
Floors. — Not in good repair, 19. Reported "bad," "bad holes in floor,"
"slippery and otherwise dangerous," "holes in dock floor," etc. All
ordered remedied and 2 ordered replaced.
Exit Doors. — In 11 instances doors open outward; sliding, 23; not open
during working hours, 6; one bolted on inside and 5 fastened with spring
locks; seven have fireproof doors between departments. One, located on
lower floor of eight-story building, provided with fire escapes.
Stairivays. — 'In 3 buildings not provided with handrail.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 59
Exits. — Passageways in 5 were not kept clear; smoking was prohibited
in 26, in 9 of which sigrns were posted. Matches used in 7, in 4 of which
they were kept in pockets and in 1, kept in boxes.
Lighting. — Electric, 27; electric and gas, 1. Unprotected gas brackets.
1. Motors and switchboards ordered protected in 7; motors ordered
grounded in 2; wiring unsafe in 4 and 1 being rewired.
Fire Protection. — None, 23. Seventeen installed fire alarm systems; 15
electric, 1 thermostatic and 1 whistle.
E.rtra Hazaixlous. — One permitted old slabwood to accumulate to a
dangerous extent; 2 elevators were in a dangerous condition; 6 permitted
rubbish to accumulate, one of which the inspector reports was "very care-
less about fire risk.". Four allowed inflammable materials to exist about
the premises.
Sanitation. — Better toilet facilities were found necessary for 23; one
ordered to remedy toilets in basement and two were ordered to install
toilets outside of buildings.
Ventilation. — Generally good; 10 reported "fair."
THREE-STORY STRUCTURES
Frame, 29; brick, 6; concrete, 1; mill construction, 2; brick and frame,
1; brick and mill, 2. Total, 41. Fireproof, none.
Floors. — Bad condition 8. Four slippery; 1 holes. All ordered
repaired.
Lighting. — Electric 34; gas 2; electric and gas 1. Unprotected gas
brackets 1; wiring unsafe 2; motors and switchboards unprotected 5;
motors ordered grounded 2.
Exit Doors. — Not opened outward 38; sliding 11; fastened during
working hours 2. One has fireproof doors between departments.
Stairivays. — Seven buildings have only 1, balance from 2 to 5, all wood,
straight and winding. Twelve have no handrails.
Fire Escapes. — Thirty-six buildings have none; two have straight
ladders; three steel steps with landings, two unsafe.
Exit Passageumys. — Not clear 3; no exit signs in 14.
Smoking. — Is prohibited in 28 and signs are displayed in 4.
Fire Protection. — Fifteen have none of any description, and 20 have
no fire alarm systems.
Sanitation. — Bad 3; better toilet facilities ordered in one and drinking
arrangements in two.
Ventilation. — Generally good. One bad; exhaust system needed for
carrying away impurities. Working conditions crowded.
Extra Hazards. — One concern, a brick and frame structure, has wooden
stairways with one handrail; building full of rubbish and inflammable
materials; no fire-fighting apparatus or equipment (not even standpipes
and hose) ; no fireproof doors, no fire escapes and women employed on
second and third floors; floors not kept clear. Air very bad, owing to
handling of sacks and rags; no provision for carrying away foul, germ-
laden dust.
FOUR-STORY STRUCTURES
Frame 13 ; brick 4 ; mill construction 1 ; brick and frame 1 ; brick and
mill 2. Total 21. Semi-fireproof 1.
Floors. — Dangerous 3; slippery 2; holes 1. All ordered repaired or
remedied.
Lighting. — Electric 19 ; gas 1 ; electric and gas 1 ; unprotected gas
brackets 1 ; unprotected motors or switchboards 3.
60 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Exit Doors. — Open outward in six instances only; sliding 7; all open
during working hours. Only six have fireproof doors between
departments.
Exit Passageways. — Not kept clear in 1 and signs not posted in 6.
Stairivays. — Seven have but one and two have two wooden stairways;
remainder have from four to eight, wooden, straight and winding, and
five have but one handrail.
Fire Eseapes. — Fourteen buildings have none, twelve of which are
frame; one brick and one mill construction. One promised to provide
adequate fire escapes. Others have from one to three escapes, all steel.
Four prohibited smoking, only one of which displayed signs.
Rubbish. — Allowed to accumulate in three; in one no disposition shown
to dispose of it.
Inflanunable. — ^Materials in basement of one.
No fire protection — In the nature of apparatus or extra equipment, in
4, and no fire alarm system in 3.
Sanitation. — Better toilet conditions ordered in 7; better drinking
facilities in 8, and spitting receptacles in 6.
Ventilation. — Not good in 3; bad in toilets of 2.
Extra Hazards. — Elevator in one in dangerous condition; open stair-
well in another.
FIVE-STORY STRUCTURE
One, mill construction, passed good inspection.
SIX-STORY STRUCTURES
Concrete 1; mill construction 1; brick and mill 1. Total 3. Two fire-
proof.
Exit Doors. — Not open outward 1 ; sliding 1 ; not open during working
hours 1.
Steel Stairways. — Both straightaway and winding, not provided with
handi'ails on both sides. One has no fire escapes; no exit signs posted in
1. No drinking fountains in 1. The sanitation and ventilation in two was
reported good, in the other "fair."
SEVEN-STORY STRUCTURES
Three. Two fireproof; one semi-fireproof. All passed good inspection.
EIGHT-STORY STRUCTURE
One brick and frame, not fireproof. Has six stairways, both wooden
and steel, straight and winding, and some fireproof doors. One fire
escape is of the steel, straight-ladder type. Passed good inspection both
as to health and safety.
BUREAU SHOULD REGULATE
While, as will be seen from the foregoing analysis of reports, many
conditions of an unsanitary nature were uncovered as a result of the
inspections, such as are not conducive to the health and comfort of the
employes in various lines of work, this department is not clothed with
regulative authority to compel observance of rules and regulations
designed to improve the surroundings of the laboring people, from the
standpoint of health and comfort. Inasmuch as the efficiency of the
employe, both in quality and quantity of service performed, is measured
to a very great extent by the state of being of both mind and body, if
this bureau were properly clothed with direct corrective authority to
right the wrongs as they are discovered, it would redound to the mutual
benefit of the employer, employe and public at large, and I trust some
legislative action along this line will be taken during the appi'oaching
session of the Legislature.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 61
INDUSTRIES, CALLINGS, TRADES, PROFESSIONS, BUSINESSES,
ETC.
Abstracts of Title. — Eighty firms furnishing abstracts of title
employed 240 persons and paid them $224,640.
Abstract Examiners. — Six firms act as examiners of abstracts
furnished by abstract companies. They are a court of last resort. Num-
bers of larg-e loaning companies require that abstracts be examined after
their attorneys have passed upon the same and seek the services of an
abstract examiner.
Accordeon Plaiting. — Five individuals following accordeon plaiting
gave employment to five individual firm members.
Accottntayits. — iThirty-one accountants earned $46,.500.
Acetylene Gas Fi.vti(res. — Three firms dealing in fixtures for the use
of acetylene gas employ an average of nine persons at an annual wage
of $8.58.00, each making a total of $7,722 in wages for the year, and
two clerks receiving a total of $1,944.
Addressing Machine Bureaus. — Four firms give employment to an
average of fifteen people, to whom they pay $13,275.
Adjusters. — Eight persons follow the profession of adjusting accounts,
fire losses, etc. They give professional advice, examine stocks of goods,
and place a value upon goods damaged by fire and maintain a rate for
services similar to those of an attorney or physician.
Advertising and Specialties. — Thirty-five firms employ, in addition to
proprietors and firm members, twenty-seven persons who received in
wages and salaries $19,200.
Air Compressors. — Five plants valued at $19,000 employed twenty-
seven men, paying them $19,275 in wages.
Amusement Companies. — Six amusement companies employ an average
of eighteen people, paying them $27,000.
Appraisers. — Seven Oregonians follow the vocation of appraising
estates and land values and give their professional services to the general
public.
Aprons.— The making of aprons furnishes a living for three families
in this State. There are firms and people who make aprons, but there
are three whose only business is the making and selling of aprons.
Architects. — Offices, 207; wage earners, -37; wages paid, $29,250.
Art Glass, Mirrors, etc. — Four firms employ an average of twelve
skilled and five unskilled workmen and three office clerks. Average
daily wage paid to skilled workers, $3.75, and to unskilled, $1.50 a day.
Skilled labor received $11,700 and unskilled $2,652. Office help averaged
$2.72 a day and was paid a total of $3,394.56. A total of sixty-five
electric horsepower used in operating plants. Help worked from seven
and one-half to nine hours a day. Highest daily wage $3.50 and lowest
$2.50. Plants valued at $52,000.'
Artificial Limbs. — Two firms manufacture artificial limbs.
Artificial Stone, Paving, etc. — Individual firms to the number of
one hundred and twenty employed a total of one hundred and thirty-seven
wage earners about two hundred days. There were one hundred and
twenty-six wage earners, nine male and two female clerks. The clerks
were employed the full year. Wages were from $2.25 to $4.75 a day,
and clerical help was paid an average of $3.40 a day. Total paid to
labor, $90,115.
Artists. — Fifty-two people in Oregon following no other calling, but
depending upon the sales of their work, class themselves as artists.
Possibly a thousand people having side lines or who are classed as
housewives, do painting, but fifty-two people supporting thirty-one
families are listed among the professional callings in this State.
Ai't Metals. — Three firms employ five people in the manufacture of
goods, paying them an average of $2.93 a day, and a total of $4,570.80,
62 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
for the year. One clerk receives $2.98 a day or a total of $929.76 for the
year. Three additional persons are employed at a total salary of $2,184.
Asbestos. — Valued at $71,250, six plants gave employment to twenty-
nine persons, and paid in wages $22,315.
Asphalt aiid Mortar Ready Mixed. — Plants, 6; operated from 50 to
300 days; 45 skilled and 15 unskilled workers; 6 male clerks; skilled
labor averaged $3.10, and unskilled $2.50 a day; clerks averaged $3.33
a day; total paid to labor, $12,669; 9 and 10 hours a day's work; value
of plants, $44,200; electric horsepower, 673.
Assay ers. — Fifteen assayers are earning a total salary of $28,140.
Auctioncers.^-Foriy-one men sell their services to the general public
as auctioneers, receiving as pay for their services a percentage of the
money received for sales. Some of these people maintain stores and
have auctions on stated days of the week, while others go to different
sections of the State and "cry sales." The annual commissions earned
by these people have been estimated by some of them at $91,000.
Axvnings and Tents. — Five plants employ an average of forty-five
skilled men, seventy skilled women, fifty-five unskilled men, and twenty-
five unskilled women, six office men and nine office women. A workday
of nine hours prevails. Average daily wage to skilled men, $3.22; to
skilled women, $2.00; to unskilled men, $2.25, and to unskilled women,
$1.25. Male help in office received $3.50 and female $2.00 a day. Average
highest daily wage, $3.50, and average lowest, $1.50 to males; average
hig'hest to females $2.00, and average lowest, $1.16. Average for all,
$2.18 a day. Skilled males were paid $45,209; unskilled, $38,611; skilled
women, $43,680; unskilled, $9,750; male clerks, $6,552, and female clerks,
$5,616; a total of $149,417. No labor troubles and no fire losses reported
during the year. A total of 162 electric power used by the plants.
Baby Korals. — Output, 16,500. Five skilled mechanics.
Baking Powder. — Three firms who manufacture other goods make a
baking powder and in the manufacture of the powder employ an average
of six wage earners, fourteen male and four female clerks, besides four
salaried officers, a total of twenty-eight. Wage earners received $4,972,
and the clerical force $14,040. Plants are valued at $16,^50. An 8-hour
workday prevailed.
Barbers. — Five hundred and twenty barber shops employ in addition
to the firm members, five hundred and sixty-three wage earners, at an
average daily wage of $3.00. Working hours, ten a day. Total paid to
help, $526,968.
Baskets. — Five firms manufacturing baskets, splints and handles,
have plants valued at $11,400, and are operated by 42% electric horse-
power, employing sixteen skilled and four unskilled workmen. Annual
business transacted amounts to $37,500. The sixteen skilled workers
received a total of $9,360, the unskilled $2,496, and two male clerks on
part time $1,720, a total payroll for the year of $19,576. Four of those
employed are females. All persons employed are American-born except
one, an Italian weaver. Highest daily wages paid $3.50, and lowest $1.50.
An average of the highest wage $3.25 and of the lowest $2.00. Highest
daily wage to females $1.50 and lowest $1.50. Plants operate from eight
to ten hours daily. No labor troubles during the year. No loss from
fire within twelve months. Volume of business shows an increase over
that of 1915.
Bedding.— Three plants employ three hundred and seven people, to
whom an average daily wage of $2.50 is paid to skilled, $2.00 to unskilled,
and $3.50 to male and $3.00 to female clerks. Total payroll, $200,000.
Beverages (Soda Water) . — Ten plants, having a valuation of $73,900,
operated the full year. Daily capacity, 32,000 bottles; daily output,
18,000. Sixty electric horsepower and eight steam, total of sixty-eight
horsepower. Nine and ten hours constitute a workday. Three male
office clerks average $3.25 a day, and three female clerks $2.00. Three
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
63
BANKS
BESOURCES
Number of banks
Loans and discounts
Overdrafts
Securities, bonds, etc
Banking house, furniture and
fixtures
Other real estate owned
Stock in Federal Reserve bank..
Due from Federal Reserve bank
Due- from banks (not reserve )
agents '
Due from approved reserve i'
agents '
Checks and other cash items
Exchanges for clearing house....
Cash on hand
United States bonds to secure
circulation
United States bonds to secure
deposits
United States bonds on hand
Premiums on United States
bonds
Five per cent redemption fund..
Due from United States Treas-
urer
Expenses, taxes and interest paid
Other items than above
Totals
♦Minus ( — ) sign means
decrease
LIABILITIES
Capital stock paid in
Surplus fund
Undivided profits
Dividends unpaid
Due to banks and bankers
Deposits due State Treasurer....
Deposits subject to check (in-
cluding cashier's checks and
certified checks)
Demand certificates of deposit..
Time certificates of deposit
Savings deposit
United States postal deposits....
United States deposits
Deposits United States disburs-
ing officers
Re-discounts with Federal Re-
serve banks
Other notes and bills re-dis-
counted
Bills payable
Certificates of deposits issued
for money borrowed
National bank notes outstanding
Reserved for taxes and interest
Other items than above
Totals
*Minus ( — ) sign means
decrease
Combined figures
of all l):ink!i In
State
Nov. 17. 1916
261
Combined fiRures
of all banks In
State
Oct. 31, 1914
263
Increase or
decrease*
$105,025,705.82
537,602.36
17,415,281.12
4,537,479.12
2,852,492.46
442,200.00
4,038,308.52
91,810,850.12
492,486.21
16,213,634.05
4,351,781.19
1,710,301.32
13,214,855.70
45.116.15
1,201,647.07
185,697.93
1,142,191.14
444,200.00
4,038,308.52
41,998,179.41 , 21,367,391.59 20,630.787.
535,552.60
1,852,160.12
13,367,198.68
6,184,260.00
4,096,201.87
22,780.00
28,624.50
309,213.00
1,000.00
175,221.56
943,881.37
$204,365,342.51
19,090,150.00
7,611,484.08
3,136,907.49
23.883.64
26,353,063.40
2,061,072.44
84,959,461.55
5,378,156.95
17,932,235.33
25,445,242.96
1,834,645.25
566,472.22
66,630.64
4,276.52
2,623,544.83
410,027.71
10.000.00
5,965,670.00
123,107.24
769,310.26
807,656.99
1,295,623.33
15,074,903.36
6,500.510.00
2,405,307.66
1,045,661.03
78,768.36
409,825.50
112,235.21
1,145,698.82
—272,
556.
-1.707,
104.39
536.79
704.68
-316,250.00
1,690,
1.022,
—50
—100
1
62
-201
894.21
881.03
143.86
612.50
000.00
986.35
817.45
$164,822,634.74 [ $
42,214
-3.671
221.68
513.91
19.553.630.00
7,631,729.82
2,689,419.72
33.409.85
13,460,091.84
809,500.00
71.081,035.25
3,672,333.81
15,144,475.87
18,849,151.85
1,492,046.76
537,075.86
319,811.82
199,870.95
531,787.20
336,000.00
7,416,257.50
144,723.05
920.283.59
$ 39.542.707.77
463.480.00
20.245.74
447.487.77
9.526.21
12.892.971.56
1.251.572.44
13.878,426.30
1,705,823.14
2,787,759.46
6,596,091.11
342.598.49
29,396.36
— 253,181.18
4.276.52
2,423,673.88
— 121,759.49
—326,000.00
—1.450,587.50
— 21,615.81
—150.973.33
$204,365,342.51
$164,822,634.74
$ 42,360.077.03
— 2.817,369.26
$ 39,542.707.77
64 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
skilled females average $2.00, twenty-six skilled males $3.12, and twenty-
six unskilled males $2.37 a day. Average highest wages paid to males
$3.12, and to females $2.00 a day. Average lowest daily wages paid to
males $2.45. Average of all, $2.66. Male clerks received a total of
$3,045, female clerks $1,872, skilled males $25,309, skilled females $1,872,
and unskilled males $19,225. Total to all, $51,323. No fire loss during
the year. In addition to the salaries paid some of the help receive com-
missions from the firms. Value of product, $135,000.
Bicycles (Dealers and Repab- Shops). — 'Number, 56; number firm
members, 63; persons employed, 100; average daily wage, $2.50; total
payroll for 1916, $78,000; business increased 300 per cent since 1914.
Bill Distributors. — Eleven firms pay $12,915 to labor during the year,
the average number employed being twenty-one.
Billiard Halls. — Number of places, 247; wage earners, 300; wages
paid, $146,400.
Blacksmith, Machine and Repair Shops (Not Railroad). — Of four
hundred and eighty-three shops in the State, one hundred and five come
under the factory inspection law. Those coming under the inspection law
are valued at $433,250, and the others are valued at an equal amount,
making the value $866,500. A workday of ten hours prevails. An aver-
age of two hundred and three skilled and eighty-five unskilled wage
earners and seven male and three female clerks were employed. Total
of two hundred and ninety-nine. Skilled labor average $3.33 and
unskilled $2.33 a day. Male clerks averaged $3.50 and female $2.50 a day.
Skilled workers received $210,909, unskilled $61,781, male clerks $7,644,
and female clerks $2,340; total, $282,684. Of the one hundred and five
plants reporting power, a total of 750 electric, 106 gasoline, and 10 water
power were used in operation. Total, 865 horsepower.
Blueing Manufacturers. — Three firms in addition to five firm mem-
bers give employment to an average of five persons, who receive a total
of $3,120.
Boat Liveries. — Eighteen places are open to the general public where
row boats, canoes, launches, and similar craft may be left the same as
a team at a livery stable or an automobile at a garage. They are ternied
boat liveries. Besides twenty-three proprietors and firm members, nine
men are employed at a total annual salary of $7,020.
Boat and Shiphuilding. — Reports from thirteen plants engaged in the
construction of all kinds of boats from skiffs and launches to sea-going
vessels, represent a total property valuation of $909,200, which gives
employment to six hundred and fifty-four skilled and three hundred and
sixty unskilled laborers, at an average of twenty-five days a month
throughout the year, and an average wage of $4.50 per day for skilled
labor and $2.42 for unskilled, the total wages paid by these plants during
the year, October 1, 1915, to September 30, 1916, aggregating $1,013,403.
These plants engaged six males and two females in office work, the
average daily wage for male labor being $3.94 and for females $2.20.
This does not include the plants which have been established since
August, 1916.
Boilers {Dealers and Manufacturers). — Firms and plants, 7; horse-
power used, 165 electric; average days operated, 312; number people
employed, 43 skilled, 34 unskilled, and five male clerks; average daily
wage, $4.00 to skilled and $2.50 to unskilled; office force averaged $3.35
a day; average highest wages paid, $4.50; and of lowest, $2.50; general
average to all, $3.45 a day; skilled workers received a total of $53,664;
unskilled, $26,520; male clerks, $5,460; total, $85,644. Value of plants,
$52,000. Value of product, $200,000.
Bornises and Investments. — Six firms give employment to nine clerks
and stenographers, who receive $9,180 annually.
Books and Stationery. — Firms doing a strictly book and stationery
business number one hundred and seven in the State. There are numbers
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 65
of firms carrying books and stationery, covering: from fifteen to forty
per cent of the stock in trade, especially drug stores. Book and stationery
firms pay $140,000 annually to one hundred and seventy-nine persons
besides firm members.
Bookbinding. — Eight firms, with plants valued at $200,000. One hun-
dred skilled and forty unskilled males, and ten skilled and fifty unskilled
female workers, and eleven male and nine female clerks; total, twenty-two.
Average of highest wages paid, $5.07; of lowest, $1.53. Skilled workers
averaged $3.75 and unskilled $1.50 per day. Male and female clerks
averaged $4.00 per day. Average for all, $3.08 a day. Skilled workers
received $128,700, unskilled $41,120, and clerical help $24,960; total,
$194,780.
Bread and Bakery Products. — Number of establishments in State, 270,
of which number twenty-five come under the inspection department of
the Bureau of Labor. Three of the plants are strictly wholesale estab-
lishments, valued approximately at $650,000. Plants coming under the
inspection law employ an average of 235 skilled and 156 unskilled males,
100 skilled and 43 unskilled females, 25 male and 20 female clerks. Total
number wage earners employed in the two hundred and seventy wholesale
and retail bakeries, 602 skilled and 411 unskilled males, 200 skilled and
85 unskilled females, 50 male and 40 female clerks, a total of 1,388.
Skilled males averaged $3.00, unskilled $2.00, skilled females $2.00,
unskilled, $1.50, male clerks $4.00 and female $2.00 a day. Average
highest wages paid to males $4.00, lowest $1.75, highest to females $1.86,
and lowest $1.21 a day; average for all, $2.33 a day. Labor received the
following payments: Skilled males, $563,472; unskilled males, $256,464;
skilled females, $124,800; unskilled females, $39,780; male clerks, $31,200,
and female clerks, $24,960; a total of $1,040,676. Hours of labor, 8, 9
and 9y2. Value of product, $4,468,000.
Brick and Tile. — Sixty-eight plants, operated an average of 148 days,
have a daily capacity of turning out 1,168,880 brick and tile and pro-
duced 962,400; a total of 2,990 steam horsepower and 570 electric is used
in operating. Plants operated nine and ten hours a day. There were
one hundred and fifty-four skilled and five hundred and four unskilled
workmen employed on an average. In addition there were seventy-one
firm members working about the plants. Skilled labor averaged $3.00
a day and unskilled $2.34. An average of the highest wages paid $3.24,
of the lowest $2.11 a day. General average $2.67 a day. Total capacity
for 148 days operated, 172,994,240 brick and tile; total output, 142,435,200.
Plants are valued at $866,400. Six male and three female clerks are
employed at an average daily wage of $3.89 for males and $2.67 for
females. Male clerks received a total of $7,280.08 and females $2,499.12.
Skilled workers were paid a total of $68,376 and unskilled $34,632. Total
paid to all, $112,789.20.
Bridge Building.— Five firms employed an average of one hundred
and seventy-thi-ee wage earners and eight clerks. Wage earners averaged
$2.87 a day and the clerks $3.17. Wage earners received a total of
$144,223.12 and clerks $7,912.32. Second total, $152,135.44.
Brokers. — Sixty-six firms do a brokerage business. They are classed
as follows: General brokers, 18; custom, 3; merchandise, 17; mining, 3;
produce, 4; stocks and bonds, 21. Fifty-three stenographers are employed,
to whom are paid a total of $44,520 annually.
Bronze and Brass Works. — Three plants, valued at $77,736.72, are
doing a business of approximately $255,000 annually. They use a total
of 105 electric power. Twenty skilled workers received an average of
$3.82 a day and were paid a total of $35,802. Twelve unskilled workmen
received an average of $2.45 and a total of $9,079.20. Three apprentices
received an average of $1.00 a day, a total of $912.00. Three female
clerks received an average of $1.65 a day and a total of $1,543.40, and
seven male clerks received an average of $1.81 a day and a total of
Sig. 3.
66 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
$3,953.04. Principal part of office work performed by partners and
firm members and emoluments are not reckoned with the wages and
salaries. Nine hours constitute a day's work.
Building and Loan Associatioyis. — Six building and loan associations
give employment to an average of twenty persons, who receive an average
annual salary of $973.44, or a total of $19,468.80.
Butter and Cheese. — Coming under the inspection law are 110 plants
making butter and cheese, valued at $827,218. They report an output of
17,555,400 pounds of butter, 1,500,000 pounds of cheese, and 2,356,500
gallons of ice cream. There were 175 skilled and 250 unskilled men,
40 skilled women, and 75 male and 70 female clerks; total average
number employed, 610. Skilled help received $196,381, unskilled, $160,877,
skilled females $24,599, male clerks $76,080 and female clerks $45,267;
total, $503,204. Average daily wages to highest skilled men $3.59, low-
est $2.13. Highest paid to females $1.78, and average lowest $1.67.
These plants also made 31,700 tons of ice. These plants were operated
by 1,150 steam power, 864 electric, 24 gasoline horsepower. Sixty use
electric, 49 steam, and 1 gasoline. These plants do not represent the
entire cheese and butter product of the State, but the product of those
plants coming under the inspection of the Bureau of Labor. These
reports estimate that it takes 872 pounds of milk to make 100 pounds
of cheese. It therefore required 13,080,000 pounds of milk to make the
1,500,000 pounds of cheese. That to make 100 pounds of butter it takes
2,000 pounds of milk. Therefore to make 17,555,400 pounds of butter
required 351,108,000 pounds of milk.
Cabinet Workeis. — Number of shops, 50; skilled workers, 138; un-
skilled, 20; male clerks, 4; female clerks, 4. Skilled workers commanded
$3.35, unskilled $2.45, male and female clerks $2.50 per day. General
average $2.70. Skilled help received $144,237, unskilled $15,288, male
clerks $3,120, and female clerks $3,120; total, $165,805. Value of plants
$100,000. Hours of labor, eight, nine, and ten per day. No fire losses
reported during the year. Value of products, $320,000.
Candies (Wholesale). — Seven plants, with a valuation of $252,500,
used a total of 167 electric horsepower in operation. There were
employed 48 skilled males, 75 skilled females, 61 unskilled males, 50 un-
skilled females, 10 male and 6 female clerks, a total of 250 people receiv-
ing wages and salaries as follows: Skilled males $3.52, skilled females
$1.96, unskilled males $1.88, unskilled females $1.19, male clerks $3.75,
and female clerks $2.08 a day; average $2.40. Average of highest wages
paid to males $4.60, of lowest $1.93, of highest paid to females $2.14,
of lowest $1.00. Average for all, $2.19 a day. Skilled males received
a total of $51,723.52, unskilled $35,780.16, skilled females $45,864, un-
skilled females $18,564, male clerks $11,700, and female clerks $3,893.94;
total, $167,525.62. No fire losses or labor troubles reported for the year.
Volume of business transacted in candy, $468,000. Females worked eight
and nine hours a day, and males nine and ten hours.
Cabined and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables. — Twenty-six plants,
valued at $442,179, operated an average of one hundred and fifty days
and turned out a daily average of 3,782 cases, or a total of 567,300 cases
for the time operated. Eleven plants were operated by a total of
370 electric and the others by 750 steam power. Ninety-four skilled and
344 unskilled males, 75 skilled and 1,000 unskilled females, 20 male and
15 female clerks were employed at an average daily wage and salary of
$3.18 for skilled males, $1.50 for skilled females, $2.10 for unskilled
males, and $1.35 for unskilled females. Average of highest wages paid
to males $4.06, and of lowest $1.80; average of highest paid to females
$2.19, and of the lowest, $1.18 a day. General average of all wages
paid, $2.17 a day. Average daily salary paid to male clerks $3.34, and
to female clerks $2.10. Average of salaries and wages, $2.80 a day.
Total number employed 1,548. Skilled males received $44,538, skilled
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 67
females $16,875, unskilled males $108,360, unskilled females $202,500,
male clerks $20,841, and female clerks $9,828. Grand total, $402,942.
Value of output, $1,368,250. No fire losses.
Cans. — Aside from the cans made in the several canneries of Oregon,
there is an annual output of 165,000,000 cans, in which industry are
employed thirty-five skilled and four hundred unskilled men and thirty
skilled women, in addition to twenty male and ten female clerks. A total
of $294,280 paid to help, .skilled men receiving $3.00, unskilled $1.75,
skilled women $1.50, male clerks $3.25, and female clerks $2.50 a day.
Carpet Cleaning. — Ten firms employ a total of eleven people at an
average daily wage of $2.50, and pay them annually $8,580.
Carpets (Dealers). — Firms, 8; wage earners, 27; wages paid, $22,500;
salaried employes, 9; salaries paid, $10,215; total, $32,715.
Carpets (Weaving). — Twelve individuals engage in the weaving of
carpets, five of whom do cleaning and repairing, furnishing employment
to seven people, at an average daily wage of $2.00, or a total of $5,460.
Carriages and Wagons. — Fifty dealers gave employment to one hun-
dred and sixty-one skilled and thirty-five unskilled workmen and seven
clerks. Skilled help averaged $3.50 and unskilled $2.50 a day. Clerical
help received $3.50 per day. Skilled labor received $175,8i2 and un-
skilled $27,300. Clerks received $7,764. Total paid to labor $210,756.
Hours of labor, eight and nine a day.
Caskets.— Three firms assembling caskets employed an average of
nineteen skilled and eleven unskilled males and two skilled and two
unskilled females. Hours of labor, eight and nine per day. Labor
received $31,750.
Cement Pipe and Tile. — Eight plants, valued at $82,000, operated an
average of one hundred days during the year and employed and average
of thirty skilled and forty unskilled workers, who received an average
daily wage of $2.89, and a total of $8,670 for skilled, and $2.25, or a total
of $9,000 for unskilled. Seven male clerks received an average daily
wage of $3.62, or a total of $2,534, and six female clerks received a
daily salary of $1.66, or a total of $996.00. Total payroll, $21,200. Aver-
age of highest daily wage paid $3.09, of lowest, $2.09. Average of all, $2.60
a day. Plants operated eight, nine and ten hours a day. An equivalent
of 2,000 feet of 6-inch tile or a total of 200,000 were produced.
Chimney Sweeps. — Seven chimney sweeps earn $4,200 annually.
Chinese ami Japanese Goods (Dealers). — Number of firms, 120; people
employed, 317; salary and wages paid, $101,440; volume of business
estimated at $600,000.
Chiropractors. — ^Fifteen chiropodists earned $16,000.
Cider. — Ten plants making cider use 100 electric, 100 steam, and
20 water power; total, 225 horsepower. They employ an average of
forty skilled men, twenty skilled women, fifty unskilled men, five male
and five female clerks, an average of one hundred and fifty-six days.
The clerical forced worked the full year. Skilled males average $3.00
per day, and were paid $18,720; unskilled $2.25, and were paid $17,550;
skilled females $1.50, and were paid $4,680; male clerks $3.00, and
received $4,680, and female clerks $2.00, and received $3,120; total to
help, $48,750. A total of 3,500,000 gallons of cider were made, valued
at $350,000.
Cigarmuking. — One hundred and twenty-four people are employed at
an average of $3.00 per day or a total for the pear of $115,024.
Cigars and Tobacco (Retail). — Firms, 452; in addition to stands in
hotels, restaurants, etc. These stores give employment to a total of
three hundred and thirtv-five people, who average $2.48 a day or $773.76
a year each or a total of $259,209.60.
Cleaners and Dyers. — Number of firms in State, 197. Value of plants,
$638,000. Number employed in addition to 220 firm members and pro-
prietors, 542 skilled, 71 unskilled males, 100 skilled females, 71 unskilled
68 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
females, 51 male and 48 female clerks; total, 883 employed. Skilled
males averaged $3.00 per day, and received a total of $507,312; unskilled
averaged $1.75 a day, and received a total of $38,766; skilled females
were paid $2.25 a day, and received a total of $70,200; unskilled females
averaged $1.50 a day, and were paid a total of $3.3,228; male clerks
averaged $3.25 a day, and received a total of $51,714, and female clerks
averaged $2.50 a day, and received a total of $37,440. Total paid to
help, $738,660. An average of the highest daily wage to males $4.12,
lowest $1.90; average of highest to females $2.42, of lowest $1.79;
general average to all, $2.45 a day.
Cloaks and Suits {Dealers). — Eleven firms employ twenty-seven
people and pay wages and salaries amounting to $28,923.
Clothing (Manufacturers). — Seven firms employ a total of five
hundred and three persons, to whom are paid $470,808.
Clothing (Retail). — Firms, 185; people employed, 885; salaries and
wages paid, $987,000.
Coal. — Reports from four operating mines show fifty skilled and forty
unskilled miners at work. Plants were operated by 950 electric and
55 steam power. Total horsepower, 1,015. Skilled labor averaged $3.75
a day, and received a total of $58,500. Unskilled workers averaged
$2.50 a day, and received a total of $31,200. Total to wage earners,
$89,700. Hours of labor, inside eight and outside ten. Output, 28,000 tons.
Coffees, Teas and Spices. — Six firms, whose business is preparing
coffees, teas and spices, have plants valued at $113,292.53, operate eight
and nine hours a day, and employ an average of thirty-nine skilled and
sixteen unskilled males, thirty skilled and fifteen unskilled females,
twenty office males, ten office female clerks, six city salesmen, sixteen
country salesmen, six female demonstrators, and one male negro demon-
strator, a total of one hundred and fifty-nine people on the payroll in
this industry. Wages and salaries governed as follows : Skilled males
$3.25, unskilled $2.00, skilled females $1.50, unskilled $1.25, male clerks
$4.53, female $2.36, female demonstrators $2.50, male demonstrator $2.50,
city and country salesman $6.00, average high $4.06, average lowest wage
$1.37, average for all $3.11 a day. Skilled males received a total of
$39,546, skilled females $14,040, unskilled males $9,984, unskilled females
$7,020, front office males $28,267, front office females $7,363, female
demonstrators $4,680, male demonstrator $780.00, city salesman $11,232,
and country $11,232, a total payroll of $134,144. Volume of business
transacted for the year 1916, $936,000. Power used by these plants,
80% electric. Loss from fire, nothing. No labor troubles.
Collection Agencies and Agents. — Doing a general collection and
adjustment business and offering services to the public are ninety collec-
tion agencies and agents, employing as a clerical force one hundred and
seventeen people, who receive an average of $815.00 a year, or a total
of $95,355. In addition are seventy-three people working on a com-
mission basis, whose earnings are believed to be $65,000. There are
one hundred and twenty-three partners and firm members, or a total
of three hundred and thirteen people gaining a livelihood in this calling.
Commission Merchants. — Fifty commission firms employ an average
of two hundred and seventeen persons during the year, to whom were paid
$195,300 in salaries and wages.
Condensed Milk. — Seven plants report a valuation of $250,000, with
a capacity of evaporating 3,050 cases of milk daily, produce 1,770 cases
daily for 312 days. Total capacity, 951,600 cases; output, 552,280. Plants
operated from six to ten hours daily. Horsepower used, 500 steam.
100 electric. People employed, skilled males, 56; unskilled, 87; skilled
females, 5; unskilled, 25; male office clerks, 6; female, 3; total, 182.
Wages and salaries paid, skilled males, $3.07; unskilled, $2.05; skilled
females, $1.83; unskilled, $1.25; average highest to males, $3.54; average
lowest, $1.54; average of highest to females, $1.77; average lowest, $1.12;
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 69
average to male office clerks, $2.08; female, $1.75; general average,
$1.92 a day. The payroll for the year was as follows: Skilled males,
$53,975; unskilled, $64,345; skilled females, $2,886; unskilled, $9,750;
male clerks, $3,893, and female clerks, $1,638; total payroll, $136,487.
No fire loss during the year and no labor troubles. At $3.60 a case, the
total product was worth'$l,988,200.
Confections (Retail). — Places classed as confectionery stores number
617 in the State. There are 760 proprietors and firm members. During
the summer months the total on payroll number 1,817, but the average
for the year in addition to the proprietors and firm members will reach
1,234. The average daily wage is $1.65 and the total payroll for the
year $637,263.
Contractors. — Exclusive of carpenters and builders, who class them-
selves as building contractors, and number 1,343, there are 60 brick and
stone work contractors, 10 bridge, 100 cement, 15 excavating, 130 general,
8 lathing, 20 paving, 5 dock and pile driving, 30 plastering, 5 sewer and
25 street grading, a total of 408 firms. During the past year they
employed an average of 3,417 persons, at an average daily wage of
$2.37 for 312 days, paying them a total of $2,526,666.48. A higher daily
wage prevailed on short time work, but with loss time deducted the
yearly average was as stated.
Cooperage. — Eight plants, valued at $245,000, employ fifty-two skilled
and seventy-three unskilled workers, and sixteen male and six female
clerks; total, one hundred and forty-seven people. Plants operated eight,
nine and ten hours a day. Skilled help averaged $3.75 and unskilled
$2.50 per day. Male clerks were paid $5.55 and female $2.76 a day.
Average high wage $5.07, average low wage $2.06. Average for all $3.61.
Plants used 60 steam and 695 electric horsepower in operating; total,
755. Skilled workers received $60,840, unskilled $56,840, male clerks
$27,706, and female clerks $5,167; total, $150,653. Plants produced
1,079,600 feet board measure during the year.
Creosoting Timber. — Four plants, valued at $250,000, employed an
average of thirty-four skilled and fifty-seven unskilled workers, at wages
per day of $3.75 for skilled and $2.50 a day for unskilled. Male clei-ks
to the number of nine averaged $4.50, and female clerks to the number
of two averaged $3.25 a day. In the yards were fifty-two Japanese,
and twenty whites. White labor in the vards received $2.25 and Japanese
$1.85 a day. Total paid to help, $129,906.
Crockery (Dealers) . — 'Six firms employ an average of sixty males
and eighteen females, who received $70,562 in wages and salaries.
Cr-nshed Rock. — Fifteen plants, valued at $250,000, used a total of
1,820 electric and 600 steam power, a total of 2,420 horsepower. Skilled
labor received an average of $3.50, and unskilled $2.50 per day of
ten hours. Six office men received an average of $3.00 a day each.
Plants operated an average of one hundred and forty days. There were
twentv skilled and one hundred unskilled workers. Skilled workers
received a total of $9,800, unskilled $35,000, and office help $5,616, or
a total to all of $50,416. An average of the highest wages paid was
$3.58 a day, and of the lowest $2.50. General average, $3.01 a day.
One million cubic yards were crushed.
Dentists. — Six hundred and fifteen dental offices give employment to
six hundred and seventy-three firm members and wage earners.
Department Stores. — Number in State, 24; partners and firm mem-
bers, 67; males employed, 1,470; females, 2,715; hours, 8 and 9; highest
daily wages paid, $20.00; lowest, $1.24; total wages and salaries paid,
$3,782,837.50.
Docks. — Eighty docks employ an average of nine hundred and seven-
teen persons, who receive an average of $3.50 a day. Total paid in wages
and salaries, $1,001,364.
70 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Doors, Sash, Windows, etc. — Six firms employ a total of two hundred
and one males and twelve females, and pay annually $201,000 in salaries
and wages.
Dressmakers. — Number of firms and individuals, 415; employing
twenty salaried clerks and seventy hundred and twenty wage earners.
Hours of labor from eight to ten a day, and wages from 90 cents to $2.25
a day. Average daily wage, $1.50. Total paid to help, $357,724.
Drugs. — Stores and firms, 483; people employed, 1,110; hours per
day, eight and ten. In the manufacturing of drugs, skilled males aver-
aged $2.63 a day, unskilled $1.38, skilled familes $1.68, and unskilled $1.25.
Total, $907,300.
Dry Goods (Retail). — Stores, 217; wage earners, males, 925; females,
625; total, 1,550. Wages and salaries paid to males, $721,500, and to
females, $390,000; total, $1,111,500.
Drygoods {Wholesale) .—Stores, 7; people employed, 503; males, 425;
females, 78. Males received $364,650, and females $48,672; total, $411,322.
Electric Fixtures and Goods. — Seventy-six dealers employ an average
of one hundred and seventy-three people, at an average wage for all of
$3.05 a day, or a total for the year of $163,934. Hours of labor, eight
and nine. Of this number, four come under the inspection law. Thirty
skilled and twenty-four unskilled wage earners and twelve male and
six female clerks are employed at $3.75 a day for skilled and $2.00 for
unskilled workers and $4.25 for office males and $2.75 for office females.
Skilled workers received $32,100, unskilled $14,976, male clerks $15,912,
and female clerks $5,148. Total payroll, $67,200. Total on payroll, 72.
Electric Generating Plants. — Plants using a primary horsepower of
131,095 electric, 3,700 steam, 11,587 water, and 245 gasoline, or a total
horsepower of 146,627, report to this bureau. There are one hundred and
twelve plants and substations reporting. Value of these plants, $5,474,000.
Employed by these plants are four hundred and ten skilled and one
hundred and thirty unskilled wage earners, and an office force of fifty
males and ten females, receiving as wages and salaries $3.00 a day for
skilled and $2.00 for unskilled, while males in office averaged $3.50 and
females $1.75 a day. Skilled workers were paid a total of $383,760, and
unskilled $81,120. Office males received $54,600, and females $5,460.
Total paid to all, $524,940. Fire losses during the year, $1,000.
Elevators. — Six plants making and repairing elevators use eighty
electric horsepower in operating the same. Three of the plants come
under the inspection law. Thirty skilled and ten unskilled workers and
seven male and three female clerks are employed at $4.00 for skilled,
$2.50 for unskilled, $5.00 for male and $2.75 for female clerks. Average
for all, $3.56 a day. Skilled labor received a total of $37,440, unskilled
$7,800, male clerks $10,920, and female clerks $2,574; total, $58,734.
Excelsior. — Three plants employed an average of twenty-four people,
and paid them $19,298.
Farm Implements (Dealers). — Number in State, 203; partners and
firm members, 317; males employed as wage earners, 609; female, 27;
total wage earners, 636; office force, males, 217; office force, females,
298; total office force, 515; hours per day, 8 and 10; average daily wages
to males, $3.31; females, $2.05; office, males, $4.04; office, females, $2.45;
total paid to male wage earnei's, $630,753.48; to female wage earners,
$63,960; paid to office male help, $273,524; to female office force,
$226,301; average of hghest wages paid to males, $4.78; average of
highest paid to females, $3.12; average lowest paid to males, $2.48;
average lowest paid to females, $2.08; total paid to help, $1,194,538.48.
Fish Canneries. — Reports from eighteen companies canning salmon
employed an average of two hundred skilled and three hundred unskilled
men, and two hundred females, an average of one hundred days. Ten
male and five female clerks were employed the full year. Skilled work-
men averaged $3.50 and unskilled $2.50 per day, while male clerks
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 71
averaged $3.50 and female $2.25 a day. Of the above number, ninety-
eight were Chinese and thirty-seven Japanese. Skilled workers received
$70,000, unskilled $75,000, women $40,000, male clerks $10,920, and
female $3,510; total, $199,430. Plants reporting are valued at $340,000.
Plants were operated by a total of 365 steam and 65 electric horsepower;
total, 430 horsepower. Estimated pack of those reporting, Mi||^^g29 00O
cases.
Florists. — Dealing in cut flowers and supplying bulbs, cuttings and
plants to the general public are one hundred and ninety-three individual
businesses and firms, giving employment to three hundred and thirty
people during the entire year at an average daily wage of $2.50 or a
grand total of $257,400. The latter are wage earners in addition to
two hundred and eighty-three firm members. The volume of business
transacted will exceed $1,000,000. ■
Flour and Feed Mills.— Plants to the number of one hundred and
twenty-four reporting, give a valuation of $3,844,488. A total of 156,000
tons of feed and 4,000,000 barrels of flour were turned out during the
year. An average of seven hundred and twenty persons were employed,
classed as follows: Skilled, 320; unskilled, 260; male clerks, 110, and
female clerks, 30. Wages and salaries averaged $3.25 a day for skilled,
$2.25 for unskilled, $3.25 for male clerks, and $2.25 for female clerks.
Average highest wages $3.50, and of lowest $2.25 a day. Average to
all, $2.79 a day. Plants operated from eighty-six to three hundred and
twelve days during the year. They operated more days than during
1914 and 1915. Skilled workmen received $324,480, unskilled $182,520,
male clerks $111,540, and female clerks $21,060; total, $639,600. Twelve
plants were operated by gasoline power, thirteen by steam, thirty-nine by
water, and sixty by electric. Basing values on the October 1st price of
$20.00 a ton for feed and $6.00 per barrel for the flour, these mills pro-
duced $3,120,000 of feed and $24,000,000 worth of flour; total, $27,120,000.
Fritit Canneries. — Oregon fruit canneries put up 540,000 cases of
goods, employed three hundred males and four hundred females an aver-
age of two hundred days. Total paid to help, $140,000.
Fi'iiit Juices. — Ten plants manufacturing for public use, and five for
family or neighborhood consumption, use a total of 350 electric and 118
steam power; total horsepower used, 468. Besides firm members and
partners, an average of thirty-one skilled males, at $2.62 a day, eighty-
three unskilled males, at $1.83, twenty skilled females, averaging $1.52,
ten unskilled females averaging $1.25, six male office clerks, at $2.83,
and seven female office clerks, at $1.71 a day, are employed. Total
average number employed, 157. Average number of days operated, forty.
Skilled males received $3,249; unskilled, $6,075; skilled females, $1,216;
unskilled females, $500.00; male clerks, $679.00, and female clerks,
$479.00. Total paid in wages and salaries, $12,198. The fruit juice is
practically all that of the loganberry. The plants, with the exception of
one valued at $100,000, average $4,170 each, or a total valuation of $142,-
390 for the ten leading plants. Daily output, 18,550 gallons. Total output,
7,420,000 gallons. An acre of loganberries produces two tons. A ton
makes 360 gallons of juice. A gallon averages the producer fifty-five
cents. An acre averages the producer $198.00. Therefore, if 7,420,000
gallons of juice were made, as reports indicate, there are 20,611 acres
of loganberry land, producing juice alone.
Fuel Dealers. — Dealing in wood and coal are four hundred and fifteen
different firms, giving employment to 2,075 persons, who receive
$1,618,500 in wages and salaries. Value of plants, $2,000,000. Using
the estimates of the fuel dealers reporting there are 3,750,000 cords of
wood used in Oregon during a year, which at $4.50 per cord, average
value, amounts to $16,875,000.
Gas. — Eleven plants and three compressor stations, valued at $3,025,-
016, produced 1,457,040,000 cubic feet of gas during the year. Hours of
72 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
labor, eight, nine and ten daily. Fire loss during the year, $470.63.
Skilled labor averaged $3.50 per day and received a total of $109,200;
unskilled, $2.50 and a total of $101,400; male clerks, $3.50 and a total
of $174,720; female clerks, $2.50 and a total of $15,600. Total paid to
all, $400,920. Skilled v^^orkers numbered 100, unskilled 130; male clerks,
160, and female clerks, twenty; total, 410. General average for wage
earners and salaried help, $3.00 per day.
Gold Mining Plants. — Reports from twenty-three plants coming under
the inspection law give a valuation of opei-ating machinery of $1,280,000.
These plants used 420 steam; sixty gasoline, ,1,410 water and 2,840 elec-
tric horsepower; total horsepower, 4,730. Number of workers employed,
148 skilled miners, 180 unskilled workers, seven females, twenty male
and female clerks; total, 357. Hours of labor, eight, nine and ten.
Skilled miners averages $3.75; unskilled, $2.85; female cooks, $1.75; male
clerks, $4.00, and females, $3.00 a day. Skilled workers received a total
of $173,160, unskilled $160,056; female cooks, $3,822; male clerks, $24,960,
and female clerks, $1,872; total, $363,868. The quartz mills crushed
82,992 tons of ore during the year, and the dredges handled 4,368,000
cubic yards of sand and gravel.
Grocers (Wholesale). — 'Number in State (main and branch houses),
26; skilled males, 120; unskilled, 67; skilled females, 30; unskilled
females, 27; male clerks, 96; female clerks, 35; total employed, 375;
hours of labor, 8 and 9; average daily wages to skilled males, $3.37,
and to unskilled $2.71; average daily wage to skilled females, $1.60 and
to unskilled, $1.40; average daily salary to male clerks, $3.37, female
clerks, $1.60; total paid to skilled males, $126,172.80; unskilled males,
$56,649.84; skilled females, $14,976; unskilled females, $11,793.60; male
clerks, $100,938.24; female clerks, $100,938.24; total paid for wages and
salaries, $227,068.24.
Grocers {Wholesale and Retail). — ^Retail stores, 1,243; wholesale
houses, 19. Wage earners, 3,327. Total payroll, $2,295,000. Average
daily wage for all classes, $2.20. Hours of labor, 8, 9 and 10.
Hardivare (Retail). — Stores in State, 432; males employed, 1,317;
females, 236; wages and salaries paid, $1,332,474.
Hardware (Wholesale). — Number in State, 5; number of males
employed, 85; females, 11; wages and salaries paid, $111,281.
Harness Shops. — Number of shops in the State, 225, employing an
average of 500 skilled and 150 unskilled men, and eleven skilled women.
Skilled men average $3.25, unskilled $2.25, and skilled women $2.25 a
day. Eight and nine hours a day's work. Total paid for the year in
wages, $620,022. Twenty-five male clerks received $3.60 a day and a
total of $28,080, and female clerks $2.17 a day and a total of $5,416;
total salaries, $33,496. Total wages and salaries, $653,518.
Hides, Pelts and Furs. — Twenty dealers and firms; eleven persons
employed in addition to firm members; annual payroll, $9,240.
Hotels and Lodging Houses. — Number, exclusive of private homes
accepting boarders and lodgers, 1,015; value of real estate and buildings,
$20,496,000; trade of lodging houses, 53 per cent local, hotels, 43 per cent,
for entire State; automobile business helped in some localities and detri-
mental in others; outdoor or camping life in summer time telling on
hotels; slight increase in number of traveling salesmen over that of
1915; parcel post lessening number of salesmen in some localities; reduc-
ing board and lodging to a cash basis, major portion of help being paid
on basis of having board and lodging, highest daily wage paid to males,
$5.66; lowest, $1.00; highest to females, $3.16; lowest, $1.10; hours per
day, for males, 9, 10 and 11; for females, IVz, 8 and 9; average daily
wage paid to skilled males, $3.00; to unskilled, $1.50; to skilled females,
$2.75; to unskilled, $1.25; 104 Chinese and 120 Japanese employed;
white males, 8,525; females, 7,832; total paid to help, $12,201,618.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 73
House Movers. — Twenty-nine firms employed, in addition to thirty-
five firm members, nine people an average of 234 days at an average
daily wage of $2.25, a total payroll of $4,738.50. Wage earners 117-
wages paid, $81,900.
/cf.— Forty-five plants have a valuation of $887,765 and produced
104,400 tons of ice. They employed seventy-six skilled and fifty-three
unskilled men, besides fifteen skilled females, and fifteen male clerks and
ten female clerks; total, 169 persons. Average daily wages for skilled
males, $3.50, for skilled females, $2.00; unskilled males, $2.50; male
clerks, $3.25, and female clerks, $2.00. Horsepower used, electric, 1,104;
steam, 1,010; water, 115, and gasoline, 15; total, 2,144. Skilled males
were paid $82,992, unskilled $41,340; skilled females, $6,240; male clerks
$16,380, and female clerks, $6,240; total, $153,192.
h-on Works and Fomulries. — Classed as iron works and foundries
are fifty plants valued at $3,830,118 using 3,193 electric, 690 steam, thirty-
five water and thirty-one gasoline horsepower, a total of 3,949 horse-
power. Employed are 825 skilled and 700 unskilled workmen and 140
male and twenty-five female clerks; total 1,690 persons averaging $3.80
for skilled and $2.33 a day for unskilled and $2.50 for female and $4 00
for male clerks. Average highest wages $4.63 and lowest $2.00 per day.
Average for all $3.21 a day. Hours of labor eight, nine and ten a day
Skilled workmen were paid $977,620, unskilled $508,887, male clerks
$174,720 and female clerks $19,500, total $1,681,027. Of the number
m these foundries are two Hindus and four Japanese. Estimated value
of product $4,758,000.
Irrigation Companies. — Thirty irrigation companies have on their
annual payroll one hundred and fifteen persons, receivng an average of
$780.00 a year or a total of $89,700. Other money is paid out by these
companies for labor, but it is to contracting firms, to whom the wage
earners look for their pay.
Janitors. — Caring for rooms and buildings are 5,361 persons, receiving
an average daily wage of $1.87 and an annual wage of $583.44 each, or
$3,127,821.84 for the year for the entire number.
Jeicelers. — Firms, 384; salaried persons, forty-five; salaries paid
$32,400; wage earners, 336; wages paid $204,960; total payroll, $237,360.'
Landscape Gardeners. — Fifteen persons classed as landscape garden-
ers earn an average of $1,014 yearly, a total of $15,210.
Laundries. — There are seven Japanese, fifty-one Chinese and 100
vi^hite laundries in the State, of which number ninety-three come under
the inspection law. Fire losses reported during the year, $2,725 White
laundries are valued at $1,463,381.31, Chinese estimated at $25,500 and
Japanese at $7,000; total valuation $1,495,881.31. Seventy-three plants
use a total of 3,239 steam horsepower, nine use 183 electric and one
eight horsepower water motor; total horsepower 3,430. Skilled males
numbered 460, and unskilled 320, skilled females 1,000, unskilled 400,
male clerks forty, female clerks seventy; total 2,290 employed in the
white laundries. The power laundries did an annual business of $2,580,600
Chinese laundries did an estimated business of $300,000 and the Japanese
$21,000. Total laundry business for all $2,901,600. Chinese and Japanese
laundries employed an estimated number of 450 persons and paid them
$208,000 m wages. White laundries paid to skilled labor males $3 19
a day and a total of $45,850; females $1.79 and a total of $558,480;
unskilled males, $2.26, and a total of $22,564; unskilled females $1 56 and
a total of $194,668; male clerks $2.92 and a total of $36,441; female clerks
$2.04 and a total of $44,553; total for all, $902,556. Hours for females
seven, eight, eight and one-half, and nine; for males, eight and one-half'
nine and ten. Average of highest wages paid males, $3.49, and of females!
$2.31, and lowest foK males $2.08 and for females, $1.30.
. k^nr^rl' C'«''''«^^'s-— Number in State, 235. Salaries range from $800.00
to $1,200 a year. Total paid to carriers in 1916, about $270,000.
74 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Libraries and Reading Rooms. — Forty-seven libraries and reading
rooms give employed to fifty-one persons, to whom are paid $28,920 in
annual salaries.
Livery Stables. — Number of livery stables, 564; number of persons
employed, 1,692; average daily wage, $2,33; annual wage, $726.96; total
wage, $1,230,016.32.
Lumber Yards. — Number, separate from sawmill yards, 29; average
number of people employed, 156; average daily wage, $2.25; total yearly
wage, $109,512.
Machinery (Dealers). — Ninety-three firms given employment to seven
hundred and twenty males and one hundred and twenty females. Total
paid in salaries and wages, $970,000.
Manicurists — Fifteen persons following the calling of manicuring earn
$12,000 annually.
Marble Works and Monuments. — Firms and plants forty-five, skilled
workmen 200, unskilled thirty-five, male clerks fifteen and female three;
total 253. Skilled labor received $4.25 and unskilled $2.50 per day.
Male clerks were paid $4.00 and female $2.50. Average highest to men
$4.50 and lowest $2.50. Average to all $3.04, Skilled workmen received
$265,200, unskilled $27,300, male clerks $18,720 and female $2,340; total
$313,560.
Market Gardeners. — Sixty-three market gardeners employ three hun-
dred and sixty people, to whom are paid annually $216,000 in wages.
The volume of business transacted is estimated at $500,000.
Masonry. — Forty-two building firms employ on an average four hun-
dred and ninety-six people, and paid them a total of $464,256,
Massage Parlors. — Seventeen massage parlors employ in addition to
proprietors and firm members ten persons, who receive an average of
$769.00 annually, or a total wage of $7,690.
Meat Markets. — Number, 517; wage earners, 2,471; wages paid,
$1,927,380.
Meat Markets and Packing Ho?ises.— Prevailing wages in Oregon
markets and packing houses: $3.50 for skilled, $2.25 for unskilled, $3.75
for male clerks and $2.50 for female clerks. Average of highest wages
paid $5.10 and of the lowest $2.21, average for all $3.36 a day. There
were 2,475 skilled workers receiving $2,702,700, 625 unskilled receiving
$438,750, sixty-five male clerks receiving $76,050 and 125 female clerks
i-eceiving $97,500; total number employed 3,290; total paid in salaries
and wages $3,315,000.
Metal Goods. — Four plants employ thirty-four people and paid them
$31,611.
Mineral Springs. — Thirty-two wage earners received $15,000.
Mill Work. — Plants eight, value $110,000, value of product $187,250.
Six use electric and two steam power. Skilled workers number thirty,
average $3.50 a day and receive a total of $76,440; unskilled thirty, aver-
age $2.25 a day and receive $21,060; male clerks average $3.50 a dav and
receive $10,920; total $107,720.
Music Teachers. — Three hundred and twenty-eight persons follow the
vocation of giving instructions in music. It has been out of the question
to ascertain the number who devote a part of their time to receiving
pupils. The three hundred and twenty-eight are persons whose entire
time is devoted to the profession and depend upon it for a livelihood.
Neivs Agents (R. R.). — Companies, 3; wage earners (on percentage),
48; wages and percentage, $53,000.
Oil. — Nine stations handling oil in bulk employed one hundred and
ninety persons, paying them $181,000.
Oil Burners. — Seven firms and individuals dealing in oil burners
employ an average of eleven persons in addition to firm members at a
total payroll of $10,043.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 75
NEWSPAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS
Oregon Press Association
E. E. Brodie. "Enterprise." Oregon City, President
Phil S. Bates, "Pacific Nortliwest," Portland. Secretary
Baker County
Town Paper Class Issued Owner-Editor
Baker Democrat News, D., W Bowen & Small
Baker Herald News, D., W C. C. Powell
Haines Record News, W W. D. Nelson
Halfway Herald News, W Guy Hufjhes
Huntington News News, W „ Wm. Plushoff
Richland News News, W C. E. Thorp
Sunipter American News, W H. E. Hendryx
Number in county : Weekly 7, daily 2, total 9. Plants, 7.
Benton County
Corvallis Gazette-Times News, D., W., S.-W Moore & Springer
Oorvallis Barometer School, S.-W Students O. A. C.
Corvallis Bulletin School, M C. J. Mcintosh
Corvallis Countryman School, M Students O. A. C.
Corvallis Engineer School, M Students O. A. C.
Corvallis Mineral Resources.. Mining, M H. M. Parks
Corvallis Courier News, W Frost & Brown
Monroe Leader-Monitor News, W Chester Logue
Philomath Review News. W H. F Fisher
Number in county: Weekly 4, semi-weekly 2, daily 2, monthly 4; total 12.
Plants, 5.
Clackamas County
Canby Herald News, Vt^ M. J. Lee
Estacada Progress News, W R. M. Standish
Milwaukie Press News, W S. Bowman
Molalla Pioneer News, 'W H. ir. Palmer
Oregon City Courier News, W C. W. Robey
Oregon City Enterprise News, D., W E. E. Brodie
Oswego Times News, W E. J. Jones
Sandy News News, W Deaton & Proctor
Number in county ; Weekly 8, daily 1 ; total 9. Plants, 8.
Clatsop County
Astoria Budget News, W., D J. E. Gratke
Astoria Astorian News, ^V., D j. S. Dellinger
Astoria Lannamat Finn, W Pub Co
Astoria Reporter Finn, M John Svensoii
Astoria Toveritar Finn, W., D Pub Co.
Seaside Signal N( w.s. W E. H Hurd
W^arrenton News News, W E H Flagg
Number in county : Weekly 6, daily 3, monthly 1, total 10. Plants, 6.
Columbia County
Clat.skanie Chief News, W W. G. Bayliss
Rainier Review News, W. „ Chas Nutt
St. Helens Mist News, W S C Morten
Number in county : Weekly 3, total 3. Plants, 3.
Coos County
Bandon World News. W L D Felsheim
Coquille Herald News, W. p c Levar
Coquille Sentinel News, W H \\r Young
Marshfield News News, W G. a Bennett
Marshfield Record News, W^., D A R O'Brien
Marshfield Sun News, "W j. a Luse
Marshfield „Times News, W., D. ..._ M. C. Maloney
Myrtle Point Enterprise News, W C. N. Schulz
North Bend Harbor News, W E McDaniel
North Bend Agitator N(iws, W F. B. Cameron
Number in county: Weekly 9, daily 2, semi-weekly 1, total 12. Plants, 10.
Curry County
Gold Beach Reporter News, W E. M. Bogardus
Port Orford Tribune News, W H. T. Stewart
Number in county : Weekly 2, total 2. Plants, 2.
76 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Crook Countt
Town Paper Class Issued Owner-Editor
Prineville Journal News, W Guy LaFollette
Prlneville News News, W C. O. Pollard
Number in County : Weekly 2. Plants 2.
Deschutes County
Bend Bulletin News, D.. W Geo. P. Putnam
Bend Press News, D., W Bend Press Pub. Co.
La Pine Intermountain News, W W. F. Arnold
Redmond Spokesman News, W Spokesman Pub. Co.
Number in county : Weekly 4, daily 2. Plants, 4.
Douglas County
Gardiner _ Courier „...News, W J. H. Austin
Gardiner Index News, W. R. S. Huston
Glendale News News, W Robt. C. Hall
Myrtle Creek Mail News. W C. W. Rice
Oakland Advance News, W D. E. Vernon
Riddle Tribune „...News, W Claude Riddle
Roseburg News News, W., D., S.-W M. J. Shoemaker
Roseburg Review News, W., D., S.-W L. Wimberly
Roseburg Tax Liberator News, M _ R. F. Smith
Sutherlin Sun News, W _ Will J. Hayner
Number in coimty : Weekly 7, semi-weekly 2, dally 2, monthly 1, total 12.
Plants, 8.
Gilliam County
Arlington Independent News, W "W. H. Lang
Condon Globe News, W H. A. Hartshorn
Condon Times News, W M. Fitzmaurice
Number in county : W^eekly 3. Plants, 3.
Grant County
Canvon City News-Eagle News, W Chandler & Haight
Glendale Journal News, W George H. Flagg
Long Creek Ranger News, W Roy Berry
Number in county : Weekly 3. Plants, 3.
Harney County
Burns News News, W C. A. Byrd
Burns Times-Herald News, W J. C. Byrd
Number in county : Weekly 2. Plants, 2.
Hood River County
Hood River Better Fruit News, M E. H. Shepard
Hood River Glacier _ News, W _ A. D. Moe
Hood River News News, W R. B. Bennett
Hood River Enterprise News, W^ C. W. Smith
Number in county : Weekly 3, monthly 1, total 4. Plants, 3.
Jackson County
Ashland Record News, W C. B. Wolf
Ashiand Tidings News, W. ..._ Bert R. Greer
Central Point Herald News, W W. R. Brower
Gold Hill News News, W Sears Adv. Service
.lacksonville Post News, W D. W. Bagshaw
Medford Mail-Tribune News, W., D George Putnam
Medford Sun News, W., D R. C. Ruhl
Rogue River Argus News, W Sears Adv. Service
Number in county : Weekly 8, daily 2, total 10. Plants, 8.
Jefferson County
Culver Tribune News, W O. C. Young
Madras Pioneer News. W H. W. Turner
Number in county : Weekly 2. Plants, 2.
Josephine County
Grants Pass Courier News, W., D A. E. Voorhies
Grants Pass Observer News, W A. S. Coutant
Grants Pass Toka School High School
Number in county: Weekly 2, daily 1, annual 1, total 4. Plants 2.
Klamath County
Klamath Falls Evening Herald News, D T\'. O. Smith
Klamath Falls Klamath Record ...News, W W. H. Mason
Merrill Times News, W George Bradnack
Number in countv ; Weekly 2, daily 1, total 3. Plants. 3.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 77
Tjane County
Town Paper Class Issued Owner-Editor
Cottage Grove .Valley Progress News, W A. K. Mickey
Cottage Grove Sentinel News, W Elbert Bede & Elbert Smith
Creswell Chronicle News, W Geo. Baxter
Eugene Grange Bulletin Agri., M M. E. Bond
Eugene Guard News, ^V., D J. E. Shelton
Eugene Register News, W., D Prank Jenkins
Eugene Emerald School, W U. of O. Students
Florence West News, W W. H. Wcatherson
Junction City Times News, W W. C. Perry
Springfield News News, W J. C. Dim & Son
Number in county: Weekly 8, daily 2, monthly 1, total 11. Plants 8.
I..INC0LN County
Newport News News, W Wm. Matthews
Newport Leader News, W C. J. Emery
Toledo Sentinel News, W F. N. Hayden
Toledo Independent-Enter-
prise News, W _ Guild & Son
Waldport '^''atchman News, W H. H. Cook
Number in county : Weekly 5. Plants 5.
Linn County
Albany Democrat News, W.. D Wm. H. Hornbrook
Albcany Herald News, W., D E. M. Reagan
Brownsville Times News, W F. M. Brown
Harrisburg Bulletin News, W M. D. Morgan
Harrisburg Commonwealth News, W^ Chester A. Dimond
Lebanon Criterion News, W W. C. De Pew
Lebanon Express News, W G. L. Alexander
Scio News News, W L. 'W. Charles
Scio Tribune News, W T. L. Dugger
Number in county : Weekly 9, daily 2, total 11. Plants 9.
Malheur County
Jordan Valley Express News, W M. N. Fegtly
Nyssa Journal News, ■V\'' W. S. Brown
Ontai-io Argus News, W M. E. Bain
Ontario Democrat News, W Dodge & Riddle
Vale Enterprise News, W John Rigby
Number in county : Weekly 5. Plants 5.
Marion County
Aumsville Record ...: News, TV H. W. McNeal
Aurora Observer News. "W N. C- Westcott
Chemawa American School, M Students
Donald Record News, W H. E. Hodges
Gervais Star News, W Hugh D. Mars
Hubbard Enterprise News, W L. C. McShane
Jefferson Review News, W G. W. Humphrey
Mt. Angel Armen Seelen
Freund School, M _
Mt. Angel Mt. Angel Magazine School, M
Mt. Angel St. Joseph's Blatt.... School, M
Salem Clarion School, M Salem High
Salem Collegian School, W W. U. Students
Salem Homestead Agri., W P. S. Craig
Salem Journal News, D C. H. Fisher
Salem Kimball Bulletin.... School, M Students Kimball
Salem Lend A Hand Prison Reform, W Prisoners
Salem Outlook School, S.-M Mutes
Salem Poultrv Journal Poultry, M Carle Williams
Salem Statesman News. W., S.-W., D R. J. Hendricks
Salem Teachers Monthly.... Education, M C. H. Jones
Silverton Appeal News, W J. T. Hoblitt
Silverton Journal News, W J. E. Hosmer & H. E. Browne
St. Benedict Star School, M Frank P. Leipzig
Stavton _ Mail News, TV E. M. Olmstead
Btayton Standard ..._ News, W F. Alexander
Turner Tribune News, W Pearl P. Hassler
Woodburn Independent News, W Herbert L. Gill
Number in county: Weekly 15, semi-weekly 1, monthly 9, semi-monthly 1,
daily 2, total 28. Plants 23.
78 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Morrow County
Town Paper Class Issued Owner-Editor
Heppner Gazette-Times News, "W Vawter Crawford
Heppner Herald News, W Geo. T. Pearce
lone Independent News, W W. E. Cochran
Number in county : Weekly 3. Plants 3.
Portland, Oregon
Portland Academia School, Quar _
Portland Advocate , Colored, W E. W. Canady
Portland Angora Goat Jour-
nal Goats, M. ..._ A. L. McDonald
Portland Artisan Fraternal, M H. S. Hudson
Portland Astrological Bulle-
tina Astrology, M L. George
Portland Automobile Record-Automobiles, W M. O. Wilkins
Portland Boatman Pub. Co. ..Motor Boats, M M. A. Reed
Portland Bulletin of Library
Association Educational, M
Portland Cardinal School, M „
Portland Catholic Sentinel... .Religious. W P. L. Sullivan
Portland Columbiad School, M
Portland Comforter Religious, M
Portland Commercial Re-
corder Legal Records, D McCord Co.
Portland Commercial ReviewShipping, W Leo Peterson
Portland Daily Bulletin City Statistics, D H. G. Haugsten
Portland Daily Record Ab-
stract City Statistics, D
Portland Evening Telegram. .News, D John F. Carroll
Portland Fountain Profits ....Soda Fountains, Quar Guy T. Ketcheson
Portland Fruit & Produce
Marketer Market Reports, "W Distributor Pub. Co.
Portland Gavel _.Fraternal, M E. T. Rehfield
Portland Guide R. R. Schedules, S.-T\^ J. C. Stuart. Mgr.
Portland Hardware World ....Hdw. & Plumbing, M Sheakman Pub. Co.
Portland Jewish Tribune Religious, W N. Mossessohn
Portland La Tribuna Italianaltalian, W Italian Pub. Co.
Portland Lens School, M
Portland Medical Sentinel ....Medical. M H. W. Coe
Portland Morning Oregonian News, D E. B. Piper
Portland Motoroad Touring. W Motoroad Pub. Co.
Portland Nachrichten German, W M. Dobel
Portland '. North Portland
Times _ Local News, W Jas. Jones
Portland Northwest Hotel
News Hotels, W Beach & Beach, Pub.
Portland Northwest Insur-
ance News Insurance, M Louis Sondheim, Mgr. Ed.
Portland Northwest Journal
of Dentistry Dentistry, M
Portland „Northwest Pacific
Farmer Farm, W Frank Lee
Portland Oregon Churchman Episcopalian, M
Portland Oregon Citator Law, Quar
Portland Oregon Country ....Oregon, M N. Mossessohn
Portland Oregon Daily Jour-
nal News, D C. S. Jackson
Portland Oregon Deutsche
Zeitung German, D German Pub. Co.
Portland Oregon Labor PressTrades Union, W C. M. Rynerson
Portland Oregon Merchants
Magazine Grocers. W R. G. Duncan. Mgr. Ed.
Portland Oregon News Japanese, D Toyoji Abe, Ed & Pub.
Portland Oregon Posten Swedish, W F. W. Lonegren, Ed. & Pub.
Portland Oregon Retailers
Journal Trade, M L. R. Merrick, Pub
Portland Oregon Semi-Week-
ly Journal News, S.-W Journal Pub. Co.
t»ortland Oregon Socialist
Party Bulletin ....Socialist, M E. L. Cannon
Portland Oregon Sportsman. .Hunting and Fishing, Quar
State Fish and Game Commission
Portland Oregon Sunday
Journal News, W C. S. Jackson
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 79
Portland. Oregon — Continued.
Totvn Paper ^ Class Issued Owner-Editor
Portland Oregron Sunday
Schnol Optimist. ...Religious, M
Portland Oregon Voter Political, W C. C. Chapman
Portland Optimist Local News, W B. Mulrene
Portland Pacific Banker Banking, W L. Baker
Portland Pacific Christian
Advocate Religious, "W R. H. Hughes, Ed.
Portland Pacific Drug Re-
view Drug Trade. M Guy T. Ketcheson
Portland Pacific Echo Fraternal, M
Portland Pacific Northwest.. Farm, M P. S. Bates, Pub.
Portland Pacific Oddfellow.... Fraternal, M B. F. Crawshaw, Ed.
Portland Pacific Patriot Temperance, M
Portland Pacific Semaphore.. ("•.-W. R. & N. Employes, S.-M.,
John Scott MillP
Portland Pacific SkandinavenScandinavian, W Langoe Pub. Co.
Portland Peninsula Review.... Local News, W
Portland Portland diristian.. Religious, \V
Portland Portland Live Stock
Reporter Live Stock Markets, S.-W
O. M. Plummer, Ed.
Portland Portland News News, D E. L. Moriarity, Ed.
Portland Poultry Life Poultry, M H. C. Brown, Mgr.
Portland Quarterlj' Bulletin
of Oregon State
Board of Health.. Vital Statistics, Quar
Portland Quarterly of Ore-
gon Historical
Society Historical. Quar F. G. Young
Portland Reed College QuestSchool, 'W
Portland Reed College Record School, six is.iues yearly
Portland Rural Spirit Farm, W H. C. Browne & Co., Pub.
Portland St. Helens Hall
Quarterly School, Quar
Portland Sandhedens Tals-
mand Religious, M
Portland Sellwood Bee Local News. W Chas. M. Thompson, Pub.
Portland Spectator Literary, W Hugh Hume
Portland Spotlight Fraternal, W
Portland Sunday Mercury News, W _ W. P. Swope
Portland Sunday Oregonian..News, W E. B. Piper
Portland Sunday "Welcome ..News, VJ^ M. Senosky
Portland Sunnyside Gazette..Local News, W C. W. and A. M. Lee
Portland Timberman Lumber, M Geo. M. Cornwall, Pub.
Portland T. P. A. Pocket
Guide Guide, M Clyde Evans, Sec.
Portland Troubadour School, six issues yearly
Portland "Weekly Oregonian..News, V^^ ^...E. B. Piper
Portland "Weekly Rose Local News, W
Portland Western Farmer ....Farm, S.-M Farm Magazine Co., Pub.
Portland .Western Furniture
Review Furniture Trade, M., Merrick Pub. Co., Pub.
Portland "White Ribbon Re-
view Temperance, M., Mrs. Jennie M. Kemp, Pub.
Portland Winged M BulletinFraternal, "W
Portland Worlds Advance
Thought Religious, M Lucy A. Mallory, Pub.
Number in Portland : Six times a year 2, quarterly 6, semi-monthly 2,
monthly 32, weekly 35, semi-weekly 3, daily 9, total 89.
Multnomah County
Gresham Outlook News, S.-W H. L. St. Clair & Son
Gresham Multnomah BoosterFraternal, M H. L. St. Clair
Gresham W. O. "W. Booster..Fraternal, M H. L. St. Clair
Lents Herald News, "W H. A. Darnall
Linnton Tribune News, "W. Tribune Pub. Co.
Number in county (outside of Portland) : Monthly 2, weekly 2, semi-weekly 1,
total 5.
Sherman County
Grass Valley Journal News, W^ W. T. W'esterfield
Moro Observer ..._ News, W C. L. Ireland
"Wasco News-Enterprise ....News, W C. M. Snider
Number in county : Weekly 3. Plants 3.
80 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Umatilla County
Towii P(t\)er Class Issued Owner-Editor
Athena Press News. W F. B Roy.l
Echo ..News News, W W. H. Crary
Freewater Times News, W D. C. Sanderson
Helix Advocate News, ^V Julian & Lewis
Hermiston Herald News. W ^....F. R. Reeves
Milton Eagle News, W Van Sklke & Carrick
Pendleton" Tribune News, D.. W C. J. Owen
Pendleton East Oregonian ....News. D.. S.-W E. B. Aldrich
Pilot Rock Record News, W L. K. Harlan
Stanfield Standard -...News, W Lloyd M. Riches
Weston Leader News, W Clark Wood
Number in county: Weekly 10, semi-weekly 1, daily 2, total 14. Plants 11.
Union County
Elgin Recorder News, W W. .T. Henry
La Grande East Ore. ObserverNews. D., W O. C. Leiter
La Grande Alliance News. W O. A. Hamilton
North Powder News _ News. "W^ L. S. Cool
Union Eastern Oregon . „ ., . ^
Republican News. D.. W Geo. A. Scibird
Union Oregon Scout News. W W. A. Maxwell
Number in county : "V\^eekly 5, daily 1, total 6. Plants 5.
Wallowa County
Enterprise Record-Chieftain ..News, \\^ George P. Cheney
Flora Journal News. W Mrs. Davis
Joseph Herald News. W W. C. Black
Lostine Reporter News. W ^°T''""4 «*J""
Wallowa Sun News. W Lulu McWees
Number in county : Weekly 5. Plants 5.
Wasco County
Dufur Dispatch News, W -^..T. C. Queen
Mosier Bulletin News. W Roger W. Moe
Shaniko Star News, TV Mrs. E. H. Overman
The Dalies Chronicle News D., W H. G. Miller
The Dalles Optimist News. W Henry Cue
Number in county : Weekly 5, daily 1, total 6. Plants 5.
Washington County
Banks Herald News. W L. A. Fernsworth
Beaverton Times News. W ^: v,-^' /• ^^^^?
Forest Grove Index News. W ..... Students P. U.
Forest Grove News-Times News. W A. E. Scott & J. P. Hurley
Hillsboro Argus News, W Long & McKinney
Hillsboro Independent News, W ...S. C. Kiuen
North Plains Optimist News, W Roy E. King
Sherwood Tualatin Valley
News News, W Roy S. Blodgett
Number in county : Weekly 8. Plants 8.
Wheeler County
Fossil Journal News. W James S Stewart
Mitchell Sentinel News. W ..A. Helm. Jr.
Spray Courier News. W N. R. Burner
Number in county : Weekly 3. Plants 3.
Yamhill County
Amitv Standard News, W C, G. LeMasters
C^Trlton Sentinel News, W A. G. Carru h
Dayton Tribune News. W .^. D. |-kinner
McMinnviUe News-Reporter News. W Edgar Meresse
McMinnville Pacific Baptist Church W James A. Clarke
McMinnviUe .Telephone Reglster.-News. TV J. G. Eckman
Newberg Enterprise News, W ... .John 1. Bell
Newberi Graphic News. W .^-E. H. TToodward
S^horidan Sun News, W Oscar D. Hamstreet
T^irnhm ■•• "•.::::::".::"..::Reco"rd News. W C. W van Wormer
TvXmYna Times -News. W. H. A. Williams
Number In county: Weekly 11. Plants 11.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 8^
Paints and 0(7s.— Firms in state handling paints 126, number under
inspection law nine, plants for remixing and preparmg pamts are valued
at $200 000; wage earners, males 365, salaried persons, males 1-i.J, le-
males Ainety-seven, total 585. Males received $456,768 and females
^'^%^f/^o.re.s.— Firm's six, value of plants $142,116; skilled workers
thirty, unskilled twenty, male clerks six, female clerks four, lemales
eiehtv-two, total 142. Hours of labor eight and nme hours. Ski ed
miles averaged $3.00, unskilled $2.00, skilled females $1.50, unskilled
$125 male clerks $3.25, female $3.25. Skilled males received $28,080,
unski'Ued $12,480, skilled females $28,080, unskilled $8,580, male clerks
$6,552 and female clerks $6,552; total, $90,324. o. ^ . i
Paper (Dealers) .—Firms, 6; males employed, 93; females, 24; total,
117; salaries and wages, $145,000. ^„ ^^« ^n^ t^ -i ^- +
Paper and Pulp Mills.— Value of plants $3,000,000. Daily output
280 tons of wood pulp, sulphite and paper. Plants operate twenty-four
hours daily. Total horsepower used, steam, water and electricity 41,400.
Average number employed during full year, skilled 443, unskilled 714,
male clerks thirteen, female clerks seven; total 1,177. Average number
of davs of twenty-four hours operated during the year 324. Total output
90 720 tons. Number of hours daily for males eight and ten, for females
eight. Skilled labor averaged $3.75, unskilled $2.25, male clerks $4 25
and female clerks $2.50 a day. Average of highest wages paid $6.96,
and of the lowest $1.58 a day. Average for all classes $3.55 a day. No
fire losses and no labor troubles reported during the year. The fojlowmg
amounts were paid in wages and salaries: skilled workers $ol8,UU,
unskilled $510,228, male clerks $17,938 and female clerks $5,460; total
$1,051,936. , ,
Patterns and Models. -^Seven plants, twenty wage earners and two
male clerks Average daily wage for skilled $4.75 and unskilled $2.50.
Wage earners received $14,250 and clerks $1,350; total $15'600.
Photographers. — Galleries 217, wage earners 100, wages paid $650,000.
Piano r/r»e?'s.— Twenty-eight persons follow the profession of piano
tuning only. Aside from those employed in the music stores their pay
comes for professional services and not as a daily wage. Averaging the
estimates given by those in a position to give same, these people receive
$35,000 annually. , , ^ ^ i -n j a
Pipe (Iron and Cement) .—Ten plants employed forty ski led and
seventy-seven unskilled workers and seven male clerks, a total of 124
people. Skilled help was paid $4.50 and unskilled $2.25 a day of eight
nine and ten hours. Clerks averaged $4.00 a day. Horsepower used
385 electric and 1,015 steam, a total of 1,400 horsepower. Skilled help
received $56,160, unskilled $54,054 and male clerks $8,736; total $118,950.
Plating Works. — Eight firms and individuals employ in addition to
firm members twelve skilled and four unskilled workers and two female
clerks. Total payroll $18,196. , •„ ^ , n
Plumbing and Gas fitting.— Number of firms 217, skilled labor aver-
aged $3.75, unskilled $2.00, male clerks $4.25 and female clerks $2.75 a
day Hours of labor eight and nine a day. Skilled labor was paid
$35i,000, unskilled $281,500, male clerks $165,750, female clerks $62,634;
total $860,884. Number of firm members 229, skilled workers 300,
unskilled 460, male clerks 125, and female clerks seventy-three. Number
working at the business in the State 1,187.
Power Plants (MisceUaneoHs) .—Thirteen miscellaneous power plants
valued at $1,600,000 operated by a total horsepower of 2,267 water and
1,800 electric horsepower; total, 4,067. They employ an average of seven-
teen skilled and twenty unskilled workmen and two male and four female
clerks. Total paid to help, $38,700. ,,o -u
Printing and P^Mishing. — Number of newspapers in State, ,542; job
printing plants 172. Newspaper and job plants are valued at $3,750,000.
82 • SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Of the newspaper and job plants ninety-three come under the inspection
law. Employed in all the offices are 1,000 skilled and 572 unskilled men
and women workers, 326 and 135 female clerks. Total 2,033 on wa^es
and salaries and 549 firm members, total 2,582. Skilled labor averaged
$3.50, unskilled $2.25, male clerks $3.65 and female clerks $2.70 per day;
average of highest wages $4.75 and of the lowest $1.90 a day, general
average $3.22. Skilled labor received a total of $1,092,000, unskilled
$401,544, male clerks $371,314 and female clerks $113,724; total payroll
$1,978,582. No fire losses and no labor troubles reported during the year.
Prune Packing. — ^The prune packing plants are valued at $250,000 and
give employment to 700 people during the season. Wages averaged $2.66
a day for skilled men, $2.13 for unskilled, $1.90 for skilled women, $1.27
for unskilled, male clerks -$3.50 and female clerks $2.50. A total of
$109,000 paid to help. These plants evaporated 30,000,0000 pounds of
prunes.
Pumping Plants. — Thirty-two plants and stations coming under the
bureau are valued at $3,600,00 and daily pump 5,000,000 gallons of water.
They use electric, steam, water and gasoline power as follows: electric
1,410, gasoline 144, steam 775, and water 3,730; total 6,059 horsepower.
About these plants are employed thirty skilled and ten unskilled work-
men and ten male and three female clerks, a total of fifty-three persons.
Skilled wage earners command $3.00 and unskilled $2.00 per day. Male
office clerks receive $3.25 and female $3.00 per day. Skilled workers
received $28,080, unskilled $6,240, male clerks $10,140 and female clerks
$2,808; total $47,228. A total of 1,500,000,000 gallons of water were
pumped during the twelve months.
Railroads. — See Railroads in Oregon, page 86.
Railroad Shops. — Railroad shops employ an average of 1,460 skilled
and 1,628 unskilled workers and seventy-five male and ten female clerks.
The plants have a valuation of $2,500,000 exclusive of realty holdings.
Total average number employed 3,175. Of this number 104 are Japanese.
Wages ranged from $1.88 to $5.00 per day according to class. The amount
paid in wages and salaries amounted to $1,928,138.
Real Estate Dealers. — Number, 1,800; firm members, 2,100; pei'sons
employed, 73; average annual wage, $858.00; total wage paid to employes,
$62,634; business throughout State slightly more active than in 1915;
more trades than actual sales; demands for small home tracts appear
to be in excess of others; timber lands sought in some localities; fi-om
2 per cent to 15 per cent of laboring men buy homes; rents in cities
about same as in 1915; greatest sales of farm properties in wheat grow-
ing section.
Rubber Goods. — Ten firms handling rubber goods employ one hundred
and eighty-five people, at wages from $1.50 to $4.50 a day of eight hours.
Average daily wage of all, $2.95 a day. Same wages as 1914 prevailed.
Total paid to help, $157,152.
Safes. — Seven dealers employed forty-one skilled workers at $3.50
and eight unskilled at $2.25 a day. Three male clerks averaged $3.25 a
day. Value of operating plants $125,000. Average highest wages $4.37
and of lowest $1.75 a day. Horsepower used 273 electric. Skilled labor
received $44,772, unskilled $5,616 and male clerks $3,042; total $53,430.
Salmon Canneries. — Thirty-one canneries valued at $993,000 em-
ployed an avei-age of 500 skilled and 500 unskilled men and 100 skilled
and seventy-five unskilled females an average of 100 days. Of these
260 were Chinese and ninety Japanese. Ten male and two female clerks
were employed. Skilled men averaged $3.50 and unskilled $2.25 a day.
Skilled females received $2.50 and unskilled $1.75 a day. Male clerks
received $3.25 and female $2.25. Skilled male help was paid a total of
$175,000, unskilled $112,500, skilled females $25,000, unskilled females
$13,125, male clerks $10,920 and female clerks $1,560; total $338,105.
A total horsepower of 200 electric and 1,082 steam used; total 1,282
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 83
horsepower. A ten-hour work day prevailed. Cans used by the plants
are made at the plants and the number of workmen are included in the
total.
Sand and Gravel. — Twenty plants valued at $150,000 usin^ 855 electric,
twenty-one steam and eighty gasoline power, operated an average of 210
days during the year. There were thirty skilled and sixty unskilled
men employed at an average daily wage of $3.13 for skilled and $2.56
for unskilled. Six male clerks were employed at an average daily salary
of $3.81 receiving a total salary of $7,132. Skilled help received a total
of $19,719, unskilled $32,256, making a total of $59,107 paid to help. An
average of 2,000 cubic yards were handled daily or a total of 420,000
cubic yards. Twenty teams were employed in addition to above and
$16,800 were paid drivers and use of teams.
Second Hand Goods. — Stores, 178; firm members and partners, 217;
employes, 87; wages paid, $52,200. In addition to these there are sixty-
five other firms who carry second-hand goods in stock.
Seed Cleaning. — 'Six plants employ twenty skilled and seven unskilled
males and three female clerks. Five plants use electric and one gasoline
power. Total horsepower, electric forty-two and gasoline nine, total
fifty-one. Skilled help averaged $3.12 and unskilled $1.50 a day. Female
clerks averaged $2.00 a day and received $1,872. Skilled workers re-
ceived $19,469 and unskilled $3,276. Total paid to labor $24,617.
Seed Stores. — Seventeen seed stores give employment to a total of
fifty-one males and fourteen females, the males receiving an average
of $2.75 a day, and the females $2.25. Total paid to males, $43,758, and
to females, $9,828; total, $53,586.
Seiring Machines. — Twenty individuals and firms dealing in sewing
machines employ seventeen people on salaries and commissions, paying
them a total of $14,760 annually.
Sextons. — Number permanently employed, 281; average daily wage,
$2.50; total wages received, $219,180; within the past year regular work-
ing hours of sextons have become more regular owing to the abolishing
in some places of Sunday funerals.
Shirts and Overalls. — Five plants employ fifty skilled and thirteen
unskilled males, 265 skilled and seventy-eight unskilled females, six male
and eight female clerks; total 420 people. Wages of $3.48 per day were
paid to skilled, $1.77 to unskilled males, $1.97 to skilled females and
$1.25 to unskilled. Male clerks averaged $3.25 and female clerks $2.00
per day of eight and one-fourth and nine hours. Average highest wages
paid to men $4.10, and the lowest $1.83. Average highest paid to females
$3.08 and lowest $1.16; general average, $2.39. Plants are valued at $175,-
000. Horsepower used, 131 electric and 140 steam, total horsepower 271.
Product 171,600 dozen. Skilled males received $54,278, unsklled $7,188,
skilled females $162,514, unskilled $30,420, male clerks $6,084, and female
clerks $4,992; total $265,476.
Shipbuilding. — See boats.
Shoetnakers. — Number of separate shops in Oregon, 361; firm mem-
bers working, 381; wage earners, 52; average daily wage, $2.79; average
working days a year, 312; total paid to wage earners, $45,264.36; value
of product, $793,485.
Shoes {Dealers and Manufacturers) . — Three manufacturers of shoes
and 171 dealers. Skilled workmen averaged $3.50 and unskilled $2.25
in the manufacturing and repair departments. Male clerks received
$4.00 and female $2.50 a day. A total of 265 people are employed in
addition to partners and firm members. Total paid to help $81,090.
Shoes (Retail). — Stores, 171; males, 407; females, 103; salaries and
wages paid, $547,445.
Shoes (Wholesale). — Firms, 5; 47 females and 130 males employed;
total, 177; wages and salaries paid, $210,000; hours of labor, 8.
84 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Shooting Galleries. — Fourteen shooting galleries employ nine persons,
paying them $5,400 a year; yearly rental, $4,176.
Show Cases. — Six firms having plants valued at $78,000 employ an
average of thirty-eight skilled and nine unskilled workmen and four male
and three female clerks. Skilled workmen averaged $3.25 and unskilled
$2.25 a day. Male clerks averaged $4.25 and female $2.25 a day. Aver-
age of highest wages $4.75 and of the lowest $1.92 a day. Skilled work-
men were paid $88,232 and unskilled $6,318. Male clerks were paid
$2,106. Total $51,960. Hours of labor nine a day.
Sign Write7-s. — Firms, 16; wage earners, 19; wages paid, $14,300.
Sign Writers. — Sixteen individual firms and nineteen firm members;
nine additional persons employed receiving $8,249 in wages.
Stablemen. — Wage earners, 3,000; wages paid, $1,675,000.
Stage Lines. — There are one hundred and seventy-eight stage lines
having a regular time schedule and carrying passengers and freight.
Stamps and Stencils. — Four firms employed eighteen people paying
them $14,250.
Steam Packing. — Four plants, valued at $51,000, employed an average
of thirty-one persons paying them $21,250.
Steaniship and Steamboat Lines. — Forty-three steamship and steam-
boat lines are represented in the State and have vessels and boats plying
the ocean, rivers and lakes.
Splint Baskets. — Ten people received $7,800 in wages.
Store Fi.xtnres. — Nine establishments paid $51,000 to fifty-nine people.
Stoves. — 'Twelve dealers and two foundries employ an average of
fifty-three people as repair men and moulders. Skilled workers average
$4.00 and unskilled $2.50 a day. Seven male and four female office
clerks are employed at an average salary of $4.00 for the males and $3.00
for the females. Nine hours constitutes a day's work. A total of $64,000
paid in wages and salaries.
Street Paving. — Eight plants valued at $95,000 use 150 steam and
315 electric horsepower, total 465. They operated eight hours a day.
Thirty skilled and sixty unskilled workers and eight male clerks. Clerks
averaged $3.94, skilled labor $3.50 and unskilled $2.50 a day. Average
highest wages $4.56 and lowest $2.46 a day, average for all $3.39.
Skilled workmen were paid $7,350, unskilled $10,500, male clerks $9,826;
total $27,676; wage earners having laoored an average of seventy days
and the clerks 312 days.
Street Railways. — The street railways of Oregon paid in wages and
salaries $1,500,000. Hours of labor, eight, nine and ten.
Tallow. — Three firms rendered 4,000 tons of tallow, employed eleven
persons, paid them an average of $3.00 per day. Wage earners received
$10,250.
Tailor Shops. — Number in State, 371; work mostly paid for by the
piece, males averaging $20.00 and females $12.00 a week; eight hours
a day's work; number people employed, 824; total paid in wages and
salaries, $503,991.
Tanners. — Five plants valued at $40,000 give employment to twenty-
seven skilled and seven unskilled workers and three male clerks. Skilled
labor averaged $2.75 and unskilled $2.00 per day. Office force averaged
$2.25 a day. Plants use 150 electric and 100 steam horsepower, total
250 horsepower. Hours of labor eight, nine and ten per dav. Skilled
help received $23,166 and unskilled $2,106; total $29,640. Value of product
$212,160. Fire loss $25.
Taxidermists. — Firms, 12; firm members, 14; wage earners, 4; wages
paid, $3,615.
Telephone Companies. — Employed by the several telephone companies
and exchanges are 2,770 people, receiving wages ranging from $1.19,
the average low wage, to $5.23, the average high wage, per day. The
help is classed as 600 skilled and 140 unskilled males, 1,000 skilled and
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 85
400 unskilled females, 380 male and 250 female clerks. The payroll
amounted to $1,700,000.
Timber Cruisers. — Cruisers, 31; wages earned, $45,000.
Tin, Copper and Sheet Metal Works. — One hunderd shops employmg
480 skilled and 240 unskilled workers and thirty-seven male clerks are
valued at $425,000. Skilled workmen averapred $4.00 and un.skilled $2.50
a day. Male clerks were aid $2,50 a day. Skilled labor was paid
$599,040 and un.skilled $187,200, male clerks received $28,860; total
$815,100. , .
Transfer and E.vpress. — Number of individuals and firm members,
391; averafie number of wage earners, 165; total annual payroll, $118,800.
Trnnks. — Ten dealers in trunks employed an averap:e of 140 persons
and paid them a total of $127,500. Highest daily wage $4.17 and lowest
$1.50. Skilled workers averaged $2.50 and unskilled $2.25 a day.
Turpentine and Rosin. — Year's production: 16,250 gallons of turpen-
tine and 37,000 pounds of rosin.
Typewriters. — Dealers, 26; firm members, 34; wage earners, 49;
wages paid, $48,250.
Undertakers.— ^Yirm?,, 247; firm members, 309; wage earners, 327;
wages paid, $292,400.
Wall Paper (Dealers). — Firms, 43; firm members, 56; wage earners
employed, 79; wages and salaries paid, $72,000.
Well Drilling. — Seventy-eight firms employ a total of two hundred
and sixty-three people, who receive a total wage of $235,250 annually.
Miscellaneous. — In order not to disclose private business, the following
are classed under miscellaneous: Asbestos, one; bags, one; billiard tables,
bowling alleys, tires, phonographs, one; bone meal fertilizer, one; men's
boots and shoes, one; brass sig-ns, stamps, etc., one; brooms, two; brushes,
two; burlap and cotton bags, one; button attaching machine, one; canned
clams, one; carpets and rugs cleaned, one; caskets, two; cement, two;
cigars, tobacco (wholesale), one; clay pots, jars, etc., one; coal and
briquets, one; cocoanut oil and butter, one; coin machine, one; copper
works, one; cross arms for electric wires, one; curled hair, one; dealers
in hides, two; dies and stamps, one; drapery goods, one; drugs and toilet
articles, one; dumb waiter elevators, one; electrotyping, one; evaporator,
one; extracts, spices, etc., one; gasoline drag saws, one; gasoline engines,
one; gloves, one; harvesters, combined, one; hats, one; heating appa-
ratus, one; horse radish and potato chips plant, one; incubators, one;
iron bedsteads, one; kitchen cabinets, one; lead foundry, one; lighting
fixtures, one; lime and gypsum rock products, one; logging tools, boilers,
tanks, etc., one; macaroni, one; machinery, one; marine engines, one;
mattresses and bed springs, one; mirrors, one; mortar, one; orchard
supplies, two; ornamental wire and iron works, three; paper boxes, one;
patterns, one; peanut butter, one; plating, gold, silver and nickle, one;
portable elevators, one; railroad equipments, one; rag rugs, one; refrig-
erating machines, one; rice cleaning plants, two; roofing materials, one;
rope and twine, one; rugs made of old carpet, one; sash weights, two;
saws and saw repairs, one; scales and gasoline engine repairs, one;
shirts and neckwear, one; shirts and overalls, one; silos, two; solder,
one; stencils, rubber stamps, brass signs, etc., one; steel fabricators,
one; storage battery charging plant, one: syrups and molasses, two; tallow
and bone fertlizer, one; toys, trinkets, one; upholstering, one; vaults,
safes, safety deposit boxes, one; wall board, one; waste, one; window
shades, one. These industries employed 760 skilled and 390 unskilled
men, eighty skilled and fifty unskilled female wage earners, and 150 male
and seventy female office clerks, a total of 1,380 people to whom were
paid $1,184,040.
86 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
RAILROADS IN OREGON
Railroads in Orej?on own 3,439.95 miles of main line and 743.35 miles
of siding. Of this number commercial steam roads own 2,860.38 miles;
commercial electric roads, 324.18; industrial steam roads forty-six and
electric street railways 3,439.95 miles. Many of these roads handle
purely interstate traffic, but Oregon is connected with the outside
world by a number of large, competing transcontinental and interstate
arteries of commerce. The Southern Pacific Company controls, besides
its 356.57 miles of main lines in the State, the Beaverton & Willsburg,
Central Pacific and Oregon & California, all commercial steam roads
and the electric street railways at Albany, Salem and Eugene. The
street railways at those three cities comprehend about forty miles of
track. Other large interstate roads control and operate smaller branch
lines in the State. These conditions make it virtually impossible to
give any complete or acurate data on the number of employes working
for the railroads in the State. Reports from these roads show a total
number of employes for the entire lines, but are not segregated as to the
State of Oregon. In addition the employes working on purely inter-
state lines, but lines which are owned or operated by the larger
companies, are not segregated, but are grouped with the other employes
of the road, so that in many instances figures on this subject are not
available. With the exceptions noted, reports show that 2,442 employes
work for nine electric roads, which include the Oregon Electric, Portland
Railway, Light & Power Company, Kenton Traction Company, United
Railways, Willamette Valley Southern, Southern Oregon Traction
Company, Portland & Troutdale Electric Company, Walla Walla Valley
Railroad Company and the Astoria Railway. The total wages paid
to such employes were $1,856,564.69. On fourteen steam roads, doing
a purely interstate business, employes received $681,765.55, all of the.se
figures being based on the business for the last fiscal year ending
June 30, 1916, the latest available reports. These roads include the
Central Pacific of Oregon, Astoria Southern, California & Oregon
Coast, Sumpter Valley, Great Southern, Columbia & Nehalem, Oregon
Pacific & Eastern, Carlton & Coast , Independence & Monmouth,
Noi'thern Pacific Terminal Company, Oregon Trunk, Pacific & Eastern,
Mt. Hood Railway, Willamette Valley & Coast. Using these roads as
a basis it is shown that the average salaries of section foremen are
$746.70; section emn $250.00 (not including pay for the entire year,
however, these men working largely by the day and not steadily
employed) ; station agents, non-telegraphers, $878.30; freight engineers
(road), $1,363.28; freight firemen (road), $996.17; freight conductors
(road), $1,226.63; passenger engineers (road), $1,339.84; passenger
firemen (road), $1,168.20; passenger conductors (road), $1,326.02.
These figures do not include the Southern Pacific, Oregon-Washington
Railway & Navigation Company, and several others doing an interestate
business, owing to the impossibility of a segi'egation which would assure
anything like accuracy in the compilation.
Personal caution is the greatest safeguard.
Preach "Safety First," and practice what you preach.
The matter of safeguarding employees has two phases: First, the
application of guards to operating machinery, such as belts, gears, etc.;
and, second, the training and education of the employees themselves to
exercise their own judgment in safeguarding themselves and their
fellow workmen.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
87
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88 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
THE AUTOMOBILE IN ITS RELATION TO LABOR
From the standpoint of labor, probably no other single industry in the
State has made such rapid prog-ress within the past few years as that
of the automobile. There are approxmately 250 public automobile garages
and repair shops in Oregon, sixty-nine of which, or about one-fourth,
come within the jurisdiction of this department under the pi-ovisions of
the factory inspection law. A careful tabulation of data from statistical
reports received from these sixty-nine institutions show that the aggre-
gate value of investments involved in machinery, etc., is $546,530. During
the past report year, ending September 30, 1916, these garages, repair and
assembling plants gave employment to a total of 258 skilled and 252 un-
skilled laborers, and an combined office force of ninety, both male and
female clerks and stenographers, and paid out in wages and salaries an
aggregate of $677,938, of which amount $84,894 was paid to the office
help alone. The range in wages to skilled labor was from $3.00, the
lowest, to $7.28, the highest, per day, or an average of $4.25, while the
range in wages paid to unskilled labor was from $1.50 to $2.50 per day,
or an average of $2.25. The total amount of power untilized in the
operation of the plants was 685.25 horsepower, of which 569 was electric,
101 gasoline and fifteen water power. The plants which do not come
within the province of this department, and statistical data from them
not obtainable, are small in comparison to those coming under the purview
of the factory inspection law, and their combined valuations, amounts
expended for labor, etc., possibly would not exceed the total of the sixty-
nine from which statistical reports were received.
On September 30, 1916 there were 32,714 automobiles in the State.
The figures quoted above do not include the amount of investments
involved in automobile transfer, livery or taxicab companies or institu-
tions, nor the wages paid to drivers of trucks, chauffeurs, etc, which do
not come under the jurisdiction of this department and of which reliable
data are not available.
THE FARM
The Bureau of Labor mailed letters to Oregon farmers, in order to
secure their views upon the farm labor question and other matters di-
rectly affecting the farmer. Labor is employed in the spring about ten
hours a day, in the summer about ten and one-half hours, and in the
winter eight and one-half hours. Warm, comfortable and inviting quar-
ters for the men employed creates a homelike feeling and makes it far
easier to secure help at times when it is the most needed. Wages range
from $1.50 to $2.00 a day. Harvest wages are fifty cents a day higher
than at other times of the year. Wages in fruit, berrv and hop season
are mostly by the measure. Fortunately for the berry, hop and fruit
grower, schools are out at harvest time, when thousands of children aid
m saving the crop. Thousands of children supply their own books and
pay schooling expenses out of money earned on the'farm at vacation time.
Prices received by the Oregon farmer for 1916 crops will be found under
proper head. Systematic and scientific farming is the order of the day,
and the yield per acre of all crops shows an increase that has proven
profitable to the producer.
DAY LABORERS
The major portion of those answering the letters sent to day laborers
are married men. All have had school advantages, no matter' what the
nationalty. All believe the Bureau of Labor a benefit to the wage earner.
All reported 1916 conditions improved over those of 1915. There is a
feeling against the employment bureaus, yet several claim that in no
other way have they been able to secure employment when out of work
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 89
at home. A wish is expressed that numbers of plants that operate only
a portion of the year could so arrang:e to operate in the winter time,
when a large per centage of out-of-door laborers are unemployed. The
average time passed in school by the day laborers communicating with
this bureau was six years. Farm hands say that shorter hours on the
farm will bring the farmer a better class of labor and make the workers
more contented. There can be much improvement in the sleeping quarters
at logging camps. Shorter hours is the plea of all.
DOMESTIC HELP
Employer's Viewpoint— *F or ei^n-horn domestics are still in the major-
ity. The same routine day in and day out appears to be the real cause
of the difficulty in keeping help. The housewife who will vary the mon-
otony will find' help more easily satisfied with conditions. The domestic
with an education and with hopes of bettering conditions makes an ex-
cellent one while following that vocation. No real complaints have been
made as to inefficient service. Help reared in the city and accustomed
to excitement is difficult to retain in the country. Parents who permit
their children to interfere with and place burdens upon the domestic
find it difficult to retain reliable help and to secure good service.
Were it possible to have the housework commence at seven or eight in
the morning, with an hour at noon, and quit at five or six in the evening,
the same as with business houses, a large per centage of those who work
for a daily wage would seek the home.
Employe's Viewpoint — A majority of those answering letters sent to
domestics are American born. Average years as domestic, seven. Hours
per day, ten and eleven. All have attended grade schools and some high
schools. The most pleasant part of housework appeared to ironing,
according to answers at hand. Wages from $16.00 to $30.00 per month.
Conditions are reported better. Cooking is unobjectionable when utensils
are plentiful. Some found nothing whatever disagreeable about house-
work. Numbers would take other work, but found domestic work the
most easy to obtain. The better the treatment and the more pleasant
the surroundings, the more apt are domestics to remain with their place.
Schools of instruction are praised. Make the home pleasant for the
domestic and there will be no trouble to retain agreeable help. "Fussy"
housewives are to blame for the girl who slights her work. The Welfare
Commission and the Bureau of Labor come in for praise. All domestic
help is allowed some hours off duty. "Treat the domestic kindly, cause
no chagi-in when company calls, make the home pleasant, and girls will
prefer the home to the shop or store."
CHINESE AND JAPANESE
According to the report of the United States Department of Agri-
culture for the year 1911, Oregon's proportion of the Chinese popula-
tion of the United States was 10.3 per cent of 71,531, or 7,363, and of the
Japanese population 4.7 per cent of 72,157, or 3,415. Of this number
2.6 per cent of the Chinese, or 5,787, and 0.8 per cent of the Japanese,
or 1,767, were in Multnomah County. The records of the United States
Immigration Service, Department of Labor, show that the total number
of Chinese admitted at the United States ports for the twelve-year period,
1904 to 1915 inclusive, was 23,187 and the total departures for the eight-
year period, 1908 to 1915 inclusive, numbered 21,211. Taking the mortality
rate into consideration it is estimated that there has been little, if any,
change in the Chinese population in Oregon during the past decade.
The same records in the Immigration Service show that there was a total
of 129,560 Japanese admitted into the United States during the twelve-
year period, stated above, as against 20,807 departures during the eight-
90 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
year period. The Japanese Guide Book, published in Portland, shows the
total Japanese population in Oregon in 1915 to have been 3,519, a very
slight gain over the United States figures for 1911. Of the Japanese
population, lastly quoted, 2,784 were males and 735 females. The statis-
tics compiled for the Japanese Guide Book indicate that there is a ten-
dency toward increase in the percentage of Japanese children, whereas
the number of adult male workers appears to grow proportionately less.
Of the total Japanese population for Oregon, approximately 1,000 are
residents of Portland.
The monthly per capita of living for a Chinese laboring man m the
State of Oregon, which is naturally more than that of one not engaged in
heavy physical labor, is $7.65, while that of the same class of Japanese is
$9.75. Based upon the same estimates, it is shown that of the food and
and materials consumed by the Chinaman, 60 per cent is foreign and 40
per cent domestic. On the other hand, the Japanese only imports 11 per
cent of his living requirements from his native land, the balance, or 89
per cent, being domestic. The Japanese purchases all of his clothing in
the United States, amounting to 15 per cent of his articles of subsistence,
while of his food, which represents 85 per cent of his living expenses, 87
per cent is domestic and 13 per cent foreign. Eighty-one per cent of the
Chinaman's subsistence is food, of which proportion 75 per cent is foreign
and 25 per cent domestic, and the balance, or 19 per cent, is clothing, all
domestic.
The majority of the Chinese population of Oregon, as shown by reports
received, engaged in common labor, while the other classes of occupations
followed by them generally are: Housework, farm work, wood chopping,
canneries, hop yards, laundries and railroad work, although in this latter
they have lately been replaced to a great extent by white men and Jap-
anese. Chinam'en in this State receive from $26.00 to $35.00 for railroad
work and $26.00 to $30.00 for farm work. Chinamen engaged in laundry
and restaurant work receive from $25.00 to $50.00 per month, while cooks
in families receive from $20.00 to $40.00. Very few Chinamen have wives.
Wages received by the Japanese are, for farm work $26.00 to $35.00
per month; railroad work, $28.00 to $35.00; cooks and housework, $20.00
to $35.00; canners, $25.00 to $40.00.
The rooms occupied by the Chinese at seasons when they are all in.
affords air space of from 95 to 390 cubic feet to the persoh, some of the
rooms, even the smaller ones without ventilation. The Japanese lodging
rooms, all of which are ventilated, give, when fully occupied from 264 to
780 cubic feet of air space to each person. This refers to Japanese and
Chinese quarters in Portland.
The crowded conditions existing in these quarters are readily apparent
when it is considered that the State Board of Health recommended that
the minimum air space in sleeping apartments for one person should be
1,000 cubic feet and provided with ventilation facilities sufficient to sup-
ply a complete change of air every two hours.
ORGANIZED LABOR— SUMMARY OF REPORT COMMENT
In spite of unsettled conditions in many industries during the past
year, organized labor in Oregon has held its own, except in certain lines
of work which have felt the effects of the recent pi'ohibition law. Bar-
tenders and brewery workers for the most part were hard hit, and the
cigarmakers were faced with reduced consumption of their product. In
many instances distinct gains were made. This is borne out by reports
from 121 unions in Oregon, having a total membership of 15,209. Hun-
dreds of union men have temporarily transferred their affiliations to
eastern and California unions, due to the abnormal demand for labor in
those sections produced by the war.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 91
Unprecedented activity in shipbuildinpc in the fall of this year has
furnished work for practically every shipwright and steel worker in Port-
land. Indeed, workers from other points are being called upon to help
meet the demand on the shipyards. Ample promise is given that this
industry will enjoy a period of growth and prosperity for a long time
to come.
The eight-hour day is so much in vogue even outside union shops
that comment is excited by a longer day. Organization has secured an
eight-hour day for practically every industry in which the workers have
formed an association to promote their welfare. The metal trades have
been workng on a nine-hour basis, but on December 1, 1916, almost with-
out exception, the machine shops, foundries, pattern and plate shops of
Portland will begin operating upon eight-hour shifts. This condition
is becoming general throvighout the State.
Labor troubles that threatened to assume gigantic proportions began
on June 1, 1916, when longshoremen of the Pacific Coast struck for an
inci'ease in wages and better working conditions. River boatmen of the
Columbia and Willamette participated in the strike. After trying vainly
for three months to reach an agreement with the employers, the men
went back to an open shop and a small monthly advance in wages.
Requirements for admission into the ranks of organized labor are
steadily becoming more severe. Well defined apprenticeship systems,
in many cases with a thorough course of instruction for the novice, are
being introduced in those lines of industry heretofore without them.
Three years is the minimum period required for apprentices to learn
their trade. The maximum is five years, in the printing trades. In
certain lines, examination by a state board determines a candidate's
fitness to hold a journeyman's card. Rigid examinations are also con-
ducted by many of the unions.
The material benefits accruing to members take the form of sick,
accident, disability, strike and funeral benefits and insurance. Unem-
ployment benefits are paid by a few unions. Sick and accident benefits
average about a dollar a day, while disability and funeral benefits range
from $50.00 to $400.00. When these items are covered by insurance, they
amount to from $1,200 to $500..
Other benefits enjoyed by union workers come from old age pensions,
tuberculosis hospitals and homes for the aged. The printers maintain a
sanitarium at Colorado Springs; the railway trainmen have a home at
Highland Park, near Chicago, and the pressmen receive tubercular
members at their sanitarium in Rogersville, Tennessee.
Wages in organized industries have maintained their level.' The in-
creases obtained in certain lines have been just about offset by corre-
sponding reductions in other lines. On the whole, the woi'ker receives
about as much for his day's labor today as he did two years ago.
92
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
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BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 97
UNION DIRECTORY
Organization Secretary '
Bakery and Confectionery Work-
ers, No. 214, Portland Richard Kroll, 230V, Yamhiill street, Portland,
Oregon.
Barbers, No. 75, Portland C. H. Kelley, 709 Spalding building, Portland,
Ore.
Barbers, No. 167, Astoria Charles High, 572 Commercial street, Astoria,
Ore.
Bartenders, No. 339, Portland. ...Charles Grassman. 401 Stock Exchange Build-
ing, Portland, Ore.
Beer Bottlers, No. 201, PortlandV. P. Ritter, 67 East Twelfth street N., Port-
land, Ore.
Bindery Women, No. 113, Port-
land Miss Jessie Henderson, 547 "Webster street,
Portland, Ore.
Blacksmiths, No. 37, Portland.... H. C. Paulsen, 925 Williams avenue, Portland,
Ore.
Brewery Workers' Union, Port-
land Carl Heineman, Box 17-1, Portland, Ore.
Bricklayers, No. 1, Portland Frank Burnes, 270 Madison street, Portland, Ore.
Bridgebuilders, No. 29, Portland Frank Hannan, 162 Second street, Portland, Ore.
Card and Label League, Port-
land- Mrs. E. .J. Stack, 302 Oregonian Building, Port-
land, Ore.
Carpenters, District Council,
Portland W. A. Weaver, 469 Jefferson street, Portland,
Ore.
Carpenters, No. 50, Portland. Stephen Clark, 97 Morris street, Portland, Ore.
Carpenters, No. 226, Portland... .W. A. Weaver, 469 Jefferson street, Portland,
Ore.
Carpenters, No. 917, Astoria W. A. Eggers, Astoria, Ore.
Carpenters, No. 1065, Salem E. R. South, 183 South Eighteenth street,
Salem, Ore.
Carpenters, No. 1106, Portland.. Gustaf Arp, 5129 Sixty-seventh street S. E.,
Portland, Ore.
Carpet and Shade Workers, No.
2, Portland C. S. Kenney, 906 East Yamhill street, Portland,
Oregon.
Chauffeurs' Union, Astoria William Paulson, 1802 Franklin street, As-
toria, Ore.
Chauffeurs, No. 163, Portland.... H. B. Mattby, 314 Gerlinger Building, Port-
land, Ore.
Cigarmakers, No. 202, PortlandTheo. Hirsch, 162 Second street, Portland, Ore.
Cigarmakers, No. 487, Baker.... R. E. Wor.den, 1219 Auburn avenue. Baker, Ore.
Civil Service Employes, PortlandJames Irving, 311 and 312 Gerlinger Building,
Portland, Ore.
Columbia River Fishermen, As-
toria H. M. Lorntsen, Box 138, Astoria, Ore.
Electricians, No. 48, Portland.... Frank Manir, 162% Second street, Portland, Ore.
Ore.
Electricians, No. 125, Portland..C. D. Phillips, Box 644, Portland, Ore.
Electricians, No. 651, Medford..Karl Knapp, 816 West Eleventh street, Med-
ford, Ore.
Elevator Conductors, No. 23,
Portland A. Eckerle, Milwaukie, Ore.
Floorlayers, No. 1937, Portland.. William Blazak, 134 East Eightieth street N.,
Portland, Ore.
Garment Workers, No. 228,
Portland T. La FoUette, 1225 East Yamhill street, Port-
land, Ore.
Glaziers, No. 740, Portland George G. Ryser, 9131/4 Williams avenue, Port-
land, Ore.
Grainhandlers No. 384, Port-
land .'. J. L Tucker, 84 Russell street, Portland, Ore.
Hod Carriers, No. 296, Portland George W. Kerr. Labor Temple, 168% Second
street, Portland, Ore.
Hoisting Engineers, No. 372,
Portland F. H. Meyer, 616 Linn avenue, Portland, Ore.
Sig. 4.
98 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
UNION DIRECTORY— Continued.
Organization Secretary
International Association I'^rost
and Heat Insulators, Portland Fred Olin, R. F. D. 2, Box 44, Hillsdale, Ore.
Lathers No. 54, Portland J. .1. Mathis, 47 IJ Sixty-first street S. E., Port-
land, Ore.
Letter Carriers, No. 82, Port-
land Fred P. Holm, Portland, Ore.
Locomotive Engineers, RoseburgVV. G. Burt, 320 Stevens street, Roseburg, Ore.
I.,ocomotive Engineers, No. 362,
La Grande C. M. TlumiJlireys, 1108 O avenue. La Grande,
Ore.
Locomotive Firemen, No. 348,
I^a Grande Garfield Simmons, La Grande, Ore.
Locomotive Firemen, No. 542,
Roseburg G. A. Shadduck, Roseburg, Ore.
Longshoremen, No. 38-5, Port-
land _ C. P. Holgate, 1107 Belmont street, Portland,
Ore.
Ix>ngshoremen, No. 38-6, Port-
land ■ A. K. Barnes, 2 48 Flanders street, Portland, Ore.
Longshoremen, No. 38-16,
Marshfield E. S. K. Sund, Box 183, Marshfield, Ore.
Longshoremen, No. 38-21,
North Bend J. A. Heath, 1776 Meade street. North Bend, Ore.
Machinists, No. 26, Astoria H. Wyman, 31 West Duane street, Astoria, Ore.
Machinists, No. 63, Portland A. L. Sutherland, 85 Blandena street. Port-
land, Ore.
Mailers, No. 13, Portland W. R. Daugherty, 618 Maiden avenue, Port-
land, Ore.
Marine Cooks, Portland Thomas Baker. 89 Second street N, Portland.
Ore.
Marine Engineers, No. 70, As-
toria Thomas Morris, 316 Thirty-fifth street, As-
toria, Ore.
Marine Firemen, Portland Patrick Flynn, 58 Commercial street, San Fran-
cisco, Cal.
Meat Cutters, No. 143, PortlandO. A. Westerbrook, 68 Grand avenue. Port-
land, Ore.
Mechanical Employes, P. R., L.
and P. Co., Portland C. H. Ferris, care P. R.. L. and P. Co., Port-
land, Ore.
Mill Men, No. 1120, Portland.... O. E. Hibbs, 1621/2 Second street, Portland, Ore.
Moulders, No. 139, Portland Charles F. Smith, 838 Colonial avenue, Port-
land, Ore.
Moving Picture Operators, No.
159, Portland H. H. Moyer, 207 Goodnough Building, Port-
land, Ore.
Musicians, No. 99, Portland H. C. Banzer, 128i'(. Fourth street, Portland, Ore.
Musicians, No. 608, Astoria Louis J. Kildall, 511 Bond street, Astoria, Ore.
Painters, No. 10, Portland E. H. Pickard, 266 Twelth street, Portland, Ore.
Painters, No. 724, Salem W. B. Summerville. 1160 Center street. Salem,
Ore.
Painters, No. 1008, Baker E. G. Phillips, Baker, Ore.
Pattern Makers, Portland William V. Raser, 302 Stanton street, Port-
land, Ore.
Photo Engravers, No. 31, Port-
land Carl F. Freilinger, Box 689, Portland, Ore.
Plasterers, No. 82, Portland Ned Ryan. 162V. Second street, Portland, Ore.
Plumbers, No. 51, Portland Ed. Bonnean, Box 163, Portland, Ore.
Plumbers, No. 511, Hood River. A. Norder, Hood River, Ore.
Plumbers, No. 513, Klamath
Falls Louis A. Will, General Delivery, Klamath Falls,
Ore.
Press Assistants, No. 62, Port-
land R. H. Berwick, Apartment 204, 68 Grand ave-
nue, Portland, Ore.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 99
UNION DIRECTORY— Continued.
Orga7risation Secretary
Pressmen and Assistants, No.
247, Salem C. W. Gillingham, 960 North Twentieth street,
Salem, Ore.
Printing Pressmen, No. 43, Port-
land F. L. Ri.srgs. 115 East Fift>''-third street, Port-
land, Ore.
Railway Carmen, No. 268, Port-
land .Joseph Vana. 607 East Twenty-second street
South. Portland, Ore.
Retail Clerks, Astoria Sam Levcnthal, Astoria, Ore.
River Boatmen, No. 38, Port-
land Charles Bennett, 61 North Second street, Port-
land, Ore.
Sailors, No. 72, Portland lack Rosen, 4 4 Union avenue North, Portland,
* Ore.
Sheet Metal Workers, No. 16,
Portland W. L. Sullivan, 162 Second street, Portland, Ore.
Shipwrights, Portland Charles Gregory, 484 Union avenue, Portland,
Ore.
Stage Employes, No. -28, Port-
land W. E. Day, Box 560. Portland, Ore.
Stationary Engineers, No. 1,
Portland
Stationary Engineers, No. 4,
Marshfield Carl H. Arlandson. 1020 Front street. Marsh-
field, Ore.
Stationary Engineers, No. 3,
Astoria W. T. Cattrall, 2189 Commercial street, Astoria,
Ore.
Steamfitters, No. 235, Portland.. Charles Upham, I6214 Second street, Portland,
Oregon.
Steel Shipbuilders, No. 72, Port-
land Joe Reed, 507 Bismark street, Portland, Ore.
Stereotypers and Electrotypers,
No. 48, Portland J. '^V. Summers, Portland, Ore. care Portland
News.
Stone Cutters' Union, Portland.. A. M. Walker. 488 Flanders street, Portland,
Ore.
Tailors, No. 74, Portland John Barandun, Box 620, Portland, Ore.
Tile Layers, No. 42 Robert Burton, 9853 Fifty-sixth avenue S. E.,
Portland, Ore.
Typographical Union, No. 496,
Eugene W. H. Hall, Eugene, Ore.
Typographical Union No. 682,
Astoria W. B. Scott, 180 Eleventh street, Astoria, Ore.
Typographical Union, No. 683,
Baker --..Eugene Crosby, Box 93, Baker, Or.
Upholsterers, No. 65, Portland.. G. M. Haines, 626 Marshall street, Portland, Ore.
Waiters, No. 189, Portland Henry Harder, 432 Washington Building, Port-
land, Ore.
Webb Pressmen, No. 17, Port-
land J. H. Brooks. 686 East Sixty-ninth street North,
Portland, Ore.
Window Cleaners, No. 14,841,
Portland Bennie C. Finley, 5930 Forty-first avenue, S. E..
Portland, Ore.
100 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
STRIKES
Portland bricklayers have had two strikes within the past year. In
both cases employers declined to recognize the bricklayers' international
agreements with the carpenters and hoisting engineers. The strikes
were sympathetic ones as far as the bricklayers were concerned.
Members of the Bridge and Structural Iron Workers' Union have
been refused employment on the Interstate bridge between Portland and
Vancouver, Washington.
The theatrical stage employes were involved in a sympathetic strike.
Eight members went out with the stationary engineers, who are affiliated
with the theatrical federation.
The meat cutters and sausage makers are still out, having struck
for a ten-hour day for five days in the week, and twelve hours on
Saturday. They now work eleven hours a day with a seventy-hour week.
A demand for $2.50 a thousand on piece work, presented by the
Portland lathers on June 1, 1916, was met satisfactorily to the men.
No time lost.
Six members of the Brewery Workers' Union went out in February
and are still out. Wage question involved.
On two occasions Portland carpenters have withdrawn men for short
periods, without calling a general strike.
A strike of brewery drivers and bottlers has been on since April at
the Portland Brewing Company's plant. Five members quit because of
the company's refusal to meet the union scale.
The Central Door & Lumber Company have locked out the Portland
glaziers. Employers refuse to agree to unionizing their shops.
On June 1, 1916, practically all the longshoremen in Oregon struck
for from ten to fifteen per cent increase in wages, and overtime. Most
of them were back at work late in the year, under open shop conditions
and with certain partial concessions by the employers. The river steam-
boat men were out three months and returned under an open shop regime,
with an increase of $5.00 a month in wages.
LEGISLATION SUGGESTED BY OREGON LABOR UNIONS
Universal eight-hour day with one day's rest in seven.
State inspection of bakeries and hotels by inspectors appointed from
the ranks of the workers.
State supervision of brickwork and masonry on all public work.
A law to compel employment of local labor entirely. Employers to
notify Labor Commissioner if such labor is not available.
Payment of wages in cash and not by check.
Inspection of all vessels entering Oregon ports. Inspection of crews'
quarters for safety, ventilation, light and sanitary conditions.
State boiler inspection law, and engineer's license board. Engineers
want ten-hour day and one day off in seven.
Employment of day labor at existing union scale on all city, county
and state construction.
Free and uniform school text books, printed and distributed by the
State.
Longshoremen want an eight-hour day. Cement, plaster, fertilizer
and similar articles to be placed in paper containers.
A law requiring employers to state whether or not a strike is on
when advertising for help.
A pure paint law with formula printed on the labels. A law com-
pelling the removal of old wallpaper or kalsomine before refinishing.
Registration of plumbers and fitters. State licensing board.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
101
State sanitary inspector to supervise installation of plumbing in all
public buildings.
Regulation of schools purporting to teach photo engraving.
All city, county and State printing to be done in Oregon.
Railway carmen want eight-hour day and enforcement of car shed
law.
A law penalizing railroads for promoting a fireman to engineer s
position, unless he has had three years' experience as fireman.
Lai-ger crews on river boats, to provide a twelve-hour shift.
Prohibition of use of pneumatic riveting guns and machines by other
than experienced men.
Placing of safety hooks on windows of all public buildings.
Inspection of all restaurant employes by medical board.
OCCUPATION OF FEMALES
Number of females, over 16
callings in Oregon.
Hunters, trappers, guides
Abstractors
Actresses
Agents
Architects, designers
Artificial limbs
Artists and teachers of art
Artificial stone
Asbestos workers
Bag factories
Bakers
Baking powder :
Bank officials
Barbers and hair dressers
Basket makers
Boarding and lodging house
keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers
Bottling works
Brokers
Broom makers
Butter and cheese makers
Can factory hands
Canning and preserving
Candy manufactories
Candymakers
Car and shop construction
Carpet factory operatives
Chauffeurs
Caskets
Chairs
Cider
Cigar makers
Clergy
Clerks and copyists
Clothing
Commercial travelers
Compositors
Coffee workers
Condensers
Confectioners
Contractors
Corset makers
County officials
Cracker factories
Creameries
Curled hair
Dairy
Demonstrators
Dentists
Domestics and waitresses 5
years of age, engaged in occupations and
3
200
67
142
15
3
157
1
1
73
143
2
12
74
9
743
60
472
2
19
10
37
104
400
176
125
7
11
11
3
1
6
15
32
293
85
27
195
44
30
144
2
17
12
116
21
9
72
16
18
,615
Draperies 3
Dressmakers 1,256
Drugs and medicine- 53
Drygoods and fancy goods 42
Dye works 171
Electricians 7
Electric light employes 9
Engineers and surveyors 6
Engraving 5
Excelsior 9
Expert accountants 9
Expert buyers 5
Farmers, overseers and dairy
farmers 1,928
Farm laborers 6
Farm laborers (family members) 217
Feed mills 2
Fish canneries 14
Florists 503
Food products 2
Fruit preserves 41
Furniture factories 14
Furniture and refrigerators 7
Furs 26
Gardeners 62
Gas and electric fixtures 11
General stores 82
Glove makers 62
Grocers 43
Hand stamps 3
Harness makers H
Hat makers 29
Hosiery and knitting 20
Hotel keepers 172
Housekeepers and stewards 1,428
Ice 15
Jams and jellies 34
Janitresses 317
Journalists »1
Laborers not specified 243
Lace and embroidery 32
Laundry workers 1,400
Lawyers 14
Leather goods 17
Librarians 37
Literary and science 43
Livery stable keepers 5
Lumber dealers 3
Lumber and timber products 65
Macaroni 27
Manufacturers 10
Manicurists 23
102
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
OCCUPATION OF FEMALES— Continued.
Marble cutters 1
Mattresses 18
Meat packers 18
Morcliants 152
Millers 2
Milliners 671
Miners 5
Miscellaneous textile workers 43
MoviiiK pictures 162
Musicians and music teachers 1,615
Nurses and midwives 815
Nurseries 10
Officials of mining companies 7
Other agricultural pursuits 32
Overseers 9
Other professional services 37
Packers and shippers 62
Paper and pulp mill operatives.-. 156
Paper box makers 82
Patent medicines 7
Pattern makers 9
Peddlers 28
Photographers 112
Physicians and surgeons 115
Pickle makers 15
Planing mill employes 4
Plating works 4
Plumbers 3
Porters 21
Pottery 17
Printing 237
Produce and provisions 14
Publishers 5
Rag carpet makers 27
Iteal estate
Restaurant keepers
Rubber goods
Rope
Rugs
Sailors
Saleswomen
Shirt and overall workers
Shoemakers ,
Slaughtering and meat packing..
Soap
Steain i-ailroad employes
Steam packing
Stenographers
Stockraisers, drovers, herders
Straw workers
Tailoresses
Tanners
Teachers
Telegraph and telephone em-
ployes
Tent and bag makers
Textile workers
Tinners
Trunk makers _
Upholsterers
Umbrella makers
Undertakers
A'inegar
Watch women
Woolen mill operatives
17
46
3
10
5
2
3,267
343
5
5
39
5
3
1,279
43
8
378
8
4,408
1,500
95
20
25
2
9
4
6
8
9
220
Total 34,751
PROSECUTIONS FOR VIOLATION OF LABOR LAWS
The following: is a list of prosecutions for violation of the labor laws
of the State in which convictions were had in the justice of the peace
court, held to the g-rand jury, and there disposed of or still pending,
and in which convictions were secured or other disposition made thereof
in the circuit court, for the biennial period, October 1, 1914, to Sep-
tember 30, 1916, inclusive:
B. C. Ball, manag:er Willamette Iron and Steel Works — Working
employees more than eig:ht hours on public works. Case commenced
March 16, 1914; complaint filed March 26; held to g^rand jury August
14; true bill found September 15; October 6. 1914, arraigned before
Judge Morrow, pleaded guilty, and fined .$50.00.
Astoria — In October, 1914, case was brought before grand jury
regarding working more than eight hours on the sea wall. Grand jury
turned it down.
The same grand jury also turned down complaint against contractors
on the Columbia Highway for working men nine and one-half hours,
contrary to the law.
Rainier — October 16, 1914, Munger Brothers were brought into court
for violating the eight-hour law in the building of a schoolhouse. They
pleaded guilty and were fined $50.00 and costs; fine suspended during
good behavior.
Portland — January 5, 1915, J. L. Meier, of the Meier & Frank Com-
pany, Portland, was held over to grand jury for working females after
6 o'clock p. m. Grand jury returned a "not true bill."
St. Helens — April 26, 1915, the foreman in Road District No. 2 was
brought into justice of the peace court at St. Helens and fined $50.00
for violation of eight-hour law on public works. Fine suspended during
good behavior.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 103
Tillamook— June 1, 1915, Conrad Krebs, of Tillamook, was brought
into court, pleaded Ruilty to violation of factory inspection law; was
fined $2n.00, with the understanding that if work was done before June
14 fine would be remitted. Work was completed, fine remitted, Mr.
Krebs paying costs.
Rainier — Oregon Lumber Company, of Portland. Intimidating and
coercing of employees to compel purchase of goods at the company store.
Complaint filed in justice of the peace court at Rainier. Case came to
trial and was tried out before Justice of the Peace J. B. Doan on June
8, 1915, who found the defendant guilty as charged, and imposed a fine
of $25 and costs. Manager Inglis, for the defendant, gave notice of
appeal. District Attorney Cooper notified Mr. Inglis he was ready to
agree upon stipulations on appeal whenever the defendant's attorney
was ready, and left the courtroom. Later in the day Judge Doan
informed District Attorney Cooper that he had changed his mind and
had dismissed the charge against the defendant company, and further
efforts to prosecute were thereupon discontinued.
Portland — June 26, 1915, R. D. Fontana, of the Oregon Packing Com-
pany, was tried before a jury for working females more than ten hours
in one day. He admitted working women over ten hours, claiming exten-
uating circumstances, and was found not guilty. On July 13th, in a
similar case, he was bound over to the grand jury, which failed to indict
him.
Portland — July 19, 1915, H. Kauffman was brought into court for
working females more than sixty hours during the week. Pleaded guilty,
fined $25.00; of this fine $15.0"0 was remitted.
Oregon City — September 4, 1915, W. 0. Willman, secretary and super-
intendent of the Standard Paving Company, was arrested and bound
over to the grand jury at Oregon City for working a man more than
eight hours on public works (street work). He was indicted, pleaded
guilty in the circuit court and fined $50.00; fine remitted upon defend-
ant paying cost of action, amounting to $27.10.
Portland — September 7, 1915, A. W. Clark, of the Clark-Hennery
Construction Company, was held over to the grand jury for working
laborers more than eight hours a day on public works. Grand jury
returned a "not true bill."
The Dalles — September 7, 1915, Charles L. Yinn, proprietor of a res-
taurant, appeared in court by attorney and pleaded guilty to violating
the female labor law, and was fined $25.00.
The Dalles — 'Ling Suey appeared in court by attorney and pleaded
guilty to working woman seventy hours during the week in a restaurant;
was fined $25.00.
Portland — September 9, 1915, S. S. Montague and J. S. Compton, of
the Montague & O'Reilly Company, waived examination to a charge of
violation of the eight-hour law on public M'orks, and were held to the
g-rand jury, which failed to indict.
Portland — September 25, 1915, Antone Giebisch, of Giebisch & Joplin,
was held to the grand jury for violation of the eight-hour law on public
works. Grand jury failed to indict.
Bay City, Tillamook County — ^September 25, 1915, S. Westberg, super-
intendent of the Sandberg-Logus Company, was brought into court at
Tillamook and fined $50.00 and costs for violating the eight-hour law
on public works at Bay City.
Portland—October 15, 1914, case started against S. Crabbe, candy
manufacturer, for violation of minimum wage rule. Upon Mr. Crabbe
paying back wages in full the case was dismissed.
Hillsboro — October, 1915, term of grand jury in Washington County,
J. W. Goodin, was reported as requiring men to work more than the legal
limit on public works. No true bill.
104 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Portland — December 10, 1915, James Marmoras was held to the p^rand
jury for working- a female for more than ten hours a day in a restaurant.
Grand jury failed to indict.
Portland — December 13, 1915, Y. Inquye was brought into court for
working a woman after six o'clock p. m. January 12 he was held to the
grand jury, where a true bill was found. March 25 his attorney entered
a demurrer and the case is still pending.
Cornelius, March, 1916. — J. H. Cogan, complained against for
failure to comply with the Factory Inspection Law in the matter
of making repairs to certain boilers, used in the operation of his
sawmill, near Cornelius, following inspection by an expert boiler inspec-
tor. By agreement between Mr. Cogan and Justice of the Peace
W. D. Smith, of Cornelius, the case was to be dismissed upon Mr.
Cogan complying with the factory inspector's request. The factory
inspector, on revisiting the plant, found that the agreement had been
complied with, and the case was dismissed.
Marshfield—Apvi], 1916, the A. C. Smith Company, of Marshfidd,
failed to furnish the required medical treatment; was called to the atten-
tion of the grand jury April 16. The gi^and jury made no report.
Oregon City — At the April, 1916, term of the grand jury of Clackamas
County, I appeared against Fred Bluhm, of Oregon City, for failure to
guai-d his wood saw. I was informed that he also appeared before the
jury and, on promise that he would guard the saw, the grand jury did
not indict.
Porf/a»d— April 13, 1916, John G. Terry, of the Hirsch-Weis Manu-
facturing Company, was held over to the grand jury for violation of the
minimum wage rule. Grand jury returned a true bill, but the case has
not yet been tried.
Tillamook — April 28, 1916, swore out a warrant for arrest of J. H.
Hicks for working overtime on county road contract. He pleaded guilty
and was fined $50.00. Half of fine remitted.
Portland — May 17, 1916 — Eugenia Sail was held over to the grand
jury for violating the minimum wage rule in the case of a dressmaker.
The grand jury returned a true bill and she was fined $25.00 in the
circuit court.
Portland — May 17, 1916, F. A. Cloak was held to the grand jury for
violation of the minimum wage law for woman working in a hotel. Grand
jury did not indict.
Portland — ^May 20, 1916, Fred Lutz was held to the grand jury for
working a woman more than sixty hours a week in an apartment house.
Grand jury returned a not true bill.
Portland — July 8, 1916, M. Barde & Sons were brought into court
for failure to safeguard an elevator, as required by law. Fined $100.00,
with notice from the court that the fine would be remitted if the safe-
guarding was done within ten days. The work was done.
Portland — August 12, 1916, Jane Doe Smith was brought into court
for working more than the legal limit in a restaurant. Pleaded guilty,
fined $25.00, and fine was remitted.
Portland — September 14, 1916, J. B. Neubauer was before the court
for working a female more than sixty hours a week. Pleaded guilty and
was fined $25.00; fine remitted.
Port of Portlano — Chinese Case
October 14, 1915 — On October 5, after being informed by an agent
of the Cooks' and Waiters' Union that the Port of Portland was using
Chinese as cooks and flunkies on their dredges m the Columbia and Wil-
lamette rivers, I called the attention of the assistant secretary of the
commission to the fact, requesting that these Orientals be discharged at
once. On the eighth I called again and was informed that they were dis-
charging them and expected them all to be gone on that date.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
105
COUNTIES AND INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS
IN OREGON
MINERAL PRODUCTION OF OREGON FOR 1915— (By Counties)
(Information by courtesy of H. M. Parks, Bureau of Mines and Geology.)
County — Metals
Non-
Metals
Total
County —
Metals
, Non-
Metals
Totel
Baker
$1,810,796
$ 99.922
23.241
2.420
151.030
45,235
•113.390
$1,910,718
23,241
3,185
151.030
45,235
113,390
1,809
26,644
10.7.'>4
7.103
1,000
45,062
101,6.56
4,519
47,009
12,259 12,259
Lincoln
34.'337
676
Clackamas
765
34,337
157,546
574,541
1.580
178.771
156,870
574,541
1.580
178.771
Clatsop
Multnomah ....
Polk
Coos
1.809
,■■.894
2,422
6.978
Tillamook
Crook
20.750
8.332
125
1,000
146
4.500 1 4.646
2.500 2,500
Grant
Wallowa
Hood RiTer ....
30.707
14.355
Washington ....
Wheeler
Josephine
Klamath
98.998 j 2.658
88?
882
4.519
:{R sin
82 269
in ns9
Total
$2,004,509
$1,646,054
$3,650,563
•Includes coal product value, $111,240.
Metals Include gold, silver, copper, lead and platinum. Non-metals include building stone,
sand and gravel, clay products, gypsum, lime, infursorial earth, mineral waters and coal.
Average Market Value of Minerals — Copper, 1915, 171/2 cents per pound; 1916, 25 cents. Silver
1915, 50.7 cents per ounce; 1916, 60 cents. Lead, 1U15, 5 cents per pound; 1916, 6 cents. Zinc, 1915.
12.4 cents per pound; 1916, 10 cents. Mercury, 1915, $82.50 per flask of 75 pounds; 1916, $80.00.
Manganese. 1915. $11.67 per ton; 1916, $14.00. Chromic iron, 1915, $14.90 per ton. Gold. 1915, $16 00
and $18.00 per ounce: 1916. same. Platinum, 1915, $47.13 per ounce; 1916, $160.00 per ounce.
Note. — For Timber Industry statistics for the several counties see table, pages 52-53. Only plants
that have been in operation during the last fiscal years, October 1, 1915, to September 30, 1916. are
taken into consideration.
Population of cities and towns are based upon local estimates where the 1910 census figures are
not used. Population of counties, the first given figures, other than the 1910 census figures, is
computed upon the basis of relative proportion of the School Census, Enrollment and Average Daily
Attendance in Public Schools for 1916 to actual population in like proportion to School Census,
Enrollment and Attendance for 1910. as shown by the U. S. Census.
Explanation of Geological Terms Used
Cretaceous and Pre-cretaceous refer to an early geological period. The
rocks of this period are principally chalk from the minute shells of the
Protozoa. This formation in Oregon is known as the Marine cretaceous
and is found running throughout central California west of the Sierra
Nevadas and northward across Oregon and Washington. The vegetation
begins to look like modern times. Much of our coal and pottery clay
deposits are due to this period.
Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene are all epochs of the Tertiary period.
Eocene means dawn of the recent and is applied to beds which contain
but a small percentage (5 per cent or less) of invertebrate species which
are now living. Up to one-half per cent the beds and the epochs of their
making are called Miocene, which means less recent (as compared with
the following epochs). If more than 50 per cent are living species the
beds are called Pliocene, or more recent. The rocks include clays, sands,
limestone and sandstone. The majority of the strata in the Tertiary
period are unconsolidated. To this period we are indebted for much of
our soft coal.
Pleistocene is the name of the period immediately following the
Tertiary, or third, and is sometimes called Quartenary, or fourth period.
This is the great glacial epoch. The soil deposits of this glacial action
are generally clayey, sometimes loamy masses of unstratified material
which are often filled with stone, and small or large boulders inclosed
in it without order. To the glacial period we are indebted for our "off-
shore muds," which invariably possess great fertility.
Soil having abundance of decomposed vegetable matter is said to be
rich in Humus, or nitrogen.
106 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
BAKER COUNTY
(Baker, County Seat)
Baker County is located in the central eastern part of the State. It
is bounded on the west by Grant; on the north by Union and Wallowa
Counties; on the east by the State of Idaho, and on the south by Malheur
County. The population is 21,591 (United States Census, 1910, 18,076).
Of these 85 per cent are United States born. Of the foreij^ 15 per cent,
one-fourth is German, the remaining three-fourths being made up princi-
pally of Canadians, English, Irish, Scandinavians, Scotch and Swiss.
There is a total area of 1,945,006 acres. Of these, 536,174 acres are
unappropriated and unreserved, of which 531,275 acres are surveyed. Of
the assessed appropriated land, 109,621 acres are cultivated and 478,120
acres uncultivated. The assessed value of cultivated land averages $45.40
per acre, and uncultivated $7.51. The total value of taxable property in
the county is $18,819,245, which represents 76 per cent of the actual
value, as determined by the State Tax Commission. The assessed value of
public utilities property in the county is $5,529,586.06.
The rock formation is pre-Cretaceous, Pleistocene and Cretaceous.
The county is composed of valleys, plains and mountains, ranging from
3,000 to 9,996 feet above sea level. Small rivers and streams afford fairly
good waterpower. Water is near the surface. There is a variety of soils.
What is known as the Yakima loam, consisting of about twelve inches of
heavy brown to black sandy loam, produces wild meadow grasses, alfalfa,
timothy and clover. Cereals will grow, but not so advantageously as hay.
"Muck" is the name given to a soil consisting of a brown or black mucky
loam. Hay is the chief crop of this soil. Yakima sandy loam, believed
to have been deposited during the lake period of the valley or to have been
formed from the decomposition of basalt and granite, will produce any-
thing adapted to climate of the area. Besides the above varieties there
are the Maricopa sandy loam and the Maricopa gravelly loam. There is
nothing in the category of hardy vegetation that would not thrive on this
soil if enough moisture could be furnished. The normal precipitation per
season is: Spring, 4.96 inches; summer, 1.60 inches; fall, 5.20 inches;
and winter, 9.01 inches; total annual, 20.80 inches. Mean temperature
by seasons: Spring, 44.3 degrees; summer, 64.5 degrees; fall, 44.9
degrees; winter, 30.9 degrees. This climate, combined with pure water
and beautiful scenery, makes this county a very desirable place to live.
This county is especially rich in minerals. The following mines produce
quartz that yield metal valued at the following per ton of ore: One
hundred and eighty- four gold mines; five gold and copper; five gold and
silver; five gold and galena; sixteen copper; two silver; two nickel
and copper; and three lime quarries, two gypsum beds, three iron mines,
two cement mines, two lead mines, one slag mine, one opal mine, two
building-stone quarries, one fossil bed, one fire-clay mine, and two coal
mines. (Mineral products for 1915, page 105.) In addition to the above
there are a number of placer mines. Lumbering is an important industry,
there being twenty sawmills, three saw and planing mills, one saw and
shingle mill, two sawmill and box factories, and three planing mills.
Among the other industrial plants are found ice, creameries, light and
power, flour and feed, laundries, machine and repair shops, wholesale
mercantile companies, printing, railway company, smelter, and ore-sam-
pling works.
Baker (C. L. Palmer, Mayor) — County seat — Incorporated in 1866.
Altitude, 3,440 feet; area, 960 acres; population, 8,000. Situated on
the main line of the O.-W. R. & N. railroad; junction point of the
Sumpter Valley Railroad, a branch line of the same system. Assessed
valuation of city property is $5,919,409, with a bonded indebtedness of
$546,730. Forty-four teachers are employed in the public schools at
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 107
salaries rang-ing from $550 to $2,500 per annum. Chief of police
receives $100 per month, and four patrolmen receive $75 per month
each. Daily wage for skilled labor is $3.50 to $7; common labor, $2.50;
and for man and team, $4.50. Seven public school buildings are valued
at $250,000, and city hall, courthouse, public library, federal building
and hospital have an aggregate value of $305,000. Ten churches,
representing the Adventist, Baptist, Catholic, Episcopal, Lattei'-day
Saints, Methodist, Mormon, Presbyterian and Salvation Army denomina-
tions, have a combined value of $130,000. Electric light plant rendering
service to private families, firms and corporations, is under private
ownership, and city owns electric light and power plant which supplies
lights for streets and public buildings. Gravity waterworks system is
owned by the city and furnishes water at the rate of ten cents per 1,000
gallons. The principal industries and resources of the surrounding coun-
try are lumbering, dairying, farming, stock raising (sheep, cattle and
horses), and mining. Its leading industrial and business plants include
two sawmills, seven planing mills, two foundries, three machine shops,
electric light plant, gas plant, four auto garages, laundry, two newspapers,
job printing plant, oil sampling works, ice plant, chop mill, granite works,
two bakeries, packing plant, creamery, flouring mill, six meat markets,
paint and paper stores, blacksmith shops, four hotels, restaurants, and a
full complement of business and professional establishments of a city of
this magnitude. Value of building permits for year ending September 30,
1916, $210,989. Over six miles of paved streets, with more miles of
storm and sanitary sewers. The field offers a good opportunity for a
street car system, a flouring mill, and the development of the mining and
agricultural resources.
Bourne (H. R. Wilson, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1902. Altitude,
5,400 feet; area, 20 acres; population, 30; no bonded indebtedness. Situ-
ated on Cracker Creek, forty miles northwest of Baker, the county seat,
six and one-half miles north of the Sumpter Valley Railroad and eighty
miles northwest of the Snake River. City marshal receives $12.00 per
month. One public school, valued at $1,000, with no teacher. Voluntary
fire service. Average daily wage for skilled labor is $4.00; common
labor, $3.00, and man and team, $5.00. City owns water system. Water
rate to families, $1.00 per month. Electric lights and power furnished
by privately owned plant. Light rate is 12 cents per kilowatt hour.
Principal industry in vicinity is gold and silver mining, which offers
opportunities for development*. The principal business establishments are
one hotel and one store.
Cornucopia (O. F. Steen, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1913. Altitude,
4,600 feet; area, 240 acres. A small town on Pine Creek, 25 miles from
Robnett, on the northwestern branch of the Oregon Short Line Railroad,
and nearest railroad station, and 65 miles northeast of Baker, the county
seat. Two teachers in the public school receive $80.00 per month each.
New schoolhouse is valued at $2,000, and Catholic church building
erected in fall of 1914 cost $1,800. Town jail is valued at $200.
City marshal receives $12.50 per month. Skilled labor, $3.50 to $5.00 per
day; common labor, $3.00, and man with team, two horses, $6.00 per day;
four horses, $10.00 per day. Mining is the principal and practically the
sole industry in the country surrounding, but there is a wealth of unde-
veloped timber resources in the vicinity. Electric light plant and gravity
water system are under private ownership. Light rate, 50 cents per rnonth
for 50-watt incandescent light, and water rate for private families is
$1.25 per month. This is the best and most prosperous mining camp in
Oregon.
Haines (W. J. Welch, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1903. Altitude,
3,334 feet; population, 500; bonded indebtedness, $17,000. Situated on
main line of O.-W. R. & N. Railroad and along Powder River. Police
108 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
officer and water service man receives $70.00 per month. Teachers in
public schools are paid from $60.00 to $115.00 per month. Average daily
wage for common labor is $2.50, and for man and team, $4.50. City
owns waterworks system, installed in 1913, at a cost of $60,000. Elec-
tric lights and power furnished by privately owned plant. One public
school building is valued at $4,000. Three churches — Baptist, Catholic
and Methodist — valued at $11,500. City hall and other public buildings
are valued at $4,000. Many new residences erected during the past
two years. Bank of Haines has resources amounting to $125,000. Flour-
ing mill of 75-barrel daily capacity is now in operation. Principal
industries surrounding the town are: Gold and granite mining, lumber-
ing, milling, agriculture (hay and grain) , stock raising and dairying.
The town has a feed mill. Good opportunity for creamery and small
laundry; also opening for plumber. The nearby mountains contain many
lakes stocked with trout, and afford fine summer camping grounds.
Halfway (W. W. Lloyd, Mayor) — On Pine Creek, 400 miles south-
east of Portland, 55 miles northeast of Baker, the county seat and banking
point. Incorporated in 1909; altitude, 2,600 feet; population, 512; twelve
miles from N. W. R. R.; assessed valuation, $86,000; indebtedness for
water system, $20,000. Four teachers in the public schools (eight
rooms), receiving salaries from $75 to $100 per month. High school has
four rooms and four teachers with an attendance of sixty pupils. Skilled
labor is paid from $3.00 to $4.00 per day; common labor, $2.00 to $3.00
per day. School buildings valued at $11,000. Three churches — the
Adventist, Christian and Presbyterian — with buildings valued at $5,000.
Principal industries are farming, stock raising, mining, lumbering, fruit
growing and dairying. The principal business concerns are one strong
bank, two creameries, hotel, restaurant, rooming house, three good general
merchandise stores, a confectionery store, drug store, furniture store,
millinery store, feed mill, harness shop, plumbing shop, cabinet shop, drug
store, livery stable, two garages, cleaning and pressing shop, butcher
shop, two blacksmith shops, telephone office, printing office, and two
barber shops. There is a good water system. The postoffice is third
class. H. Foreman, marshal and water commissioner.
Huntington (J. S. Crimins, Mayor) — Is on Burnt River, at the west-
ern terminus of the Oregon Short Line and Mountain States Telephone
and Telegraph Company, and eastern terminus of O.-W. R. & N. Railway
Company and Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company, 400 miles
southeast of Portland. Incorporated in 1891. Covers an area of one and
one-half by one-half miles, and has a population of 680. It is situated
on the O.-W. R. & N and Oregon Short Line railroads. The altitude is
2,105 feet. It has no indebtedness. The city owns one public school
building valued at $9,000, and employs four teachers at salaries of
from $70.00 to $90.00 per month. Other public buildings aggregate a
valuation of $5,000. The Catholic, Congregational and Methodist
Episcopal churches are worth approximately $9,000. One police
officer i-eceives a salary of $75.00 per month. Common labor is paid an
average of $2.50 per day; skilled labor, $3.50 per day, and man and team
$6.00 per day. The supply of water from a steam pumping station is
furnished at 50 cents per faucet. The principal industries are mining,
ranching and stock raising. The city has two cigar stoi-es, bakery, three
general mei'chandise stores and one wholesale house. It is an inviting
field for all kinds of manufacturing industries. There is an electric
light plant and waterworks system. A laundry and good hotel would be
good investments.
SuMPTER (W. C. Common, Mayor) — Situated on the Sumpter Valley
Railroad, 30 miles westerly from Baker. Altitude, 4,429 feet. A large
two-story brick and stone building is used for municipal administration
business. A well equipped fire department, consisting of five companies —
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 109
one hook and ladder, one chemical engine, and three hose carts — protect
the city from the possibility of fire destruction. An efficient police is
constantly maintained. The city has one public school building, and
employs five teachers at salaries from $70.00 to $133.00 per month. There
are fo'ur churches — Catholic, Episcopal, Methodist and Presbyterian. A
splendid supply of pure mountain watei- is furnished by a prravity system
under ninety pounds pressure. A good electric lighting plant, privately
owned, supplies current for municipal and private lighting at reasonable
rates. The principal industries in the surrounding counti-y are mining,
lumbering, farming and grazing, the relative importance of each ranking
in the order named. One sawmill, three groceries and feed stores, one
bakery, one dry goods store, one drug store, one harness shop, one jewelry
store, one clothing store, one meat market, one hardware store, plumbing
shop, one dealer in second-hand machinery, one newspaper (Blue Moun-
tain American), two barber shops, two livei-y stables, three blacksmith
shops, two laundries, one lawyer, three doctors, one hospital, two hotels,
one picture show, one repair shop for heavj^ machinery, and a large nine
cubic foot gold di-edge which produces $300,000 annually in gold.
Common labor receives $3.00 per day; skilled labor, $4.00 to $6.00 per
day, and man and team $6.00 per day.
BENTON COUNTY
(Corvallis, County Seat)
Benton County is situated in the Willamette Valley, bounded on the
north by Polk County, on the south by Lane County, on the west by
Lincoln County, and on the east by the Willamette River. The population
is 13,594 (United States Census, 1910, 10,663). Of these, 88 per cent
are United States born. Of the foreign, 12 per cent, about one-third, are
German, the remaining two-thirds being made up principally of English,
Canadian and Scotch. The total area of the county is 439,000 acres. Of
these, 6,077 acres are unappropriated and unreserved, and all are sur-
veyed. There are 53,627 acres of the Oregon and California grant lands
located in this county, that portion of which found suited to agriculture
will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as classified. (See "Ore-
gon and California Land Grant Lands" in this report.) Benton County
has no reserve land. Of the assessed appropriated land, 65,504 acres are
cultivated and 304,850 acres uncultivated. The assessed value of all land
in this county averages $16.53 per acre. The United States Census for
1910 places the average value of farm land between $25.00 and $50.00
per acre. The total value of taxable property in this county in 1916 was
$9,909,380, exclusive of public service corporations, which was $968,944.45.
This is 62 per cent of the actual valuations, as determined by the State
Tax Commission. The total amount expended for school purposes in 1915
was $112,525.45; for superintendents, principals and teachers' salaries,
$63,267.70; janitors and other employes, $7,282.39; three new schoolhouses
built during 1915, and three in contemplation and under construction,
1916, valued at $3,600.00.
There are 600 miles of public highways in Benton County, of which
150 miles are macadamized and gi-avelled, and 450 miles graded earth
roads. Marys, Long Tom, Alsea, and Luckiamute Rivers furnish fine
waterpower. There are sulphur springs north of Corvallis. Good water
for domestic purposes is easily obtained. The rock formation in the
western part is Eocene. That part of the county adjacent to the Wil-
lamette River is Pleistocene (glacial formation period). The surface is
level, rolling and mountainous. The soils resemble those of other portions
of the valley, particularly those of Polk County. The prairie bottoms are
of a rich dark loam. The hills are of a reddish soil of excellent texture.
110 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
There is quite a body of "white land" found in various lowlands of the
county, but this character of soil is not confined to the limits of the
county. This "white land" is deficient in potash and phosphoric acid.
This heavy whitish clay is destitute of natural drainap:e, but when arti-
ficially drained it rapidly assumes the appearance and texture of the
grey loam of the valley. Its present condition is the result of no drainage.
The bottom soils are made up of the washings from the hills, added to
the clays and loams from the former sedimentary deposits. A thorough
system of under-drainage is essential for the best agricultural results
and is now under way. Hops are grown extensively, there being at
present 204 acres. The soil is weak in lime and is being greatly improved
by fertilizers containing lime carbonates. The soil is suited to growing
small fruits, vegetables, grain and flax, apples, pears, prunes, and espe-
cially peaches, berries and walnuts. Besides agriculture, lumbering is
an important industry. There are eight sawmills, one planing mill, and
one saw and planing mill. Among the other industrial plants are: Brick
and tile, creameries, flour and feed, laundries, machine and repair shops,
printing, flour mills, water companies, and handle factories. (Mineral
products, 1915, page 105.) Wood ranging from $3.00 to $5.00 per cord is
used for fuel. Cattle and sheep are raised extensively. There ai-e four
railroads within the county— the O. & C. R. R. Co., C. & E. R. R. Co.,
P., E. & E. Ry. Co., and Oregon Electric — in all, about 58 miles of rail-
road in the county. The average normal precipitation per season is:
Spring, 9.74 inches; summer, 1.97 inches; fall, 12.06 inches; and winter,
21.36 inches; total annual, 45.13 inches. Mean temperature by seasons:
Spring, 51.2 degrees; summer, 63.7 degrees; fall, 54.6 degrees; winter,
41.8 degrees.
Cory ALUS (Johnson M. Porter, Mayor) — The county seat of Benton
County, settled in 1846 as Marysville, incorporated as Corvallis in 1857.
It covers an area of 1,280 acres, and has a population of 4,500. It is
situated at the head of navigation on the Willamette River, on Marys
River, and on the lines of the S. P. Railroad. C. & E. Railroad, P., E. &
E. Railroad, and 0. E. Railroad, 96 miles south of Portland. Assessed
value of property is $2,160,085, with a bonded indebtedness of $311,183.
The city has four public school buildings, value $85,000, and employs
thirty-nine teachers at salaries from $600 to $1,500 per annum. The
Oregon State Agricultural College and the Government Experimental
Station are located here, which cause the distribution of $500,000.00
annually. Nearly every religious denomination is represented here, there
being eleven churches representing an aggregate investment of $60,000.
The county courthouse and the city hall represent valuations of $70,000
and $15,000 respectively. The city maintains an adequate police force,
and a fine fire department for a city of this size, several thousand dollars'
worth of new equipment having recently been added. The department is
volunteer, except one salaried man. Common labor, $2.00 per day;
skilled labor, $3.00 to $5.00 per day. Electric power is furnished at 10
cents per kilowatt hour for lighting, with a reduction for use in running
machinery. The city owns its own gi-avity pure mountain water system,
and furnishes water to private families for 18 cents per 1,000 gallons.
The principal industries in and near Corvallis are lumbering, dairying,
agriculture, horticulture, livestock, small fruits and gardening. The
city has three banks, with deposits of $1,300,871, five general stores,
two clothing stores, twelve groceries, four hardware stores, four markets,
four drug stores, foui' livery and feed stables, three garages, one large
sawmill, two planing mills, cannery, creamery which does a $500,000
business annually, and many other lines of business. A $65,000 steel
wagon bridge has been constructed across the Willamette at Corvallis.
The city has built a sewer system that reaches all parts of the city,
at an expense of $144,000. Much paving has been done. There are
openings for woolen mill, gas works, and other industries.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 111
Monroe (James Bailey, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1913. Altitude,
287 feet; area, 320 acres; population, 200; assessed valuation, $80,355;
indebtedness, $8,000. On line of Southern Pacific Railway and four
miles from the Willamette River. Five teachers in the public schools
receive from $60.00 to $100.00 per month. Average wage for skilled
labor, $3.50; common labor, $2.25, and for man and team, $5.00. Pumping
plant, owned by the city, furnishes water at the rate of $1.25 per month
per faucet. Two public school buildings are valued at $10,000, and
two churches— Catholic and Methodist— at $7,500. Principal industries
of surrounding country are: Farming, lumbering and dairying. Indus-
trial and business establishments in and near town are: Sawmill, brick
and tile factorv, grist mill, department store, drug store, hardware store.
bank, newspaper, two hotels, blacksmith shop, harness shop, shoe shop,
confectionery store, lumber yard and livery stable.
Philomath (R. O. Loggan, M. D., Mayor) — Situated on the C. & E.
Railroad, seven miles west of Corvallis, the county seat, at an altitude of
295 feet. Incorporated in 1882; covers an area of 640 acres; has a popu-
lation of 600. The assessed valuation is $190,000; general indebtedness
$300. Two public school buildings, valued at $20,000. eight teachers
employed at salaries ranging from $55.00 to $125.00 per month for nine
months. High school work is included in the course of study. A college
building of a value of $50,000. The public buildings consist of two
United Brethren churches, a city hall, and an I. O. O. F. hall. Common
labor receives $2.00 to $2.50 per day; skilled labor, $3.00 to $4.00 per day;
man and team, $4.00 to $6.00 per day. The city has a street light system,
and gets its mountain water supply from Corvallis Water Company at
18 cents per 1,000 gallons. The principal industries in and near are lum-
bering, agriculture, horticulture and dairying. The surrounding country
is well adapted to fruit growing and poultry raising. The city has one
saw and planing mill, one sawmill, one handle factory, creamery, two
prune driers, three general merchandise stores, blacksmith shop, livery
stable, one meat market, two bakeries, barber shop, bank, two real estate
agencies, two telephone offices, one drug store, one hotel, one restaurant,
one garage, one feed store, one newspaper (the Benton County Review) ,
one photograph gallery, one shoe store, concrete bank building (bank
capitalized at $15,000) ; two concrete business buildings, and concrete
sidewalks in the business part of the city.
CLACKAMAS COUNTY
(Oregon City, County Seat)
Clackamas County is situated in the northern part of the State. It
is bounded on the west by Washington, Yamhill and Marion, and on the
south by Marion; on the north by Multnomah, and on the east by Wasco
County. The population is 39,317 (United States Census, 1910, 29,931).
Of these, 70 per cent are United States born. Of the foreign 30 per
cent, about one-half are Germans, the remaining one-half being made up
principally of English, Canadians, Irish, Scandinavians and Scotch. The
total area of the county is 1,190,830 acres. There were on July 1, 1916,
9,252 acres of unappropriated land in Clackamas County, all surveyed.
There are 98,206 acres of the Oregon and California grant lands located
in this county, that portion of which found .suited to agriculture will be
thrown open to homestead entry as soon as classified. (See "Oregon and
California Land Grant Lands" in this report.) Of the assessed appropri-
ated land, 104,294 acres are cultivated, valued at $6,315,360, or an
average value of $60.55 per acre. Unimproved land, 515,750 acres;
average value per acre, $17.92. The total value of taxable property in
112 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
the county in 1916 was $23,038,965, not including' the assessed value
of public service corporations, which was $5,697,017.94. This is 58 per
cent of the actual valuations, as determined by the State Tax Commission.
There are 1,227 miles of public highways in Clackamas County, of which
seven miles are hard-surfaced; 320 miles macadamized and gravelled;
809 miles of earth, and 91 miles of planked roads.
The surface is level, rolling and mountainous. The rock formation in
the west and north is Pleistocene (a glacial formation) ; in the eastern
area the formation is Cretaceous. The rock in the vicinity of the Cascade
foothills is Miocene (a combination of Eocene and volcanic ash from the
Cascade hills). The soil in this vicinity is rod and of excellent texture.
The red color of the soil is evidently not all due to iron, for this element is
present only in limited quantities. The soil contains no lime, but all other
ingredients, especially phosphoric acid, are abundant. All of the neces-
sary chemical elements are stored in the soil by nature to produce large
yields of fruit, vegetables, hay, wheat, oats and barley. There are
mineral and hot springs with curative properties in the county. The
natural forest growth is fir, oak, cedar, hemlock, larch, cottonwood, maple
and alder. A commercial variety of teasel is grown in this county. There
are 1,472 acres in hops, about 4,500 acres in orchards, 6,963 horses and
mules, 12,041 cows, 13,777 sheep and goats, and 5,186 swine. The normal
precipitation per season is. Spring, 12.62 inches; summer. 5.26 inches;
fall, 16.17 inches; and winter, 23 inches; total annual, 57.05 inches.
Mean temperature per month, by season: Spring, 52.1 degrees; summer,
65 degrees; fall, 56.3 degrees; and winter, 44.2 degrees. Next to agri-
culture, lumbering is the important industry. There are twenty-eight
sawmills, eleven saw and planing mills, four saw and shingle mills, and
two shingle mills doing business in the county. Three pulp and paper
mills, one the largest in the world, are located here. Other industrial
plants are the light and power company which furnishes electric energy
and light to Portland and a number of cities and towns in the Willamette
Valley, also running a number of trolley lines in Portland and Oregon
City. Good county roads bespeak thrift in the community and mean to
the farmer as much as city streets do to those who use them. There are
135 schools in the county, 18 of which are high schools. McLoughlin
Institute and Parish, employing five sister teachers. There are 77 church
buildings and 92 Sunday schools. The churches are scattered all over the
county. Wherever a settlement is located one will also find schools and
churches. The water in this county is soft, pure and cold. There are
many clear brooks and springs, which add so much comfort to the people
and furnish needed moisture for the crops. Another good feature is the
bountiful wood supply, which costs $3.00 to $4.00 per cord. Another large
industry is the Portland Cement Works, located at Oswego, in this county,
and which will use raw material mined in Clackamas County. The
prevailing ores are gold, silver and copper; also iron. (Mineral products,
1915, page 105.) There are four flour mills, three ice and cold storage
plants, foundry and machine shop, two steamboat companies, and two
railroads under construction, which are building into the rich farming
section in the eastern part of the county and opening up for quick
development a vast territory that has heretofore been out of reach.
Barlow (W. W. Jesse, Mayor) — Thirty-five miles south of Portland,
ten and one-half miles southwest of Oregon City, the county seat; one
and one-half miles southwest of Canby, the banking point. Incorporated
in 1903; altitude, 129 feet; area, approximately twenty acres; asses.sed
valuation of said area, about $35,000; city levied a 5 mill tax in 1915
and has a surplus of funds in the treasury. On the main line of the
Southern Pacific Railroad and three miles from the Willamette River.
Two teachers receive $60.00 and $75.00 per month, respectively, in the
public schools. Well equipped volunteer fire service. Average daily
wages of skilled labor, $3.50; common labor, $2.25, and for man and team,
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 113
$5.00. City owns water supply system and furnishes water for 50 cents
per month. Electric lig^ht plant privately owned and serves consumers at
$1.00 per month, flat rate; 15 cents per kilowatt hour for any registration
above that amount. Good sewer system and sidewalks. One public school
building is valued at $2,000, and two churches — Lutheran and Nazarene
— are valued at $3,000. Principal industries of the surrounding country,
farming and lumbering. City has two general merchandise stores, one
hotel, feed stable and a blacksmith and repair shop. The greatest needs
are a furniture factory, cannery and people with means to develop the
fruit growing industry.
Canby (W. H. Bair, Mayor) — Settled in 1870; nine miles southeast of
Oregon City, the county seat, twenty- four miles south of Portland ; incor-
porated 1891; area, 700 acres; population, 950; assessed valuation,
$338,000.00. On main line of Southern Pacific Railroad and on line of
P., E. & E. electric railway, now in operation. It is also about two
and one-half miles from the Willamette River and on the Molalla River.
Eight teachers are employed in the public schools at salaries ranging
from $60.00 to $100.00 per month. City marshal receives $15.00 per
month and fees. Average daily wage of skilled labor, $3.00; common
labor, $2.00, and man and team, $5.00. Electric lighting plant is under
private ownership, the plant having a maximum capacity of 200 horse-
power and is valued at $75,000. Two public school buildings are valued
at $22,000. The high school has a full four-year course and 60 students
are enrolled. Six churches — Catholic, Christian, Evangelical, Lutheran,
Methodist and Scandinavian — are valued at $16,000. City hall valued
at $2,000. Among the principal privately owned structures in the town
are a Masonic hall, valued at $12,000; I. O. O. F. hall, valued at
$18,000, and general merchandise store costing $20,000. Two banking
institutions have deposits aggregating over $300,000. The principal
industries of the surrounding country are farming, lumbering, daii-jnng,
sheep raising and fruit growing. The chief agricultural specialties of
the vicinity are potatoes and strawberry plants, which are shipped annu-
ally in carload lots. The business enterprises in the town are a hardware
store, implement house, four general merchandise stores, cash produce
store, three confectionery stores, meat market, furniture store, undertak-
ing establishment, livery stable, garage, two creameries, three blacksmith
shops, drug store and jewelry store. A large part of the country around
Canby is cut up into small acreage tracts, which provide homes for
numbers of people. Canby has issued bonds to the amount of $24,500.00
for a water system.
*EsTACADA — Situated 37 miles southeast of Portland, on the P., R. L.
& P. Company's Cazadero interurban line; elevation, 535 feet. It was
incorporated in 1905; covers an area of 320 acres, and has a population
of 500. The assessed valuation of city property is $165,000, and there
is a general indebtedness of $5,000. A twelve-room school building
with two blocks of land is valued at $13,000. Eight teachers are
employed at salaries from $60.00 to $120.00 per month. A high school
course is included with the grades. There are three churches — Church
of Christ, Evangelical and Methodist — having an aggregate value of
$7,000. City marshal receives $60.00 per month; common labor, $2.00
to $2.50 per day; man and team, $5.00 to $6.00 per day. The P., R. L. &
P. Company furnishes the city with lights. The city owns its own gravity
water system, and furnishes water to families for $1.00 per month. New
sewer system has been installed. Lumber manufacturing and fruit grow-
ing are the principal industries in the surrounding country. There are
several small mills within a radius of five miles. Estacada has a bank,
two general merchandise stores, two groceries, one dry goods store, one
millinery store, one hardware and implement house, planing mill, meat
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
114 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
market, three livery stables, two hotels, two feed stores, bakery, one
restaurant, one furniture store, one confectionery store, one drug store,
barber shop, tailor shop, salaried postoffice. The Cazadero power plant,
built two miles above town at a cost of $1,000,000.00, and the River Mill
plant, one mile below town, built at a cost of $1,500,000.00, furnish power
for Portland's electric railways, and the city lights. A good weekly paper
(The Estacada Progress) is published. A cannery is very much needed
to take care of the fruit and vegetables now being grown.
^Gladstone (Chambers Howell, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1910. Alti-
tude jabout 75 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 1,500; assessed valuation
of town property, $400,000; bonded indebtedness, $20,000. On lines
of Southern Pacific Railroad, P., R. L. & P., and Portland & Oregon City
railways, and one-fourth mile from Willamette River. Average daily
wages of skilled labor, $4.00 to $6.00; common labor, $2.50; and man and
team, $4.50 to $5.00. Privately owned electric plant furnishes light at a
minimum rate of $1.00 per month. City owns waterworks system and
serves households at the rate of $1.00 per month; 25 cents per month
extra for toilet and bath service. Gardening and diversified farming are
the principal industries surrounding the town, and nearby are the paper
and pulp mills, woolen mill and sawmills of Oregon City. Established
within the corporate limits are two grocery stores, drCig store, meat
market, laundry, restaurant, general notion store, public hall and two
barber shops. Among the needs of the community are a lumber yard,
cement and tile works, commission house, general merchandise store and
cannery.
*MiLWAUKiE (G. C. Pelton, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1903. Altitude,
62 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 1,750. On the main line of the
Southern Pacific Railroad; on the electric interurban line of the P. R.,
L. & P. Railway, with five-cent fare to all points in Portland; on
the Portland & Oregon City Railway, but recently in operation, and
on the Willamette River. Assessed valuation of town property, $507,035;
bonded indebtedness, $20,000. Thirteen teachers in the public schools
receive from $65.00 to $130.00 per month. Daily wage of skilled
labor is $3.00 to $4.00; common labor, $2.50; and man and team, $5.00.
One public school building, grammar grades and high, is valued at
$25,000. Four churches — Catholic, Episcopal, Evangelical and Meth-
odist— aggregate a value of $10,000. City hall, Grange hall. Odd
Fellows hall represent a value of $10,000. Light service is furnished
by private corporation at reasonable rates, and water is supplied by
three privately owned plants at the rate of $1.00 per month per faucet.
Fraternal organizations having meeting places in the town ai'e: Artisans,
Grangers, Knights and Ladies of Security, Masons, Odd Fellows and
W. O. W. Among the industries represented are one shingle mill, capac-
ity 350,000 shingles per day; pulp and paper mill, wool carding mill.
Has well equipped volunteer fire department. First State Bank of
Milwaukie has a capital stock of $25,000.00. Among the busiest enter-
prises of the town are two general stores, two groceries, hardware store,
drug store, two confectioneries, millinery store, meat market, bakery,
barber shop, blacksmith shop, two shoe and harness shops, livery stable,
feed store, printing and label plant, two restaurants, hotel, billiard and
pool hall, motion picture show, two physicians and a dentist. To'wti has
six miles of paved streets and 12 miles of cement sidewalks.
*MoLALLA (W. W. Everhart, Mayor) — ^Incorporated in 1913. Altitude,
374 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 500. Terminus of the Portland,
Eugene & Eastern electric railroad, in operation to Portland, and of the
Willamette Valley Southern Railroad, now in operation. Assessed valua-
tion of town property is $130,000, with bonded indebtedness of $10,000.
•From inH reiiort. No correctod data fur llilii ulitaiiialili'.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 115
Five teachers in the public school receive from $55.00 to $100.00 per
month. City marshal is paid under fee system. Daily wage of skilled
labor is $3.00 to $4.00; common labor, $2.00; and man with tearn, $5.00.
Water system (pumping plant from wells) is owned by the municipality
and service is rendered private households at $1.00 to $1.50 per month.
One substantial public school building is valued at $15,000; two
churches — Christian and Methodist — are valued at $6,000; and Grange
hall and band auditorium are valued at $5,000. Lumbering, dairying
and farming are the principal industries in surrounding country. There
are three general stores, hardware store, two drug stores, two blacksmith
shops, and several minor business establishments. A brick and tile
factory is needed, and there is plenty of room for the development of the
lumbering and logging industries.
*Oregon City (E. C. Hackett, Mayor)— County seat of Clackamas
County. Incorporated in 1876. Altitude, 152 feet; area, two square
miles; population, approximately 6,000. Situated on main line of South-
ern Pacific Railroad and connected with Portland by the P. R., L. & P.
electric railway; also on the Willamette River. Assessed valuation of
city property is $2,608,000. Twenty-nine teachers in the public schools
receive from $65.00 to $85.00 per month in the grades, and $85.00 to
$125.00 in the high school, and the city superintendent receives a salaiy of
$2,000 per year. City has a paid police department, with salaries of
$75.00 and "$100.00 per month. Daily wage of skilled labor, $3.00 to
$6.00; common labor, $2.00 to $2.75; and for man and team, $4.00 to $6.00.
Electric lights and power are furnished by the P. R., L. & P Co. at a
moderate cost. City owns waterworks system and supplies families at the
rate of $1.25 per month. Three public school buildings are valued at
$85,000, and twelve churches — Baptist, Catholic, Christian Science, Con-
gregational, Episcopal, Lutheran (German), Lutheran (Reformed), Meth-
odist Episcopal, Methodist (German), Presbyterian, Presbyterian (Ger-
man), and United Brethren — represent an aggregate valuation of
$97,000. Located within and immediately without the city are: A
large woolen mill, five paper mills, several creameries, ice and cold
storage plant, waterworks, electric light plant (supplying light and energy
to Portland), laundry, machine and repair shops, foundry, screen plate
works and three garages. There are two weekly newspapers and one
daily, and the necessary complement of general business establishnients.
An "abundance of latent waterpower awaits development in the vicinity.
*0SWEG0 (A. King Wilson, Mayor) — Incorporated 1910. Altitude,
150 feet; area, 310 acres; population, about 800; assessed valuation,
$300,000, with no indebtedness. On the west side division of the South-
ern Pacific Railroad, and the P., E. & E. electric railway, and on the
Willamette River. Four teachers in the public school receive from $60.00
to $100.00 per month. City marshal receives $15.00 per month and fees.
Average daily wage of skilled labor, $5.00; common labor, $2.00; and
man and team, $5.00 and $6.00. City water system under private owner-
ship, and cost of service to consumers is $1.50 per month. One public
school building cost $10,000, and three churches— Catholic, Congrega-
tional and Methodist — valued at $3,000. Farming, truck and garden,
is the chief industry outside the city, and cast iron pipe manufacturing
within. One hundred and fifty carloads of cabbage and cauliflower were
shipped from Oswego from November, 1913, to April, 1914.
*Sandy (Paul R. Meinig, Mayor) — Incorporated 1911. Altitude, 1,000
feet; area, 320 acres; population, 350; no indebtedness. Three teachers
in the public school receive from $55.00 to $100.00 per month. Situated
five miles from the Mt. Hood Railway and seven miles from the P. R., L.
& P. Railway, and twenty miles from the Columbia River. Average wage
for skilled labor, $4.00 to $5.00; common labor, $2.00; and man and team.
Fruiii 1U14 report. Xn i<irri'itc-(:i data for V.tHi obtainable.
116 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
$5.00. City marshal receives $15.00 per month and fees. Electric lights
furnished by privately owned electric plant, the minimum rate for
which is $1.00 per month. Farming, dairying and lumbering are the prin-
cipal industries surrounding the community. Among the chief business
enterprises within the town are three general merchandise stores, hard-
ware store, implement house, hotel, restaurant, jewelry store, bank, news-
paper, meat market, two blacksmith shops, confectionery, drug store and
creamery. Good opportunities are offered for a canning factoi-y, sash
and door factory, planing mill, creamei-y, laundry, clothing store and
millinery store. Large quantities of timbered and logged-off lands avail-
able for clearing and development. Rich soil and good farming and
daii"ying country adjacent.
West Linn ( , Mayor) — Incorporated in 1913. Alti-
tude, 200 to 600 feet; population, 1,000. On the line of the Portland,
Eugene & Eastern electric railroad and Southem Pacific, one-fourth mile
distant. On the Willamette River. Assessed value, $2,500,000.00, with no
indebtedness. Nine teachers in the public schools receive from $70.00 to
$115.00. City marshal receives $40.00 per month. Skilled labor receives
$2.60 to $5.00 per day, and common labor, $2.00. Two schoolhouses
approximate a value of $10,000. Churches of all denominations across
the Willamette River in Oregon City, the county seat. Electric light
sytem is under private o\vnership. Light farming and gardening are
followed, the principal industry being the manufacture of paper. Pulp
and paper mills and woolen mills are the chief industrial institutions in
and near the community, and the male inhabitants, for the most part, are
employed in the manufacturing industries located in the community and
within the limits of Oregon City proper. All lines of commercial business
are represented.
*WiLLAMETTE (J. B. Lewthwaite, Mayor) — Situated on the Willamette
Falls Electric Railway and on the Willamette and Tualatin Rivers, three
miles southwest of Oregon City. Population, 435. City owned pumping
plant which furnishes pure spring water to every household. Privately
owned electric lighting sei-vice. One public school gi-aded, and plans are
under way for the establishment of a high school in the near future.
CLATSOP COUNTY
(Astoria, County Seat)
Clatsop County is situated in the extreme northwestern corner of the
State, bounded on the north by the Columbia River, on the west by the
Pacific Ocean, on the south by Tillamook County, and on the east by
Columbia County. The population is 19,459 (United States Census, 1910,
16,106). Of these, 65 per cent are United States born. Of the foreign,
35 per cent, about one-half, are Scandinavians, the remaining one-half
being made up principally of German, English, Canadian, Austrian and
Irish. The total area of the county is 527,620 acres. There are 1,118
acres of unappropriated and unreserved land, all surveyed. Of the
assessed land, 6,988 acres are cultivated and 111,952 are uncultivated.
The assessed value of cultivated land in this county averages $36.27 per
acre, and uncultivated $13.63 per acre. The total assessed value of taxable
property in 1916 was $19,361,338, not including $1,607,148.77 valuation
of public corporation properties. This represents 58 per cent of the actual
valuations, as determined by the State Tax Commission. The Department
of Agriculture places the average value of farm land between $25.00 and
$50.00 per acre. There are 441 miles of public highways, of which 11
miles are hard-surfaced; 125 miles macadamized and gravelled; 275
miles of earth, and 30 miles of plank roads.
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 117
The rock formation in the central part of the county is Eocene and is
made up of clays, sands, limestone and sandstone. The rest of the county
is of Miocene formation (a combination of Eocene formation and volcanic
ash). The soil of the bottom lands shows it to be poor in lime, deficient
in potash, and weak in phosphoric acid. Its humus (decomposed animal
and vej^retable matter) supply is good. The soil in its natural state is
adapted to growing- alfalfa, barley, buckwheat, clover, mustard, oats, rye,
sunflowers, and wheat. Liberal applications of gypsum would strengthen
this soil. The soil of the more hilly sections of the county is well supplied
with potash and phosphoric acid. Some of the soil of the higher lands is
light but well supplied with the critical elements, except humus, which
deficiency could be easily remedied by the proper use of green fertilizers
(plowing under of big clover, etc.). All kinds of vegetables and fruits
grow well on this soil under proper management. The natural forest
growth is fir, hemlock, spruce, cedar and larch. There are 20,000,000,000
feet of merchantable timber in Clatsop County. Fishing, farming and
lumbering are the three leading industries. (Mineral products, 1915,
page 105.) There are seven fish canneries in the county, employing 118
skilled men at a daily wage of about $3.50, and 72 unskilled men at a
daily wage of about $2.50. The salmon industry at Astoria amounts to
$3,000,000 annually and about 4,000 white men are engaged in salmon
fishing. Besides the white men engaged in canning fish, there are 400
Japanese and Chinese. There are three sawmills, two saw and planing
mills, three sawmills and box factories, planing mills, and one saw and
shingle mill. In the lumber mills there are, outside of the white men,
58 Hindus, and 159 Japanese working. Among the other industrial
plants are found : Bottling works, boat building, creameries, cold storage,
can factories, electric light, flour and feed mills, Standard Oil, steam
laundries, machine and repair shops, printing, and railway shops. The
fuel is wood and costs from $3.00 to $4.50 per cord. The normal precipi-
tation per season is: Spring, 16.48 inches; summer, 5.29 inches; fall,
21.28 inches; and winter, 33.16 inches; total annual, 76.21 inches. Mean
temperature per month, by seasons: Spring, 50.5 degrees; summer, 61.1
degrees; fall, 56.4 degrees; winter, 43 degrees.
Astoria (Fred J. Johnson, Mayor)— County seat. Settled in 1810. Sit-
uated in townships 8 and 9, on the main line of the Portland & Seattle
railroad, and on the Columbia river, with deep channel and dockage
facilities to handle ocean traffic as well as inland. Incorporated in 1865.
Altitude, 10 to 250 feet; area, 4,010 acres; population, 14,000; assessed
valuation of city property, $5,600,000; bonded indebtedness, $240,000.
Forty-five teachers of the public schools receive salaries ranging from
$600 to $1,500 per year. Chief of police is paid $125 per month, and
eight patrolmen $100 each per month. Chief of fire department receives
$125 per month; firemen, $90 per month, and extra men $10 per month.
Average daily wage for skilled labor is $5; common labor, $2.50, and for
man and team, $6. Six public school buildings aggregate a value of
$194,000. Sixteen churches, including Baptist, Catholic, Congregational,
Episcopal, Finnish, Lutheran, Methodist and Presbyterian, represent a
combined value of $175,000. United States custom house and postoffice
building, $75,000; court house, $225,000; city hall, $45,000; hospital,
$150,000. New flouring mill at a cost of $125,000. The Port of Astoria
Commission has completed a contract for the erection of public docks
at a cost of $800,000, bonds for which have been voted. The Sanitary
and Reclamation Commission have completed contracts for the erection
of the first unit of a seawall, cost $240,600, for the filling in of tide flats
which, when completed, will entail an expenditure of approximately
$1,000,000. Also district sewer bonds have been voted, amounting to
$40,000, and bonds for retaining walls to fill streets to grade along the
water front, amounting to $175,000. Fire engine houses represent an
expenditure of $70,395, and the annual school maintenance fund amounts
118 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
to $48,206. There are also two private schools, the Astoria Business
Collep^e and the Convent of the Holy Name (Catholic). A public gravity
water system furnishes water at a reasonable distance of eight miles,
affording the city an abundant supply of pure mountain water. The
chief industries are fishing, lumbering and daii-ying. Within the city
are four sawmills, ten salmon canneries, cold storage plants, three boat
building shops, four machine shops, can factory, furniture factory, and
a large number of stores of every description.
*Clatsop — Situated on the Astoria & Columbia River railroad and
the Pacific Ocean. Population, 50. Has two groceries, one creamery.
Hammond (Chas. E. Ford, Mayor) — Situated in Clatsop County, at
the mouth of the Columbia River, adjoining the Fort Stevens Military
Reservation, to the west of it, and the great Hill terminals to the east of
it. It fronts on the widest, deepest and best part of the Columbia Har-
bor, and is the western terminus of the S. P. & S. Railway. It has
telephone and electric light systems and has an ample supply of pure
mountain water through a new and extensive water system, and is close
to one of the finest ocean beaches on the Pacific Coast. Incorporated
in 1899; covers an area of one mile square, and has a population of 500.
The assessed valuation of town property is $150,000, with no indebted-
ness. The elevation is twelve feet. One public school is valued at $7,000.
and three teachers are engaged at salaries ranging from $65 to $100
per month. One Methodist church building is valued at $1,500, and the
town hall at $1,000. The city marshal receives $60 per month. The
daily wage of common labor is $2.50; skilled labor, $4; man and team..
$6. Salmon fishing is the principal industry. An ideal site for the
location of sawmills, cold storage plants, etc. The town has four mer-
chandise and grocery stores, a butcher shop, two barber shops, one
salmon cannery, and a public dock. Good streets and sidewalks. An
excellent location for a dry dock.
*New Astoria — (Postoffice, Hammond) — Incorporated in 1899; cov-
ers an area of one mile square, and has a population of 957. The assessed
valuation of town property is $150,000, with no indebtedness. It is situated
on the Astoria & Columbia River raih-oad, and the bank of the Columbia
river. The elevation is twelve feet. One public school is valued at $7,000,
and four teachers are engaged at salaries ranging from $65 to $100 per
month. One Methodist church is valued at $1,500, and the town hall at
$1,000. The city marshal receives $60 per month. The daily wage of
common labor is $2.50; skilled labor, $4; man and team, $6. Salmon
fishing is the principal industry. New Astoria is situated upon a fine
harbor for deep-draught sea-going vessels, making it an ideal site for the
location of sawmills, cold storage plants, etc. The town has four mer-
chandise and grocery stores, butcher shop, two barber shops, salmon
cannery, and a public dock.
Seaside (L. L. Paget, Mayor) — Is situated on the coast, slightly
above sea level, on the Astoria and Columbia River railroad, and eighteen
miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. Incorporated in 1903;
ai-ea, 1,600 acres; population, 1,500. The assessed valuation of town
propertv is $700,000, with an indebtedness of $60,000. One public
school costing $12,000; Union High School, costing $35,000.00; fourteen
teachers employed at salaries from $60 to $135 per month. Three
churches, Methodist, Catholic and Episcopal. The city marshal and
one deputy each receive $75 per month. Common labor, $2.50 per day;
skilled labor, $3.50 per day; man and team, $6 per day. Electric light
is furnished by the Pacific Power and Light Company at $1.16 per sixty-
candle power lamp per month. City hall valued at $15,000. The city
owTis a purnping plant costing $5,000, and supplies private families fo*-
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for liUtj obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 119
$1.25 per month with water of the best quality. The principal industries
are lumbering^, manufacturing and fishing'. Durin}? 1914 Seaside con-
structed over 20,000 square yards of bitulithic pavement, including con-
crete curbs and sidewalks throughout the city, and over six miles of
trunk sewers. Nearly $500,000 is the building record for that year, most
of the business blocks being of solid concrete. A natatorium costing
$40,000, built on the beach and having a salt water tank (40x80) and
all the modern conveniences for bathers, is among the most i-ecent
improvements. Seaside is one of the principal resorts on the Oi'egon
coast, and its summer population is as high as 20,000 people. There
are abundant opportunities for the development of farming^ and manufac-
turing industries. The city has a sawmill and box shook factory, bank
with $27,000 capital and surplus, and $100,000 deposits; a newspaper
(The Seaside Signal), cooperative dairy association, and many stores
and business houses.
Warrenton (George Schmidt, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1899. Slightly
above sea level; population estimated at 700; assessed valuation for
1916, $2,363,567. Situated on the line of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle
railroad, six miles west of Astoria. The north channel of the Columbia
River is the northern boundary of the city. Has two schools, nine mer-
chandise stores, hotel, restaurant, rooming and boarding house, two
churches. Episcopal and Methodist Episcopal; four canneries, clay prod-
ucts plant, a shipyard and two sawmills. Principal industries in and
contiguous to the community are: Fishing, logging, lumbering and
farming. Truck gardening is a profitable industry here; seaside summer
resorts, an army post and the city of Astoria provide ample markets for
the produce. Cranberry culture on tide flats and marshy lands engaged
in extensively.
COLUMBIA COUNTY
(St. Helens, County Seat)
Columbia County is situated in the northwestern part of the State.
It is bounded on the north and east by the Columbia River, on the west
by Clatsop County, and on the south by Washington Countv. The
population is 13,101 (United States Census 1910, 10,580); of these, 66
per cent are United States born; of the foreign 34 per cent, about three-
fourths are Scandinavians, the remaining one-fourth being made up
principally of Canadians, Germans, Irish, Scotch and Swiss. The total
area of the county is 436,882 acres. There are no vacant public lands
in this county. There is no reserve. There are 18,000 acres of the
O. & C. grant lands located in this county, that portion of which found
suited to agriculture will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as
classified. (See "Oregon and California Land Grant Lands," in this
report.) There are 436,348 acres appropriated. Of the assessed appro-
priated land 15,826 acres are cultivated and 400,897 uncultivated, of
which nearly one-half is tillable. The assessed value of all land in this
county averages $19.87 per acre. The Department of Agriculture reports
the average value of farm lands at $25 to $50 per acre. The total value
of taxable property in this county for 1916 was $10,645,560, not including
the assessed valuation of public service corporation properties, which
amounted to $1,651,130.70, all of which represents 60 per cent of
the actual valuations, as determined by the State Tax Commission.
Logged-off lands, 80,000 acres; average value, $10 to $30 per acre;
average cost of clearing, $100. There are 516 miles of public highway
in this county, of which one mile is hard-surfaced, 67 miles macadamized,
34 miles gravelled, 397 miles of earth and 17 miles of plank roads. A
120 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
bond issue of $360,000, with state aid amounting to $120,898, was
expended upon the construction of the Columbia Hig^hway in this county
during: the past three years. The rock formation of this county is various
— from the pre-Cretaceous to the Miocene. Much of the soil is similar
in appearance to the "shot lands," a red soil which characterizes quite an
area in Washinjjton County. The soil is about sixteen inches deep, under-
laid by clay, and this in turn by p.'ravel. The lime supply of this soil is
fair, its potash supply normal, its phosphoric acid very strong:, and its
humus supply very low. The soil would be much improved by growing
clover or other green crops, reinforced by applications of gypsum to
liberate the plant food present, of which there seems to be a fair quan-
tity, but probably not in as available a condition as is desirable. The
natural forest growth is fir, cedar, spruce, larch, hemlock, oak and hazel.
The many rivers and streams, with a splendid forest growth, make lum-
bering easy and profitable. Dairying and cattle-raising are important
industries. Iron, fine building-stone, and a small quantity of coal are
found. (Mineral products, 1915, page 105.) The mean temperature during
the spring months is 51.3 degrees; summer, 63 degrees; fall, 56.4 degrees;
winter, 42.9 degrees. The normal precipitation per season is: Spring,
11.25 inches; summer, 3.73 inches; fall, 15.09 inches, and winter, 20.97
inches — total annual, 51.04 inches. There are in the county three saw-
mills, one sash and door factory, ten saw and planing mills, and eight
shingle mills. Among the other industrial plants are found creameries,
cooperage companies, electric light, fish canneries, machine shops, print-
ing, soap factories, rock quarry, and one net float factory. Wood is the
fuel used and costs about $3.50 per cord. Many cattle are raised in the
county. The county roads are maintained by a special tax levy. Main
roads macadamized. By-roads in fair condition.
Clatskanie (G. F. Puzey, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1891. Altitude,
50 feet; area, 320 acres; population, 1,000. Situated on the Clatskanie
River, one-half mile south of the main line of the S., P. & S. railroad.
Assessed valuation, $180,000 (owing to a 25 per cent cut of the Board
of Equalization) ; indebtedness, $33,000, $30,000 of this being in bonds
for water system which extends three miles to a mountain stream, eight-
inch main with two big reservoirs; no city marshal (night marshal
receives $55 per month) ; sewer system. Ten teachers of the public
schools receive salaries ranging from $65 to $150 per month. Average
daily wage for skilled labor is $4; common labor, $2.50, and man and
team, $5.50. One schoolhouse, gymnasium and manual training building
valued at $15,000. Three churches, Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian,
valued at $10,000, and city hall, jail and hose cart house at $2,000. Elec-
tric lighting .system is under private ownership, furnishing service at
the rate of about 12 cents per kilowatt hour. Local telephone sei'vice
with about 400 regular subscribers. Waterworks system is under public
ownership, and the rate to consumers is from $1 to $1.50 per month.
Logging, milling, farming and dairying are the principal industries sur-
rounding the town. Established within the community are seven general
stores, two hotels, two drug stores, three confectioners, cooperative cream-
ery and cheese factory, lumber yard, two meat markets, three lodging
houses, two blacksmith shops, livery stable, auto livery, two garages,
harness shop, hardware store, music store, two shingle mills, two barber
shops and two millinery stores. Soil is well adapted to fruit culture.
Logged-off lands available at reasonable prices. Has steamer connection
with Portland. About 10,000 acres of tide lands are in process of recla-
mation, about 6,000 having been diked and much of it in cultivation and
under production.
GoBLE (Frank Bishop, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1913. Altitude
about 30 feet; area, 320 acres; population about 200. On main line of
S., P. & S. railroad and one-half mile distant from the Goble, Nehalem
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 121
& Pacific railroad. Also situated on the Columbia river, twelve miles
north of St. Helens, the countv seat; six miles south of Rainier; banking
point. Express, Great Northern and Northern ; Western Union telegraph
and Pacific Telegraph & Telephone Company. Two teachers in the
public school receive salaries of $75 and $85, respectively. City mar-
shal is compensated under the fee system. Average daily wage for
common labor, $2 and $2.50, and for man and team, $5 to $6. One public
school building is valued at $3,500; one church, Episcopal, at $500; Red-
men's hall at $3,000, and other public buildings at $3,000. Gravity water
works system is under private ownership, the average cost for service
to the household being $1.50 per month. Principal industries in and
surrounding the town are: Logging, lumbering and salmon fishing.
Among the industrial and business establishments located in and near
the community are: A fish packing plant, two sawmills, two general
stores, hardware store, meat market, shoemaker and barber.
*Rainier (William Reid, Mayor) — Situated forty-six miles northwest
of Portland, on the Astoria branch of the S., P. & S. railroad, and on the
Columbia River, giving it unsurpassed shipping facilities either by ocean,
river or rail. Incorporated in 1885, covers an area of two square miles,
and has a population of 2,500. One public school, employing fourteen
teachers. Four churches, Catholic, Church of God, Congregational and
Methodist. Rainier has a bank, four sawmills, sash and door factory,
creamery, steam laundry, two newspapers (Rainier Review, weekly;
Senator, monthly) ; free reading rooms, moving picture theaters, soap
factory, and numerous general and special stores. Twenty-five saw-
mills in immediate vicinity. Iron deposits close by. Fishing is an impor-
tant industry. Volunteer fire department. City gravity water system.
City expenses, $4,000 per year. Eleven passenger boats and twelve
trains daily. Splendid opportunities are offered for almost any kind of
manufacturing, farming, fruit growing, poultry raising, dairying, and,
in fact, any vocation one may wish to follow.
St. Helens (S. C. Morton, Mayor)— County seat of Columbia
County. Incorporated in 1889. Founded in 1849 by Captain Knighton.
Altitude, 60 to 150 feet; area, 800 acres; population estimated at 3,300;
assessed valuation of city property, $900,000; bonded indebtedness,
$25,000. Located on the Columbia River and the S., P. & S. railroad,
28 miles below Portland. Thirteen teachers are employed in the public
schools at salaries ranging from $60 to $100 per month. Two city
marshals receive a combined monthly salary of $150. Average daily
wage of skilled labor is $3.75 to $7; unskilled, $2.50, and man and team,
$5. Estimated monthly payroll of St. Helens and tributary logging
camps is $100,000. Two public school buildings, including high school,
are valued at $25,000; city hall, $9,000; I. O. O. F. hall, $3,000; Masonic
hall, $12,000; county court house (solid stone), $60,000, and six churches,
Catholic, Congregational, Episcopal, three Methodist Episcopal, at $12,500.
City owns gravity water system and furnishes private families at the
rate of $1.25 per month. Electric lighting system is under private own-
ership. Included among the fraternal organizations represented are the
Masons, Odd Fellows, Artisans, Knights of Pythias, Yeomen, Redmen,
Foresters, Maccabees and Beavers. The principal industries in and
around the city are farming, dairying, ship-building, rock-quarrying,
lumbering, milling and manufacturing, and salmon fishing. Chief among
the industrial and business enterprises located in and near the city are:
Two sawmills, one having a capacity of 200,000 feet per day of 24 hours;
ship yard, building an average of one steam schooner every three months
for coastwise trade, besides numerous smaller craft; city pioneer in
building large motor vessels for off-shore trade; piling and cedar pole
yard shipping millions of feet annually; creosoting plant; two rock quar-
*Froin 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
122 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
ries, producing' Belgian blocks; nine general stores, three grocery stores,
four hotels, four restaurants, four pool rooms, three meat markets, three
blacksmith shops, creamery, two weekly newspapers, bakery, bank, jew-
elry store, plumbing shop, drug store, and two fishing companies. Good
opportunity for creamery, cold storage plant, sash and door factory, box
factory, shingle mill, cannery, packing plant. The town of St. Helens
now embraces the former incorporated town of Houlton within its limits.
*Vernonia (C. a. Mills, President of Council) — Incorporated in 1891.
Altitude, 900 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 70. Situated 25 miles
from the Columbia River and 16 miles from Buxton. Two teachers of
the public school receive $65 and $100 per month, respectively. Average
daily wage of skilled labor is $4; common labor, $2.25 and $2.50, and
man and team, $5. One public school building is valued at $8,000, and
one church, the Evangelical Association, has property valued at $3,000.
Principal industries in the vicinity are farming and dairying. Large
quantities of valuable timber exists on the adjacent hills, awaiting the
coming of railroad facilities for development. Extensive coal deposits
are also known to exist near the town. There are two general stores,
blacksmith shop, and one drug store. No physician.
COOS COUNTY
(Coquille, County Seat)
Coos is one of the central seacoast counties. It is bounded on the
north and east by Douglas and on the south by Curry County, and on the
west by the Pacific Ocean. The population is 20,015 (United States
census, 1910, 17,959); of these, 80 per cent are United States born; of
the foreign 20 per cent about one-third are Scandinavian, the remaining
two-thirds being made up principally of Canadians, English, Irish and
Scotch. West central part of the county is traversed by Coos Bay, Rose-
burg and Eastern railroad (Southern Pacifc) and the Willamette Pacific
railroad (also Southern Pacific), which was completed from Eugene,
Lane County, to Marshfield, Coos County, this year, providing the first
means of rail transportation for the county's products to the markets.
The county is provided with ample transportation facilities by steamship
for coastwise and transoceanic traffic. The total area of the county
is 1,189,600 acres. There are 17,239 acres unappropriated and unre-
served, of which 15,979 acres are surveyed. There are 121,045 acres of
the O. and C. grant lands located in this county, that portion of which
found suited to agriculture will be thrown open to homestead entry as
soon as classified. (See "Oregon and California Land Grant Lands" in
this report.) Of the assessed appropriated land, 20,839 acres are culti-
vated and 811,160 acres are uncultivated, of which about 200,000 acres
are tillable. The assessed value of land in this county averages $84.86
for cultivated and $17.21 for uncultivated. The United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture places the average value of farm land in Coos
County at between $25 and $50 per acre. The total assessed value of
taxable property in this county in 1916 was $18,929,545, which is 66 per
cent of the actual value of such property. There are 835 1-2 mile_s of
public highways in this county, of which one mile is hard-surfaced, 107 1-2
miles macadamized and graveled, 650 miles of earth, and 77 miles of
plank road. The assessed value of public service corporation properties is
$8,351,135.16. Streams suitable for logging purposes flow through county.
The surface is hilly and mountainous. The climate is mild and the water
supply abundant. About one-half of the whole area is heavily timbered
with fine cedar, spruce and hemlock. There is much tideland or "slough
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 191G obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 123
bottom," which may be reclaimed by diking: and draininpr. When drained
these soils produce excellent crops of grrass and vegetables. The soils
are larprely alluvial and with an addition of lime and muriate of potash
would become most excellent for fruit culture. All varieties do well. The
soil of the upland, constitutinj-: perhaps nine-tenths of the whole area,
is red in color. The underlying- rock is a sandstone of the Eocene forma-
tive period, and contributes'largely to the formation of the soil. Analysis
shows the soil strong in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, but weak in lime
and potash, and in its natural state should grow small fruits, sunflowers,
fl?x and corn to advantage. This soil, however, is short-lived and needs
intelligent handling for permanent results. The amount of merchantable
standing timber in the county, as determined by a recent cruise, is
20,000,000,000 feet board measure. The natural forest growth is alder,
Douglas fir, spruce, cedar, myrtle, and vine maple. Oxalis and reeds are
also abundant. A variety of soft coal is found and mined to a gi-eat
extent, and retails for fuel at $3 to $4 per ton. (Mineral products, page
105.) Wood is also used for fuel and sells for $2.50 to $6 per cord.
Dairy farming and fruitgrowing are pursued to a considerable extent.
There are 265 dairy farms and 17 creameries in this county. A stren-
uous effort is being made to improve the condition of the roads, which
at present are in bad condition. The mean temperature throughout the
spring months is 50.6 degrees; summer, 58.6 degrees; fall, 54.8 degrees,
and winter, 47.2 degrees. The normal precipitation per season is: Spring,
14 02 inches; summer, 5.62 inches; fall, 21.66 inches, and winter, 29.31
inches— total annual, 70.61 inches. There are 4 sawmills, 11 saw and
planing mills, 1 sawmill and box factory, 3 shingle mills, 3 planing
mills, and one furniture factory. Among the other industrial plants
are found boat-building, creameries, ice and cold storage, excelsior mills,
electric light plants, fish canneries, furniture, laundries, machine and
repair shops, evaporated milk, printing, woolen mills, and railway shops.
Coos County produces the principal amount of coal in Oregon, with 40
square miles of coal area. The 1912 shipment of butter reached 1,105,025
pounds. This county claims to rank second in the State in the shipment
of dairy products, San Francisco being the market. The yield per acre
of the principal crops is claimed to be as follows: Wheat, 40 to 60 bush-
els; oats, 40 to 130 bushels; corn, 25 to 50 bushels; peas, 40 to 75
bushels; potatoes, 230 to 500 bushels; beets, 17 to 25 tons; hay, 2 to 5
tons at a single cutting.
Bandon (George P. Topping, Mayor)— Incorporated in 1891. Alti-
tude, 25 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 3,500. Situated on the Pacific
Ocean at the mouth of the Coquille River, 22 miles from Coquille, Willam-
ette Pacific Railroad, the nearest railroad point on the Coos Bay, Rose-
burg & Eastern. Assessed valuation of town property is $860,410;
bonded indebtedness, $40,000. Twenty-three teachers in the public schools
receive from $60 to $150 per month. Three policemen receive from $70
to $80 per month. Daily wage for skilled labor is $3.50 to $10; common
labor, $2.50, and man and team, $6. Three public school buildings are
valued at $60,000; nine churches, Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Episcopal,
Latter Day Saints, Methodist Episcopal, Methodist (South), Presbyterian
and United Brethren represent a property valuation of $15,000; United
States lighthouse, two theaters, two banks, city hall, skating rink, etc.,
have a combined valuation of $150,000. Tonnage over the Coquille River
bar from this port for the year 1913 follows: Lumber, 87,586,000 feet,
an increase of 12,817,000 feet over the previous year's shipments; 177,669
ties (5,685,000 feet) ; piling, 3,421 pieces; poles, 5,019; shingles, 5,325,000
pieces; match wood, 563 cords; shocks, 223,539 pieces; splints. 2,9.d7
bundles; slices, 9,996 bundles; coal, 803 tons; salmon, 4,057 cases; freight,
outgoing, 2,378 tons; incoming, 17,884 tons; passengers, outgoing 2,400,
incoming 2,224. Well equipped volunteer fire department. Electric
light plant privately owned and gi-avity water system owned by the city.
124 SEVENTH BIENNIAL RJ^PORT OF THE
Cost of light is 50 cents per 16 candlepower per month, and of water $1
per month per family. Amonj? the principal industries are lumbering,
ship building, shipping, salmon fishing and canning, dairying, manufac-
turing, farming and stock raising. The undeveloped resources of the
vicinity are coal mining, oil, sea fishing, dairying, agriculture and manu-
facturing. Bandon is well equipped with all kinds of mercantile, business
and professional establishments, including two hotels, two lodging houses,
four restaurants, broom factory, two ship yards, two salmon canneries,
two newspapers, creamery, two warehouses, cigar factory, two foundries
and several sawmills in the vicinity. Good opportunity is offered for
milk condenser and sardine cannery. Steamers ply from Bandon to San
Francisco, San Pedro, San Diego, Portland and all way coast ports.
Included in the list of regular shippers from this port are nine sawmills,
four planing mills, one shingle mill, woolen mill, two shipyards, five
creameries, two salmon canneries, one fruit cannery.
Beaver Hill (T. C. Russell, Mayor)— Postoffice, Marshfield—
Incorporated in 1895. Altitude, 10 feet; population, 149. On line of
Coos Bay, Roseburg & Eastern railroad, and one mile from the Coquille
River. Assessed valuation of town property, $65,000, with no indebted-
ness. One public school, constructed since 1910 census, value $500; two
teachers receive $80 and $85 per month. Skilled labor receives $3.25
and $5 per day; common labor, $2.25, and man and team, $6. Electric
light plant and gravity water system are under private ownership. The
principal industries are coal mining and lumbering. Mail for Beaver
Hill should be addressed "via Marshfield."
Coquille (E. E. Johnson, Mayor) — The county seat of Coos County.
Was incorporated under the last charter of the laws of 1901; covers an
area of 320 acres, and has a population of 2,500. The assyssed valua-
tion of all town property is $650,000, with an indebtedness of $40,000.
The altitude is 69 feet. Two schoolhouses have a valuation of $25,000,
and 13 teachers are employed at salaries ranging from $65 to $100.
Seven churches. Advent, Catholic, Christian, Episcopal, Methodist Epis-
copal, Methodist (South), Presbyterian and Universalist, with buildings
valued at $18,500. The court house, city hall and hose house are valued
at $40,000; concrete addition to court house, $30,000. It is situated on
the Coos Bay, Roseburg & Eastern Railroad & Navigation Company's
line on the Coquille River. The city marshal and one deputy receive $70
a month each. The daily wage of common labor is $2.50; skilled labor,
$3.50 to $5, and man and team, $5. An electric light plant under private
ownership furnishes light at a reasonable rate. The city owns a gravity
water system and supplies private families at $1 a month, with extra
for bath and toilet. The principal industries are lumbering, manufac-
turing, dairying, fishing and fruit raising. Agriculture and manufac-
turing are partially developed. City and farm properties, especially
daily lands, are obtainable at reasonable prices. Established in the city
are a sawmill, furniture factory, cement block factory, creamery, steam
laundry, fruit and vegetable cannery, ice plant and box factory.
East Side (R. C. Kittson, Mayor)— Population, 250. Across Coos
Bay from Marshfield, the shipping and banking point. Settled in 1860.
A ferry connects the place with Marshfield.
*Empire (C. G. Hockett, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1885. Covers
an area of about 100 acres and has a population of about 147. The
assessed valuation of town property is $70,000, with no indebtedness. It
is situated upon Coos Bay harbor. The altitude is 25 feet. One public
school building is valued at $3,000, and one teacher receives a salary of
$75. The average daily wage for common labor is $2.25; for skilled
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 125
labor, $3.50 and $4, and for man and team, $6. The principal industries
are lumbering, fishine: and dairying, all of which are in the early stages
of development. There is a general merchandise store and a salmon
cannery.
Marshfield (R. A. Copple, Mayor) — Located on Coos Bay, slightly
above sea level, 13 miles from the Pacific Ocean, and has a channel 300
feet wide and 25 feet deep at low water; bar or entrance depth of bay
now 33 feet at low tide. The government dredge Col. P. S. Michie was
built for Coos Bay and can dredge and maintain a bar depth of from 36 to
40 feet after the year 1916. Inner harbor capable of any development de-
sired at a minimum cost. Area, 1,200 acres; population, 5,000 (estimated).
Regular steamer service between Portland and San Francisco and other
points. The tonnage passing in and out over the bar is valued at more
than six millions of dollars annually. Situated on the Willamette-Pacific,
a part of the Southern Pacific system, between Eugene, in Lane County,
and Coos Bay. Daily train equipped with new steel coaches and known
as the "Coos Bay Limited," operated between Coos County and Portland;
also daily freight service. This line was just completed at a cost of
over twelve millions of dollars, and will, sooner or later, be extended
southward to Eureka, California, and become the main line. Marshfield
is the gateway to the Coquille Valley, where thousands of acres of rich
vallev lands are yet undeveloped.
Assessed valuation of city property is $2,920,139; bonded indebted-
ness, $54,000; 33 teachers in public schools receiving salaries of from
$70 to $125 per month; city superintendent receives $2,250 per year.
Chief of police receives $100 per month, and four officers $90 per month
each. Volunteer fire department, well equipped. New auto-driven fire
engine recently added to equipment cost $9,500. Two public school build-
ings, one (high) valued at $65,000, and the other (a grade school) valued
at $50,000. New gymnasium in close proximity to high school, costing
$10,000. City hall is valued at $7,000, and Carnegie library building at
$12,500. Special street improvements during the past year cost $25,000,
although the cost per annum for the three preceding years was several
times said amount. City is provided with electric and gas lighting
facilities, and a gravity water system, all under private control. Streets
well lighted and kept. School system ranks high, the curriculum
including all modern branches. Moving picture shows, opera houses,
fraternal orders, etc. There are ten churches. Baptist, Christian, Meth-
odist, Presbyterian, Episcopal, Swedish Lutheran, Norwegian, Christian
Science, Seventh Day Advent and Catholic.
The principal industries are lumbering, fishing, coal, mining, dairying,
truck gardening and general farming. Coos Bay is an excellent deep
water harbor midway between Puget Sound and San Francisco; is sur-
rounded by over 450 square miles of land undei'laid with coal (sub-
bituminous), the only proven coal fields in Oregon. Billions of feet of
merchantable timber immediately tributary to this harbor, as well as
thousands of acres of the very finest dairy lands. The completion of
the Southern Pacific line and the low i-ates east on lumber products now
in effect offers special inducements to wood-working establishments,
such as box factories, sash and door factories, furniture factories, novelty
factories, pulp mills, planing mills and other kindred pursuits, such as
shipbuilding, creosoting plants, etc. Marshfield is the metropolis of
Coos County, and that section has untold natural advantages and many
openings for capitalists, investors, etc. The country is rich and new
and needs outside capital to hasten development.
*Myrtle Point (W. Taylor Dement, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1887.
Covers an area of 240 acres, and has 1,000 inhabitants. The assessed
valuation of town property is $400,000, with a bonded indebtedness of
$42,000. It is the eastern terminal of the Coos Bay, Roseburg & Eastern
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
12G SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Railroad & Navipration Company line, and is situated on the Coquille
River. The altitude is 73 feet. Three public school buildings are valued
at $35,000. Ten teachers are employed at salaries ranj^ine: from $50 to
$125 a month. Seven churches. Adventist, Baptist (German), Christian,
Latter Day Saints, Methodist Episcopal, Methodist (South) and Presby-
terian, represent an ag-gregrate value of $12,000. The city marshal is
paid a salary of $60 a month. Daily wage for common labor, $2.50;
skilled labor, $4; man and team, $5. A private corporation owns the
electric light plant, which furnishes light on a en'aduated scale of rates,
with a minimum of 50 cents a month per light. The g:ravitv water system
is under public ownership and the rate to families is $1.10 a month.
Principal among: the industries are: Lumbering, farming, dairying,
truck gardening, fruit culture, stock raisinj;, and gold, copper and coal
mining. There are two banks, two hotels, restaurant, three livery and
feed stables, two meat markets, three blacksmith shops, two barber shops,
six general merchandise stores, three hardwai-e and implement stores,
farm implement house, two notion stores, two confectioneries, two harness
shops, boot and shoe store, g-ents' furnishing store, two drug stores, three
physicians, two dentists, three newspapers, cigar factory, millinery shoo,
three real estate agencies, five attorneys, two opera houses, billiard hall,
furniture factory, cheese and butter factory, and two sawmills. There is
need of a fruit and vegetable cannery, brick and tile factory, sawmills
and other woodworking mills.
North Bend (E. F. Russell, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1903. Covers
an area of 2,500 acres and has a population of 2,078. The assessed
valuation of city property is $1,207,477, with a bonded indebtedness of
$30,000. North Bend is at sea level, situated upon a peninsula in Coos
Bay and distant three miles from the line of the Coos Bay, Roseburg &
Eastern railroad. Two public schoolhouses are valued at $75,000. Nine-
teen teachers are employed at salaries ranging from $60 to $150 a month.
The town has seven churches, representing various denominations, and
city hall valued at $2,000. The city marshal and night watchman receive
$75 and $90, respectively, a month. Common labor, $2.25 a day; skilled
labor, $3.50; man and team, $6 a day. The city is provided with both
gas and electric light facilities, and consumers pay at the rate of 10 cents
a kilowatt hour for electric lights. A gravity water system furnishes
the water supply at the minimum rate of $1.50 per family. Both plants
are under private ownership. The principal industries are lumbering,
dairying, coal mining, ship building and manufacturing. Located in the
city are three sawmills, box factory, shingle mill, ice plant, sash and
door factory, milk condenser, iron foundry, machine shops, printing plants,
shipyards. Coal mining, the product of which is of a high grade, gives
prornise of developing into one of the leading resources of this district.
There is also a good field for the establishment of pulp and paper mills
and wood-working mills of all kinds, as fuel is cheap and plentiful.
CROOK COUNTY
(Prineville, County Seat)
Crook County is located in the central part of the State. It is
bounded on the west by Deschutes County; on the north by Jef-
ferson and Wheeler counties; on the east by Grant and Harney counties,
and on the south by Lake and Klamath counties. The population is
14,319 (United States census, 1910, 9,315) ; of these, 91 per cent are
United States born, of the foreign-born 9 per cent, about .1 are English,
the remaining .9 being made up principally of Canadians, Germans, Irish,
Scandinavians and Swiss. The total area of the county is 3,825,920
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 127
acres. Of these 970,532 acres are unappropriated public lands, 969,272
acres of which have been surveyed. The United States Department of
Agriculture gives the average value of farm land at between $10 and
$25 per acre. Of the assessed land, about 200,000 acres are cultivated
and 1,339,856 are uncultivated, of which about one-half is tillable. The
average assessed value of land in this county is $7.30 for cultivated, and
$1 62 for uncultivated. The total assessed value of taxable property m
this county in 1916 was $7,909,170, not including $504,518.92 assessed
valuation of property of public service corporations, all of which repre-
sents 53 per cent of actual valuations, as determined by the State Tax
Commission. From the northern part of Crook County the County of
Jefferson was created at the general election, November, 1914, which
took away about 4,000 of its original population and 1,800 square miles
of its area. The State of Oregon has completed the Tumalo irrigation
project, in the Deschutes Valley west of the Deschutes river, with 22,500
acres under water. The Deschutes river, with its tributaries, is capable
of developing over 1,000,000 horse power. There are 3,820 miles of
public highways in the county, of which 20 miles are macadamized or
graveled and 3,800 miles of earth roads.
Deschutes, Crooked, Ochoco, Trout, Metolius, Turnello, and Camp
McKay are the principal streams. The rock formation in the west and
south is a combination of Eocene and Miocene; in the east and north a
combination of Cretaceous and pre-Cretaceous. The surface is made up
of level plains and rolling uplands. The soil is largely composed of silt
(mud, or fine earth deposited from running or standing water). This
soil is of the most excellent texture, light gray in color, darkening slightly
when moistened. It is rich in potash and lime, but poor m phosphoric
acid and humus. The soil could be greatly improved by the use of green
fertilizers. The soil, if irrigated, would grow small fruits, hemp and
hops. There is abundance of yellow pine in the county. There are 75,508
acres of timberland on the assessment roll of the county. The principal
crops grown at present are hay, rye, barley and oats. Cattle, sheep and
horses are raised extensively. There are 13 sawmills and 8 saw and
planing mills. Among the other industrial plants there are flour mills,
light and water plants, and machine and repair shops. There are gold
and silver mines yielding ore valued at $133 a ton. (Mineral products,
page 105.) The roads of the county are under a supervisor and are all
in good condition. The mean temperature for the spring months is 45.1
degrees; summer, 59.9 degrees; fall, 48.1 degrees, and winter, 32.8 degrees.
The normal precipitation per season is: Spring, 2.81 inches; summer,
3.18 inches; fall, 2.22 inches, and winter, 3.17 inches — total annual, 11.38
inches.
Note. — At the general election, held in November. 1916, Crook County
was divided and the new county of Deschutes was created of the western
portion of Crook. The county seat of Deschutes County has not yet been
chosen, but a temporary system of county government has been organized
by the appointment of W. D. Barnes, of Tumalo, as County Judge; A. L.
Mackintosh, of Bend, and L. E. Smith, of Redmond, as Commissioners,
constituting the county court.)
*Prineville (D. F. Stewart, Mayor)— County seat. Incorporated in
1887. Altitude, 2,860 feet; area, 980 acres; population, 1,500. Situated
18 miles east of Redmond, the nearest railroad point on the lines of the
Oregon Trunk (Great Northern) and O.-W. R. & N. railroads, m a
valley at the junction of Ochoco and McKay creeks with Crooked River.
Assessed valuation, $550,000; bonded indebtedness, $10,000. Six teachers
are employed in the high school, whose salaries average $1,150 per school
year, and eight teachers employed in the giammar schools at an average
salary of $70 per month. Two school buildings, high and grammar
'From 1914 report. No corrected data for liUC obtainable.
128 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
grades, aggregate a value of $70,000. County courthouse cost $100,000.
City marshal and night watchman receive a salary of $75 per month each.
Average daily wage of skilled labor is $3.50 to $5; common labor, $2.50,
and man with team, $5. There are two banks, with total deposits of
$1,000,000; four churches, seven general stores, one men's furnishing store,
three drug stores, hardware store, implement store, two furniture stores,
two secondhand stores, jewelry store, two harness shops, creamery, two
plumbing shops, two meat markets, boot and shoe shop, cigar factory,
two telephone offices, two weekly newspapers, photograph gallery, under-
taking parlor, two livery stables, feed yard, billiard hall, four black-
smiths, two milliners, flour and feed mill, two planing mills, two machine
shops, two garages, two good hotels, hospital, moving picture show, two
abstract offices, five physicians, two dentists, eight lawyers, one osteo-
path, six surveyors, steam laundry and bakery. New sewer system in
contemplation. City is surrounded by immensely rich valley agricultural
lands capable of being irrigated, and half of which is now practically
under irrigation. Farming under irrigation and by dry-farming meth-
ods, and dairying are the principal industries. Principal crops are
alfalfa, wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes and vegetables. The hills
afford abundant pasture for thousands of cattle and sheep. Within 10
miles of town are 10,000,000,000 feet of timber. Good opening for a
brick yard, creamery and cold storage plant.
CURRY COUNTY
(Gold Beach, County Seat)
Curry is a southern seacoast county. It is bounded on the north by
Coos County, on the east by Josephine County, on the south by Cali-
fornia, on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The population is 2,543
(United States census, 1910, 2,044) ; of these, 82 per cent are United
States born; of the foreign 18 per cent about one- fourth are Scandi-
navians, the remaining three-fourths being made up principally of Cana-
dians, English, Germans, and Irish. The total area of the county is
1,709,900 acres. There are 38,694 acres unappropriated and unreserved,
of which 35,993 acres are surveyed. There are 23,400 acres of the O.
& C. grant lands located in this county, that portion of which found
suited to agriculture will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon
as classified. (See "Oregon and California Land Grant Lands" in this
report). Of the assessed appropriated land, 3,500 acres are cultivated
and 320,000 acres are uncultivated, of which about 100,000 acres are
tillable. The average assessed value of all land in this county is $10.80.
The Department of Agriculture places the average value of farm lands
at between $10 and $25 per acre. The total value of taxable property
in this county in 1916 was $4,633,755, not including $15,867.32, the
assessed value of public service corporation property. These values
represent 87 per cent of the actual valuations, as determined by the
State Tax Commission. There are 155 miles of public highways, of
which 45 miles are macadamized and graveled, and 110 miles of earth
roads. The total expended upon roads and bridges for 1915 was $28,000.
and provided for 1916, $33,000. The amount expended from 1911 to 1914,
inclusive, was $68,000. There were 12,000 square yards of gravel and
rock hauled upon the roads in 1914; 17,000 square yards in 1915, and
26,000 square yards in 1916. The average wage for skilled labor is
$4 per day for 1916, as compared to $3 in 1915, and for unskilled labor,
$2.50 per day, the same as in 1915.
The surface is mostly rough and mountainous. There is abundance
of water power from numerous rivers and streams, but little is as yet
used. The rock formation of a narrow strip along the coast is Pleisto-
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 129
cene; the rest of the county is of Cretaceous and pre-Cretaceous struc-
ture. The soil is very similar to that of Coos County, having an under-
lying rock of sandstone. The soil is sufficiently rich in lime and phos-
phoric acid to grow anything suited to the clim'ate. This soil is short-
lived and requires scientific farming. The culture of berries and other
small fruits should be most profitable, especially on the slough bottoms.
The native forest growth is alder, intermingled with Douglas fir, spruce,
cedar, and vine maple. Clover grows luxuriantly, especially on the red
uplands. Apples, cherries, small fruits and vegetables should grow well
on this soil. This county, with abundance of splendid timber, swift rivers
and streams, many indications of coal deposits, and natural harbor facil-
ities, promises much along the lines of manufacturing. (Mineral products
for 1915, page 105.) Products of the farm are the principal things
exported, and consist of vegetables, hay, cattle, butter, sheep, hogs, wool
and hides. The salmon fisheries at the mouth of the Rogue River con-
stitute an important industry. Wood fuel is used and costs about $2.50
a cord. There are two sawmills, two saw and planing mills, and one
saw and shingle mill. There are also fish canneries employing 50 men
at about $2.50 a day, and 20 women at about $1.50 a day. Industries
would be greatly facilitated by the presence of a railroad. The climate
is mild and the water supply good. The mean temperature during the
spring months is 49.5 degrees; summer, 56.8 degrees; fall, 54.6 degrees,
and winter, 48.1 degrees. The normal precipitation per season is : Spring,
19.35 inches; summer, 4.14 inches; fall, 20.57 inches, and winter, 40.05
inches — total annual, 84.11 inches.
*Brookings — Altitude, 1.35 feet. Population, 500. At deep sea har-
bor. Near mouth of Chetco river. Water transportation to San Fran-
cisco. Stage to Crescent City, California, and Grants Pass, Oregon.
Telephone. New sawmill, electrically operated, one of the finest on the
coast and one of the largest in Oregon. Electric lighting and water-
works system privately owned. High and graded public school. Non-
denominational Sunday school. Bank; capital and surplus, $30,000.
*GoLD Beach — County seat of Curry County. Has a population of
265. It is situated on the coast at the mouth of the Rogue River, at an
altitude of 100 feet. One public school building, valued at $5,000. Three
teachers employed at $60, $80 and $90 per month. The average wage
for common labor is $2.25 per day; skilled labor, $4, and man and team,
$6. The principal industries are lumbering, fishing and stock raising.
Has a bank, two hotels, one general merchandise store, a good newspaper,
blacksmith shop, barber shop, one hardware store, one drug store, and
livery and feed stables. It is surrounded by fine bodies of timber and
a most excellent stock and dairy country.
Port Orford (Oregon Almanac, 1915) — Altitude, 54 feet; population,
200. On Pacific Ocean; on Port Orford Harbor, which will permit heavy
draft seagoing vessels to dock at the wharves nine months of the year.
Dairying and timbered country surrounding. Dairying, lumbering and
livestock. Railroad ties, lumber, matchwood, shingles (manufactured
from famous Port Orford white cedar), hay, oats, butter and wool. An
extensive agate beach is found north of the town. Agate Carnival held
in August. Good deep sea fishing, camping and agate hunting on the
beaches. The Battle of Battle Rock is celebrated annually in commemo-
ration of a desperate fight which took place between the Indians and the
first white people who landed there. High and graded public schools.
Union and Episcopal churches. Commercial club. Weekly paper. Women
of Woodcraft and Woodmen of the World lodges. Bank.
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 191G obtainable.
Sig. 5.
130 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
DESCHUTES COUNTY
(Bend, temporary County Seat)
At the general election, held in November, 1916, Crook County was
divided and the new county of Deschutes was created of the western
portion of Crook. The county seat of Deschutes County has not yet
been chosen (probably Bend), but a temporary system of county govei-n-
ment has been organized by the appointment of W. D. Barnes, of Tumalo,
as County Judge; A. L. Mackintosh, of Bend, and L. E. Smith, of Red-
mond, as Commissioners, constituting the county court.
*Bend (J. A. Eastes, Mayor) — Incorporated January 14, 1905. Had
a population July 1, 1912, of 1,760. The assessed valuation of town
property was $390,820 in 1913, with no indebtedness. Bonds in the
sum of $60,000 were voted in July, 1912, for a sewer system. The alti-
tude is 3,600 feet. One public school building is valued at $10,000,
another at $22,000. Eleven teachers are employed at salaries ranging
from $70 to $166 per month. Bend has a high school. There are four
church organizations, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Catholic. Fire
house, fire equipment and jail are valued at $3,500. The town is sit-
uated on the Oregon Trunk railway and the Deschutes line of the Oregon-
Washington Railroad & Navigation Company. The nearest navigable
stream is the Columbia river, 156 miles north. Two police officers receive
salaries of $100 a month each. The daily wage for common labor is
$2.25 to $2.50; skilled labor, $4.50; man and team, $6. The city has
electric light and water systems operated by a private corporation. The
principal industries are farming and lumber manufacturing. Bend is
situated on the Deschutes River, a mountain stream of considerable
volume, which is capable of developing 250,000 horsepower within 10
miles of Bend. The waters of this stream are also used for irrigating
purposes. Two irrigation projects embracing 240,000 acres are directly
tributary. Bend has flour mill, creamery, ice factory, brick yard, four
sawmills, two drug stores, steam laundry, three furniture stores, federal
forestry office, eight hotels, two livery stables, two blacksmith shops,
three grocery stores, three genei-al stores, three hardware stores, three
clothing stores, bakery, six restaurants, four barber shops, harness shop,
telegraph and telephone office, daily newspaper and printing plant,
two banks, two motion picture theaters, two meat markets, candy store,
two machine shops, public library and museum, dentist, two physicians,
four law firms, photograph studio, commercial club, six fraternal lodges.
Redmond (Dr. J. F. Hosch, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1910. Altitude,
3,000 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 700. Situated on the Oregon
Trunk (Great Northern) and O.-W. R. & N. railroads, 140 miles south
of the Columbia River and 21 miles west of Prineville, the county seat.
Assessed valuation of town property is $182,000; bonded indebtedness,
$35,000. Six school teachers receive $60 to $100 per month. City marshal
receives $83.50 per month. Volunteer fire department; members receive
$2 each per call. Skilled labor receives $4 to $7 per day; common labor.
$2.50, and man and team, $5.50. One school building is valued at $10,000,
and five churches, Adventist, Catholic, Congregational, Methodist and
Presbyterian, are valued at $10,000. Electric light plant is under private
ownership and cost of service is reasonable. Water system is owned by
the city (pumping and gravity) and the minimum rate to consumers is
$1.25, and 30 cents per 100 cubic feet over 300 cubic feet. Agriculture,
under irrigation and dry-farming methods, and stock raising are the
principal industries. Among the industrial and commercial enterprises
established in and near the community are: A flour and grist mill,
creamery, wood-working shop, two banks, two general stores, four gro-
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1!I16 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS . 131
ceries, bakery, two meat markets, two furniture stores, three barber
shops, two hotels, two livery stables and two hardware stores. Town is
surrounded by a large body of merchantable timber and immense area
of stock and farminp: lands to be reclaimed by irrigation; also some
excellent power possibilities remaining undeveloped in the vicinity.
Among the needs of the community are a canning factory, starch factory,
meat packing plant, woolen mill, cheese factory and wood-working plant.
DOUGLAS COUNTY
(Roseburg, County Seat)
Douglas County comprises what is known as the Umpqua Valley
region. It is bounded on the Avest by Coos County and the Pacific
Ocean, on the south by Josephine and Jackson Counties, on the north by
Lane County, and on the east by Klamath County. The population is
23,325 (United States census, 1910, 19,674) ; of this, 89 per cent are
United States born; of the foreign 11 per cent about one-fourth are
Germans, and three-fourths are made up principally of English, Scandi-
navians, Irish and Canadians. The total area of the county is 3,076,460
acres. There are 38,803 acres of unappropriated and unreserved land,
of which 33,843 acres are surveyed. There are 650,418 acres of the
0. and C. grant lands located in this county, that portion of which found
suited to agriculture will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as
classified. (See "Oregon and California Land Grant Lands" in this
report.) Of the assessed appropriated land, 98,070 acres are cultivated
and 1.868,855 acres are uncultivated, of which about 500,100 acres are
tillable. The average assessed value of all land in this county is $9.73
per acre. The Department of Agriculture gives the average farm value
of land in Douglas County at between $25 and $50 per acre. The total
assessed value of taxable property in this county for the year 1916 was
$21,668,615, not including $6,207,541.50 assessed value of property of
public service corporations within county. These values represent 74
per cent of the actual valuations, as determined by State Tax Commis-
sion. There are 2,000 miles of public highways in this county, of which
two miles are macadamized, 300 miles are graveled, 1,700 miles of earth
and four miles of planked roads. The average wage for skilled labor
is $3.25 to $4 per day, and for unskilled labor $2.50 to $3.
The land is about 10 per cent stone, 20 per cent mineral, 30 per cent
rolling agricultural land, 20 per cent level agricultural land, and about
5 per cent mountainous. The rivers and springs afford excellent water-
power. The rock formation is principally Eocene, with a small amount
of Cretaceous. In the valleys the soil is alluvial, deep, rich in all the
essentials, and highly productive. The soil of the southern central part
on the benches and hills is rich and deep and well adapted to fruit cul-
ture. Water is found at a depth of 30 feet, more or less, and is soft.
The natural forest growth is fir, cedar, hemlock, laurel, yellow and
sugar pine, oak and spruce. Wheat, corn, oats, barley, alfalfa, clover,
vetch, hops, cattle, sheep, hogs, goats, poultry, horses, fruits, nuts, ber-
ries and vegetables are raised. Besides these the soil is especially
adapted to the growing of flax, hemp, melons and other products. Over
7,000,000 pounds of pi-unes were shipped from the county in 1912. Hops
are raised to a considerable extent, and the acreage could be very prof-
itably increased. Rivers, railroads and fair county roads make trans-
portation comparatively easy. There are also mineral springs vnth cur-
ative qualities. The county is rich in minerals. There are gold mines
which yield quartz valued at $12 per ton, and nickel mines producing
ore of 24 per cent value, a platinum mine, a copper mine yielding 2 per
cent ore. Building-stone and marble are quarried extensively. Coal is
132 . SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
found in quantities in the county. There are cinnabar mines, and prob-
ably much mineral wealth that has not yet been discovered. (Mineral
products for 1915, page 105.) Next to aj^riculture in importance is the
timber industry, there being five sawmills, seven saw and planing mills,
and two planing mills. Among other industrial plants are brickyards,
ice plant, creameries, electric light and power plants, flour and feed
mill, fruit canneries, fish canneries, laundries, railroad shops, printing
plants, and tanneries. Wood is used for fuel largely, and is worth from
$3.50 to $6 per cord. The climate is mild and healthful. The mean
temperature during the spring months is 51.7 degrees; summer, 63.3
degrees; fall, 56.3 degrees; winter, 44.1 degrees. The normal precipita-
tion per season is: Spring, 13.55 inches; summer, 2.38 inches; fall, 11.17
inches, and winter, 22.38 inches — total annual, 49.48 inches.
*Canyonville (Zed Chaney, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1901. Covers
an area of 150 acres and has a population of 149. The assessed valua-
tion of town property is $50,000, with no indebtedness. The altitude is
767 feet. One schoolhouse is valued at $5,000; four teachers are employed
at salaries ranging from $50 to $100 per month. Two churches, Metho-
dist, Episcopal and Baptist, are valued at $2,000, and the town hall at
$200. The Southern Pacific, the nearest railroad, is six miles northwest.
The city marshal receives $15 per month and fees. The daily wage for
common labor is $2; skilled labor, $3 to $4, and man and team, $4. The
principal industries are lumbering, farming, poultry, fruit raising, min-
ing and stock raising. There is abundant opportunity for the estab-
lishment of a fruit and vegetable cannery in the town and for the devel-
opment of mining, fruit raising, dairying and lumbering industries in
the suri-ounding territory. Canyonville has three general merchandise
stores, flouring mill, one blacksmith shop, livery stable, two hotels, barber
shop, drug store, shoe and harness shop, wagon shop, telegi'aph office,
telephone office and candy store. There is a sawmill near town.
*Drain (C. M. Rush, Mayor)— Incorporated in 1883. Altitude, 320
feet; area, 160 acres; population, 500. Situated on the main line of
the Southern Pacific railroad and 36 miles from the head of navigation
on the Umpqua River. Assessed valuation of city property is $300,000;
bonded indebtedness, $6,000. Eight teachers employed in the public
schools receive salaries ranging from $65 to $125 per month. The city
marshal receives $50 per month. Average daily wage for skilled labor
is $3 to $4; common labor, $2, and for man and team, $4. Two churches.
Christian and Methodist, are valued at $2,500. The State Normal School,
used for public school, is valued at $15,000. City water system is under
private ownership; supplies private families at the rate of $1 per month
per faucet. Electric lighting plant has been installed by the city at an
initial cost of $6,000. The principal indu.stries are fruit growing, dairy-
ing, light farming, stock raising and lumbering. Cooperative fruit can-
nery is in operation here. Splendid opportunity for any small industry.
City is surrounded by some excellent farm lands, especially adapted to
fruit culture. Ten sawmills are located in the vicinity of Drain.
Gardiner — An unincorporated town of 450 inhabitants near the mouth
of the Umpqua River, 80 miles northwest of Roseburg, and on the line
of the Willamette Pacific railroad (Southern Pacific"! from Eugene, in
I,ane County, along the coast to Coos Bay, in Coos County. Settled in
1850; 271 miles southwest of Portland; 80 miles northwest of Roseburg;
25 miles north of Marshfield. Lumbering, fishing and general farming
and dairying are its principal industries. It has a public school and
three churches. Catholic, Episcopal and Methodist. Also a sawmill, fish
cannery, creamery, hotel, a number of stores, a tannery and a well
equipped hospital.
•From 1914 report. Xo corrected data for 1!)1C obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 133
Glendale (W. R. DeLay, Mayor) — Settled in 1870. Incorporated in
1902. Altitude, 1,441 feet; area, 160 acres; population, 646. On the
main line of the Southern Pacific railroad; 265 miles south of Portland,
65 miles south of Roseburji', 32 miles north of Grants Pass. Assessed
valuation of town property is $260,000; bonded indebtedness, $15,000.
Ei^ht teachers in the public schools receive salaries of from $55 to $125
per month. Chief of police receives $50 per month. Averaif?e daily wage
of skilled labor, $3 to $4; common labor, $2.25, and man and team, $4.
One public school building is valued at $7,500. Three churches, Lutheran,
Presbyterian, and Catholic, are valued at $5,500, and the city hall and
fire house at $1,500. Light furnished at 10 cents per kilowatt hour by
California-Oregon Power Company; 24-hour service. The municipality
owns the water system and supplies private families for $1 per month.
Lumbering, stock raising, general farming and mining are the principal
industries surrounding the town. Four sawmills, three general mer-
chandise stores, three hotels, a barber shop, two blacksmith shops, two
restaurants, three confectionery stores, hardware store, livery stable
form the chief complement of business and industrial establishments of
the community. Glendale is in the heart of a rich mining and lumbering
district.
Myrtle Creek (J. W. Martin, Mayor)— Situated on the Southern
Pacific Railroad at the junction of the Umpqua river with Myrtle creek;
220 miles south of Portland, 22 miles south of Roseburg, the county seat.
Settled in 1852. Population, 650. Assessed valuation, 1916, $192,000,
with indebtedness of $18,200, which represents water and light, $17,000;
sewer, $1,200. Water and light bonds represent municipal owned water
and light system. Altitude, 637 feet. Rainfall, 38 inches. School prop-
erty, brick, 4 rooms, valued at $12,000; branch, wooden building. Eight
teachers employed at salaries of $50 to $110 per month; total enrollment
in all schools, 125. Four churches. Baptist, Methodist (South), Presby-
terian and Christian. The governing body consists of mayor and seven
councilmen, two being from each of the three wards and one councilman
at large. Female labor, $2; skilled, $4 to $6. Principal industries, lum-
bering, livestock, poultry raising, dairying and fruit raising. Prunes are
the most extensively grown. Businesses and professions represented in
Myrtle Creek are: Two general merchandise stores, one drug store, two
confectionery stores, three blacksmith shops, one flouring mill, one hard-
ware store, one livery stable, three hotels, two cigar stores, one bank, one
jewelry store, one meat market, two barber shops, one packing plant, one
local and long-distance telephone system, one bakery, and two physicians.
Stage to Nugent tri-weekly. ^ Owing to the congestion in the city schools,
it will be necessary to erect another building in the near future.
*Oakland (J. T. Bridges, Mayor) — Situated on the main line of the
Southern Pacific railroad, 40 miles from the head of navigation on the
Umpqua River, at an altitude of 454 feet. Covers an area of 640 acres,
has a population of 500. Assessed value of town property is $250,000,
bonded debt, $71,600. There is a high school building costing
$20,000, well equipped. Six teachers are employed at salaries from
$50 to $125 per month, providing grade and high school instruction.
There are four churches. Baptist, Episcopal, Methodist and Presbyterian.
An electric light plant, owned by a private corporation, supplies the
public at the rate of 40 cents per 16-candlepower lamp per month, and
also supplies the city with water. The principal industries in the sur-
rounding country are lumbering, stock, wool and poultry raising. Oakland
is one of the largest turkey producing centers on the Pacific Coast. The
climate and other conditions are especially adapted to stock of all kinds.
There is an abundance of valuable timber in this vicinity. Oakland has
two general merchandise stores, one confectionery store, one grocery
♦From 1014 report. No corrected data for i;ilG obtainable.
134 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
store, one millinery store, one blacksmith shop, two dentists, two physi-
cians, one furniture store, bakery and restaurant, two hotels, one drug
store, two banks, one hardware store, one meat market, flouring mill,
sawmill, planing mill, two livery stables, cannery, and one newspaper
(The Oakland Advance).
*RlDDLE (G. E. Aikins, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1892. Covers an
area of 180 acres, and has a population of 450. The assessed valuation
of town property is $160,000, with no indebtedness. The altitude is 705
feet. One public school building is valued at $15,000. Five teachers are
employed at salaries ranging from $60 to $125. One church, ''Free-
for-all," is valued at $2,500. It is situated on the line of the Southern
Pacific railroad. The city marshal receives $45 per month. The daily
wage of common labor is $2; skilled labor, $4.50; man and team, $5.
Lumbering, fruit and cattle raising and mining are the principal indus-
tries. This is an ideal location for mills and factories, on account of
its splendid waterpower facilities. Riddle has a sawmill, di'ug store,
meat market, box and furniture factory, furniture store, two hotels, music
store, confectionery store, a dentist, moving picture theatre, two garages,
and a blacksmith shop. The town needs a flour mill, box factory, and
furniture factory. It is on the Pacific Highway. There are cement
walks, a sewer and water system, and the city is lighted with electricity.
RosEBURG (N. Rice, Mayor) — County seat. Incorporated in 1872.
Altitude, 485 feet; on Deer Creek, Umpqua River and the main line
of the Southern Pacific railroad, 198 miles southwest of Portland. Area,
approximately 1,280 acres; population estimated at 6,000; assessed valua-
tion of city property, $2,878,590; bonded indebtedness, $100,000. Five
public school buildings, with an approximate aggregate valuation of
$135,000, employ 40 teachers. There are 12 churches, representing all
of the leading denominations. Average daily wage for skilled labor is
$3.50 and upward; common labor, $2 and $2.50; and man and team, $5.
Electric light plant and water system are under private ownership. Cost
of light to the consumer is 12 cents per kilowatt hour for the first hour,
graduated downward for quantity of consumption. Water service costs
$1 per month up to 5,000 gallons. The banks had deposits at last report
approaching $2,000,000; the paid up capital of these banks is $250,000,
with a surplus of $52,904.45. Fruit culture, general farming, stock and
poultry raising, lumbering, dairying and truck raising are the principal
industries, the land being suitable for diversified farming. There are
about 10 miles of paved streets and more pavement being laid at this
time. The Southern Pacific Company pays out about $56,000 monthly,
the car shops and division point being located here. Among the greatest
needs of Roseburg and vicinity are a cannery, broom and broom handle
factory, foundry, cement works, tile factory, tannery, vinegar and pickling
works, sawmill, woolen mill, and other labor employing industries.
*SuTHERLiN (D. W. Banker, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1910. Alti-
tude, 509 feet; area, 500 acres; population, 600 (local estimate). On the
main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad and on the Calapooia River.
Assessed valuation of town property, $525,000; bonded indebtedness,
$50,000. Eight teachers in the public schools receive from $75 to $125
per month. City marshal receives $70 per month. Skilled labor is paid
$3.50 to $5 a day; common labor, $2.50, and man and team, $4.50 to $6.
One school building is valued at $15,000; two churches. Episcopal and
Presbyterian (Methodists hold meetings in a leased hall), valued at
$15,000. Volunteer fire department. City owns gravity water system,
and electric light plant is under private ownership. Rate for light
service averages 8 cents per kilowatt hour, and water rate is $1 per
month per faucet. Dairying, farming, fruit growing and poultry raising
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 135
are the principal industries. Chief among the industrial and commercial
enterprises established in and near the town are a stone quarry, brick
and tile plant, planing mill, fruit evaporating plant, two general stores,
two hardware stores, bank, livery stable, two cigar stores, two pool
halls, garage, two grocery stores, drug store, photo gallery, weekly
newspaper, two barbers, physician and a dentist. Good prospects for
coal and other minerals in the vicinity. About 8,000 acres of orchard
will come into bearing in the near future. Poultry raising, especially
turkeys, engaged in upon extensive scale in this section of the Umpqua
Valley.
*YoNCALLA (E. G. Davis, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1901. Altitude,
382 feet; area, 400 acres; population, 325. Situated on the main line
of the Southern Pacific railroad, 167 miles south of Portland and 31
miles south of Roseburg, the county seat. Assessed valuation of town
propertv is $200,000, and no indebtedness. Six school teachers are
employed at $55 to $125 per month. City marshal receives $15 per month.
Skilled labor receives $3.25 per day; common labor, $2.20, and man and
team, $4.50 per day. One modern brick school building is valued at
$25,000, and two churches, Methodist and Presbyterian, are valued at
$5,000. Gravity water system is owned by the public. Water rates to
private families is $1.50 per month. Lumbering, fruit growing, farming
and stock raising are the principal industries. Among the industrial
and business enterprises of the community are four general stores, bank,
barber shop, millinery store, newspaper, two confectioneries, two hotels,
livery stable, hardwai-e, furniture and implement stores, lumber yard
and carpenter shop. Main business street has been improved with hard
surface pavement. Yoncalla needs a creamery, modern hotel, brick and
tile factory, and some live business men and progressive farmers to
demonstrate the possibilities of the soil.
GILLIAM COUNTY
(Condon, County Seat)
Gilliam is one of the north central counties. It is bounded on the
north by the Columbia River, on the south by Wheeler County, on the
east by Morrow County, and on the west by the John Day River. The
population is 4,123 (United States Census, 1910, 3,701). Of these, 86
per cent are United States born. Of the foreign 14 per cent, about
one-fifth are Scotch, the remaining four-fifths being made up principally
of Canadians, Germans, English and Irish. The total area of the county
is 773,000 acres. There are 47,150 acres unappropriated and unreserved,
of which 45,390 acres are surveyed. Of the assessed appropriated land,
283,583 acres are cultivated and 295,257 acres are uncultivated, of which
230,000 acres are tillable. The average assessed value of land in this
county is $15.03 per acre for cultivated and $2.91 for uncultivated. The
avei-age value per acre of farm land in the county is given by the
Department of Agriculture at from $10 to $25 per acre. The total
assessed value of taxable property in this county is $7,231,255, not includ-
ing $3,129,902.57, the assessed value of public service corporation property
in the county. These values represent 78 per cent of the actual valua-
tions, as determined by the State Tax Commission. There are 310 miles
of public highways in the county, all of which, with the exception of
10 miles, which is macadamized, are earth roads. The total amount
expended upon roads and bridges in 1915 was $13,252 and for 1916
$28,734, including a special tax of $1,042. The amount expended for
the years 1913 and 1914 aggregated $43,955.
*Krom 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
136 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
The rock formation of the northern seven-eighths is a combination of
Eocene and Miocene, of the southeast corner Cretaceous and pre-
Cretaceous. The surface is generally rolling and hilly. There are
numerous springs and small sti-eams. The soil is similar to that of
Wasco and Umatilla, being of lava origin, the red color being due to
the oxide and phosphate of iron, which are present in considerable quanti-
ties. The soil is of fine quality, very rich and of excellent physical
texture. Phosphatic fertilizers will certainly not be needed on soils of
this character for many years. Soil in the southern part of the county
is weak in potash but rich in the other ingredients. Its humus content
is exceptionally high. Its natural forest growth is oak, hazel and pine.
Precipitation is too slight for thrifty vegetation but with a good system
of irrigation all kinds of vegetables, small fruits, sugarbeets, flax, oats,
rye, and onions would grow exceptionally well. The roads are in ffood
condition. Wood and coal are the principal fuels used; coal costs $9.50
per ton and wood $7 per cord. At present wheat-growing and sheep-
raising are leading industries. In addition to these there are electric
light plants, flour and feed mills, laundries, and printing plants. The
main line of the O.-W. R. & N. R. R. traverses the county from west
to east along the Columbia River. The Heppner branch runs through
the northeast corner of the county and the Condon branch from north
to south through the center. There are many good fruit orchards in
Gilliam County, including apples, peaches, pears, apricots, plums, and
cherries. Potatoes and all kinds of garden truck do well. Many horses,
cattle, and hogs are raised and form an important product. The water
supply for domestic purposes is good. The climate is dry and genial.
There is plenty of good water near the surface. The mean temperature
during the spring months is 49.9 degrees; summer, 69 degrees; fall,
53.1 degrees; and winter, 34.3 degrees. The normal precipitation per
season is: Spring, 3.01 inches; summer, 2.11 inches; fall. 2.87 inches;
and winter, 4.56 inches — total annual, 12.55 inches. (Mineral products,
1915, page 105.)
* Arlington (Clay C. Clark, Recorder) — Incorporated in 1885. Alti-
tude, 281 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 317. Situated on the mam
line of the O.-W. R. & N. railroad and on the Columbia River, and is
the junction point of the Condon branch of the O.-W. R. & N. railroad,
which runs south from this point 45 miles to Condon, the county seat.
Assessed valuation, $304,785, and bonded indebtedness, $5,000. Four
teachers are employed in the public schools at salaries ranging from
$75 to $125 per month. City marshal receives $80 per month. Average
daily wage for skilled labor, $5, and for common labor, $2 to $3. Two
public school buildings, grade and high, valued at $17,750, and two
churches. Baptist and Methodist. Opera house is valued at $1,000.
Water works (pumping system) and electric light plant under municipal
ownership. Water rate to private families, $2 per month, and light rates,
125 watts or less, $1.25 per month; meter rate, 15 cents per kilowatt
hour. Farming and stockraising are the principal industries. Two
hotels, restaurant, grocei-y store, two general stores, one confectionery,
shoe store, livery barn, drug store, bank, jewelry store, furniture store
and lumber yard comprise the principal lines of business represented,
Good location for flour mill, ice plant and milk condenser.
Condon (M. Fitzmaurice, Mayor) — County seat; population, 1,200;
settled in 1884; 140 miles east of Portland, at terminus of Columbia River
& Oregon Central railroad, a branch of the O.-W. R. & N., built in 1904.
Has an area of 400 acres, and a population of 1,200. The assessed valua-
tion of city property is $752,180, with a bonded indebtedness of $50,000.
Five churches. Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Congregational and Latter
Day Saints, approximate a value of $8,000. Court house, $15,000; city
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 137
hall, $600, and three schoolhouses, $21,000. Seven teachers are employed
at $60 to $150 per month. The city marshal at $90 per month; members
of volunteer fire department at $2.50 per man each fire. Common labor
at $40 to $60 per month and $2.50 per day; skilled labor at $4 to $6
per day, and man and team at $4 per day. The electric ligrht plant is
under private ownership. The v^^ater w^orks system (pumping station
and reservoir) is under public ownership, and service to private families
costs $2 per month, or meter rate at 50 cents per 1,000 g'allons. Farming
(in wheat, potatoes and other vegetables), fruit culture and stock raising
are the principal industries. One-third of the tillable land is not under
cultivation. There are three general merchandise stores, men's furnish-
ing store, dry goods store, jewelry store, newspaper, two drug stores,
two hardware stores, two millinery shops, three confectionery stores,
three restaurants, two hotels, two barber shops, two blacksmith shops,
two banks, harness shop, flour mill, three warehouses, bakery and one
shoe shop. There is a good opening here for investment in wheat and
grazing lands, flour and grist mill. Over 1,500,000 bushels of grain
were shipped from Condon from the crop of 1916. The Catholic church
has built a $25,000 academy. A good brick hotel, it is claimed, would
pay for the investment.
LoNEROCK (Mrs. C. I. Driver, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1901. Alti-
tude, 2,200 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 70. Located 22 miles
southeast from Condon, the county seat and nearest railroad point, being
the terminus of the Columbia River & Oregon Central branch of the
O.-W. R. & N. Sixty miles south of the Columbia River. Is 35 miles
southwest of Heppner, the banking point. Daily mail. Assessed valua-
tion of town property, $25,000. Two teachers in the public school receive
$55 and $80 per month, respectively. City marshal receives $25 per
month. Skilled labor receives $3.50 per day; common labor, $40 per
month and board, and man and team, $3.50 per day. One public school
is valued at $3,000, and one church, Methodist, and parsonage are valued
at $2,500. Gravity water system, under private ownership, furnishes
water at $1 per month to private households. Stock raising and farming
are the principal industries. Town is surrounded by wealth of mer-
chantable timber awaiting development. Within the town are established
a general store, hotel, blacksmith shop and livery stable. Creamery
might do well in this vicinity.
GRANT COUNTY
(Canyon City, County Seat)
Grant County is situated in the central eastern part of the State.
It is bounded on the north by Morrow, Umatilla and Union Counties,
on the east by Baker and Malhevir Counties, on the south by Harney
County, and on the west by Crook and Wheeler Counties. The popula-
tion is 7,335 (United States Census, 1910, 5,607) ; of these, 83 per cent
are United States born; of the foi'eign 17 per cent, about one-fourth
are Germans, the remaining three-fourths being made up principally
of Canadians, English, Irish, Scotch, Scandinavians, Portuguese, and
Swiss. The total area of the county is 2,922,200 acres. There are
316,103 acres unappropriated and unreserved, of which 315,632 acres
are surveyed. Of the assessed appropriated land, 61,909 acr-^s are culti-
vated and 933,782 uncultivated, of which 246,616 acres are tillable. The
assessed value of taxable property in the county in 1916 was $6,852,758,
not including $311,809.54, the assessed value of public service corporation
property in the county. These values represent 66 per cent of the actual
valuations, as determined by the State Tax Commission. Tillable land
is assessed at an average value of $23.89 per acre, and non-tillable at an
138 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
average of $2,07 per acre. The Department of Agriculture places the
average value of farm land at from $10 to $25 an acre. There are
843 miles of public highways in the county, of which 50 miles are mac-
adamized and 793 miles are earth roads.
There are 1,680,893 acres in forest reserves. The surface is very
hilly and mountainous, ranging from 2,500 to 6,000 feet high. The
rock formation in the northern part is a combination of Eocene and
Miocene. In the central and southern part this is displaced by rocks
of the Pliocene, Cretaceous and pre-Cretaceous order. These rocks
consist chiefly of granite — a soda lime feldspar variety — quartzite and
mica schist. There is a variety of soils, but the one most frequently
met is rich in lime and phosphoric acid, but weak in humus and potash,
and is naturally well adapted for gi-owing fruits, vegetables and corn.'
Irrigation will have to be resorted to before the culture of the above will
be extensively undertaken. At present stock raising is the principal
industry. The abundance of wild grass affords excellent food for this
purpose. There are 700 miles of county roads in good condition, being
maintained by the county. Pine timber is plentiful. Logs can be floated
on several of the streams. Wood is used for fuel and costs from $4 to
$5 per cord. Stage drivers receive $35 per month for two-horse rigs,
and $50 per month for four-horse coaches, board included. The wages for
stockmen range from $30 to $40 per month, with board. Miners receive
from $3 to $3.50 per day. There is a large forest reserve, to which the
settlers are strongly opposed. They claim that 160 acres of land are not
enough on which to make a living, and those holding that amount are
kept from taking more. Mining easily ranks next to stock raising in
importance. There are sixty- five gold mines; thirteen silver and gold
mines; one cobalt and gold mine, and six copper mines; one coal mine,
one iron mine, one cobalt mine, and one silver and lead mine. There are
also a number of placer mines. (Mineral products for 1915, page 105.)
There are nine sawmills, two saw and planing mills, and one saw and
shingle mill. Among other industrial plants are ice plants, electric light
plants, flour and feed mills, soda-water plants, and one mining plant. The
mean temperature during the spring months is 46.7 degrees; summer, 64.1
degrees; fall, 49.3 degrees; and winter, 32.1 degrees. The normal pre-
cipitation per season is: Spring, 5.59 inches; summer, 4.19 inches; fall,
4.42 inches; and winter, 3.99 inches — total annual, 18.19 inches. Corn
is grown in the northern part of the county, producing about 40 bushels
per acre.
* Austin (R. H. Craven, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1908. Altitude,
4,074 feet; area, 408 acres; population, 144. On the line of the Sumpter
Valley railroad, which connects with the main line of the O.-W. R. & N.
at Baker, in Baker County. Assessed valuation of town property is
$30,000, with no indebtedness. Two teachers in the public schools receive
$65 and $75 per month, respectively. City marshal receives $75 per
month. Average daily wage of skilled labor is $4 to $5; common labor,
$2.50, and man with team, $5 and $6. One public school is valued at
$1,200. City hall is valued at $500. Water works system and electric
light plant under private ownership. Lumbering, gold mining and stock
raising are among the leading indvistries of the section. Gold mining
offer special inducements to capital and prospectors, and good water-
power possibilities await development upon two nearby streams.
Although Austin lies within the limits of a forest reserve, much of the
timber land in the vicinity has come into private ownership. Fine range
for all kinds of stock five months of the year. Austin has two sawmills
within the corporate limits, one of which gives employment to 300 men.
Also two hotels, meat market, two general stores, blacksmith shop, dry
goods store, and grocery store.
"From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 139
Canyon City (Louis Woldenberg, Mayor) — County seat. Incor-
porated in 1891. Altitude, 3,200 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 364.
On Canyon Creek, 432 miles by stage and rail southeast of Portland;
16 miles southwest of Prairie City, the shipping point. Assessed valua-
tion of city property, $127,000, and of property in the school district,
$176,000; indebtedness, about $6,000. Four teachers are employed in the
public schools at from $75 to $125 per month. City marshal receives
$60 per month. Average daily wage for skilled labor, $3.50 to $5; com-
mon labor, $2.50, and man with team, $4 to $6. One school building,
grade and high, cost $5,000, and three churches. Catholic, Episcopal and
Methodist, which aggregate a valuation of about $8,000. Electric lighting
plant is under private ownership, giving service at a reasonable rate.
There are two waterworks systems, private and municipal, and water
is supplied to private families at $1 per month. Agriculture and stock
raising are the principal industries, although vegetable and fruit raising
ai'e engaged in. Quartz and placer mining are also among the most
important of the country's resources, Canyon Creek, which has yielded
about $15,000,000 from its diggings, being considered its richest placer
fields, and coal has been discovered in excellent prospect near the city.
There are three genei'al stores, drug store, two hotels, two livery stables,
sash and door factory, two blacksmith shops, meat market and garage
among its complement of business establishments. There is an opening
for a steam laundry and other institutions. The survey for an irrigation
project embracing 10,000 acres of rich alluvial land along the John Day
River has been completed, and work will be prosecuted under State
contract. This land is especially adapted to fruits, alfalfa and
vegetables.
Dayville (J. E. Snow, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1913. Altitude,
3,000 feet; area, 800 acres; population, 160. Situated 47 miles from
Prairie City, the nearest railroad point, on the Sumpter Valley railroad,
and on the John Day River at its junction with its south foi'k, 275 miles
southeast of Portland, 35 miles west of Canyon City, the county seat and
banking point. Daily stage to Canyon City and Mitchell. Daily mail.
Three teachers in the public schools receive from $60 to $95 per month.
City marshal is paid under the fee system. Skilled labor receives $3
per day; common labor, $30 to $40 per month, and man and team, $3 to
$5 per day. One school building is valued at $3,000. There is one
church, Presbyterian, and a city hall. Stock raising, cattle and sheep,
general farming and gardening are the principal industries. Some
valable undeveloped waterpower possibilities on the South Fork of the
John Day River, in the near vicinity. The town has several business
enterprises of a commercial nature and there is opportunity offered for
a small electric light and power plant and good opening for a physician.
Granite (L. N. Ford, Mayor) — Incorpoi-ated in 1900. Mining camp
on Granite creek, 402 miles east of Portland, 75 miles northeast of Can-
yon City, the county seat, 14 miles west of Sumpter, the banking and
shipping point. Daily stage to Sumpter, $2.00. Good telephone service
with the outer world. Covers an area of 100 acres and has a population
of 89. The altitude is 4,680 feet. The assessed valuation of town prop-
erty is $40,000, with no indebtedness. One public school building is
valued at $750, and one teacher is employed at $65.00 per month.
The city hall, two lodge halls and public meeting hall aggregate an
approximate value of $4,500. Sumpter, on the line of the Sumpter
Valley railroad, 14 miles east southeast, is the nearest railroad point.
The city marshal receives $3.00 per day for actual time employed. Com-
mon labor commands $3.00 per day; skilled labor, $3.50 to $4.00; and man
and team, $6.00. The gravity water system is under private ownership,
and the rate to private families is $1.50 per month. Mining is the prin-
cipal industry. Granite has a merchandise stoi-e, hotel and livery stable.
140
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Long Creek (C. W. Conger, Mayor)— On Long creek, 273 miles
southeast of Portland, thirty-two miles north of Canyon City, the county
seat, sixty-nine miles south of Pilot Rock, thirty miles north of John
Day' and thirty-six miles by road northwest of Prairie City, end of the
Sumpter Valley railroad. Incorporated in 1891. Occupies an area of
a half mile, and contains eighty-six people. The altitude is 3,300 feet.
The total assessed valuation of town property is $60,000, with no
municipal indebtedness. One public school building is valued at $2,o00,
and two teachers are employed at $65.00 and $85.00 per month. There
is a union high school, consisting of sixteen districts, with a valuation of
$1,753,000 assessable property. Salary of teacher, $125.00 per month.
Salaries of grade school teachers, $65.00 and $95.00 per month. Two
churches, Methodist and Adventist, represent an aggregate valuation
of $2,500, and the town hall, $600. The town marshal receives a monthly
salary of $15. Common labor commands $2 per day; skilled labor, $3.50,
and man and team, $5.00. Stock raising and farming are the two prin-
cipal industries. There is abundant waterpower in this district awaiting
development. Long Creek has two general stores, two livery stables,
blacksmith shop, drug store, hotel, weekly newspaper, barber shop, flour
mill and sawmill. There is a good opening for a creamery, sash and
door factory, a box factory, hardware store and harness shop.
^Monument (J. J. Simas, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1904. Altitude,
1,900 feet; area, 160 acres; population, 250. Situated 52 miles northwest
of Canyon City, the county seat, and 53 miles southeast of Heppner,
terminus of the branch of the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad. On the North
Fork of the John Day River. Assessed valuation of towTi property is
$25,000, with no indebtedness. Two teachers in the public schools
receive $70.00 and $90.00 per month. The daily wage for common labor
is $2.50, and for man and team, $5.00. One school building is valued at
$1,500, and one church (Presbyterian) at $500. The town hall is
valued at $800. The water system is owned by the city, and the rate to
consumers is $1.50 per month. Stock raising and farming are the prin-
cipal industries. Within the corporate limits are two general stores,
jewelry store, two confectioneries, blacksmith shop, two hotels, livery
stable,' feed yard, and weekly newspaper. Among the needs of the town
are a drug store and hardware store.
*Prairie City (Clifton Cleaver, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1891:
covers an area of 680 acres, and has a population of 500. It is the ter-
minus of the Sumpter Valley Railroad. Altitude, 3,300 feet. The assessed
value of town property is $200,000, with a bonded debt of $10,000.
One public school building is valued at $5,000. Six teachers employed
at salaries from $70.00 to $80.00 per month. Union high school, three
teachers, salaries $900 to $1,400 per year. This is the only accred-
ited high school in Grant County. Two churches — Baptist and Methodist
— are valued at $4,000; city hall at $500; Masonic and I. O. O. F.
halls are valued at $3,000 and $6,000, respectively. The city marshal
receives $50.00 per month; common labor, $2.50 per day; skilled labor,
$4.00 to $6.00; man and team, $6.00 per day. The electric light plant,
private ownership, furnishes service at the rate of 75 cents per 16 candle-
power lamp. A gravity water system under municipal ownership fur-
nishes private families" at $1.00 per month per faucet. Mining, stock
raising, farming, dairying, fruit growing and lumbering are the principal
industries in and near towTi, none of which are fully developed. Prairie
City has seven mercantile establishments.
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 141
HARNEY COUNTY
(Burns, County Seat)
Harney County lies in the southeastern part of the State. It is bounded
on the north by Grant County, on the east by Malheur County, on the
west by Crook and Lake Counties, and on the south by Nevada. The
popiilation is 4,602 (United States Census, 1910, 4,059). Of these, 86
per cent arc United States born. Of the foreign born, 14 per cent,
about one-fourth are Germans, the remaining three-fourths being made
up principally of Scandinavians, Canadians, English and Swiss. This is
the largest county in the State, containing 6,428,000 acres. There are
4,135,921 acres unappropriated and unreserved, of which 4,098,325 are
surveyed. Of the assessed appropriated land, 583,141 acres are cultivated
and 591,571 acres uncultivated, of which about 300,000 acres are tillable.
The average assessed value of cultivated land is $7.02 per acre, and for
uncultivated $2.24 per acre. The total assessed value of taxable property
in the county is $8,256,363, not including $20,949.50, the assessed
value of public service corporations within the county. These values
represent 65 per cent of the actual valuations, as determined by the State
Tax Commission. There are 2,004 miles of public roads in the county,
of which three miles are macadamized, one mile gravelled, and 2,000
miles of earth roads.
The surface is level, hilly, and mountainous. About 45 per cent of the
land is suitable for agriculture, 30 per cent stony, and 25 per cent is
timberland. The natural forest growth consists of pine, cedar, spruce,
and hemlock. The Dunder and Blitzen, and the Silvies Rivers, along with
Lakes Harney and Malheur, constitute the water system of the county.
In some localities artesian water has been found. The rock formation of
the northern one-third is Pleistocene (glacial), of the southern two-thirds
a combination of Eocene and Miocene. The soil of the northern part is
similar to that of the Willamette Valley as far as its chemical composi-
tion is concerned, being rich in lime and phosphoric acid and naturally
well adapted to the growing of vegetables and small fruits. The soil of
the southern part is similar to that of The Dalles, and with a system of
irrigation would grow fruit and grain in abundance. A railroad to the
interior of this county, along with irrigation ditches, would produce
wonderful agricultural results. The county roads, which are maintained
by a tax levy of two and one-half mills and a road poll tax, are in good
condition. Traces of coal and gold have been found in the southern part.
Borax is mined to some extent. Wood is used for fuel and costs $4.5() per
cord. Cattle, sheep and horses thrive on the abundance of grass found
in the county. Besides farming and stock raisin?? there are four saw and
planing mills, two saw and shingle mills, electric light plants, and flour
and feed mills. Carpenters' wages are $4.00 per day; farm laborers,
$2.00 per day, and ranchmen, $35.00 to $45.00 per month. The climate is
clear and dry. The mean temperature during the spring months is 47.8
degrees; summer, 61.2 degrees; fall, 48.7 degrees; winter, 30.8 degrees.
The normal precipitation per season is: Spring, 4.37 inches; summer,
2.14 inches; fall, 2.84 inches; and winter, 5.76 inches; total annual, 15.11
inches. Harney County is the leading county of Oregon in hay and forage.
*BuRNS (H. C. Levens, Mayor) — The county seat of Harney County.
Is 70 miles from Juntura, Malheur County, on the line of the Oregon
Eastern Railroad. It was incorporated in 1889; covers an area of 200
acres, and has a population of 1,200. The altitude is 4,100 feet. The
assessed valuation of town property is $150,000, with an indebtedness
of $3,000. Two public schoolhouses aggregate a value of $10,000. Nine
teachers are employed at salaries ranging fi'om $60.00 to $140.00 a
*From 1914 report. No corrected data for 191C obtainable.
142 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
month. Three churches — Catholic, Baptist and Presbyterian — are valued
approximately at $7,000, and county courthouse and city hall at $10,000.
The city mai-shal and deputy receive $65.00 per month each. Common
labor, $2.50 a day; skilled labor, $5.00; and man and team, $7.00. An
electric plant under private ownership supplies light at $1.50 per
month per 16 candle-power lamp. Stock raising and diversified farm-
ing are the chief industries. The only timber in Harney County to be
reached by water grade is located on the Silvies River above Burns.
Burns has six general merchandise stores, two meat markets, four hotels,
flour and feed mill, one saw and four shingle mills and blacksmith shop.
A flour mill is among the principal needs of the community. The State
has established an agricultural experiment station six miles east of Burns.
United States District Land Office is located here.
Drewsey (O. F. Right, Mayor) — Situated 20 miles from the nearest
point on the Oregon Short Line Railroad. It was incorporated in 1900;
covers an area of one and one-half square miles, and has a population
of 200. Its altitude is 3,508. There is no municipal indebtedness. One
three-room public school building is valued at $3,200, and two teachers
are employed at $60.00 and $75.00 per month, respectively. The district
high school teacher receives $100.00 per month. The Odd Fellows and
Rebekah hall is valued at $1,000, and the city hall at $2,000. The
city marshal receives $30.00 per month. The daily wage of common labor
is $1.00 to $2.00; skilled labor, $4.00 to $5.00; and man and team, $5.00.
Farming and stock raising are the leading industries. Drewsey has two
general merchandise stores, two confectionery stores, drug store, two
livery stables, two hotels, blacksmith shop, barber shop, first class garage
and a gristmill. There is a good opening here for a meat market, sheep
shearing plant, furniture store, firm of building contractors, millinery
store, and capital to develop the fruit industry. Opportunity for creamery
and dairying. Two crops of alfalfa, with a third for pasture; also rais-
ing wheat, oats, barley, rye and vegetables. Favorable conditions for hogs
and chickens.
Harney (Charles W. Loggan, President and Recorder) — On Rattle-
snake Creek, 325 miles southeast of Portland, 15 miles east of Burns, the
county seat; 55 miles south of Juntura. Incorporated in 1891. Has a
population of 100, and covers an area of 60 acres. It is situated 80 miles
from the Sumpter Valley Railway, but will be only 25 miles from the
Oregon Eastern Railway, lately built, from Vale, Crane being now the
nearest railroad town, 25 miles distant. Altitude, 4,100 feet; assessed
valuation of town property is estimated at $30,000, with no indebted-
ness. One school building is valued at $3,000, and two teachers are
employed at $60.00 to $70.00 per month. One church (Presbyterian)
valued at $1,000; a city hall at $2,000. Common labor receives $2.50
per day; skilled labor, $4.00; man and team, $5.00. The principal indus-
tries are stock raising, farming and lumbering, with a good supply of fruit
and vegetables. Two general merchandise stores, one hotel, one livery
stable, two saw and shingle mills, are the leading business and industrial
establishments. Wool and livestock are shipped.
HOOD RIVER COUNTY
(Hood River, County Seat)
Hood River County is the first county east of Multnomah, its northern
boundary being the Columbia River. It extends south 32 miles to the
snow-capped peak of Mt. Hood. Wasco County is on the east. The
population is 7,036 (United States Census, 1910, 8,016). Its acreage is
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 143
347 520 of which about three-fifths is in forest reserve. There are 40
acres of vacant public lands within the county. Of the balance, 123,719
acres of deeded land, about 13,000 acres are planted to apples, 12,000
acres in woodland, and the balance planted to other fruits, strawberries
principally, and various hay crops, and in townsites and non-tillable lands.
The soil of the valley is a red clay loam, rich in lime, phosphoric acid
and humus, but lacking in potash, which can easily be supplied, however.
Anything suited to the climate (which is mild) can be grown on this soil,
from semi-tropical fruits to hardy grains. The surface is rolling and
mountainous and the rock formation similar to that of Wasco County,
which adjoins it on the east and of which Hood River County was a part
until 1908. The average acreage per farm is 51.1, and the average
improved acres 19.2. The average assessed value of land in this county
is $99 80 for cultivated and $8.57 for uncultivated. The assessed valua-
tion of property in 1916 was $7,324,340, not including $1,748,328.23,
the assessed value of public service corporation property within the
county. These values represent 64 per cent of the actual valuations, as
determined by the State Tax Commission. There are 199 miles of public
highways in "the county, of which seven miles are macadamized, twelve
miles gravelled, and 180 miles of earth roads. The total amount raised
by taxes to be expended upon roads and bridges for 1916 was $51,194.16,
of which $8,000 was in special taxes. A bond issue of $75,000, July,
1914, together with an appropriation of $55,000 from the State, was
expended upon the Columbia Highway in this county within the past two
years.
The soil and climate of Hood River County are wonderfully adapted
to the principal industry, apple-raising, and a worldwide reputation has
been established for the Hood River apple. The Apple Growers' Union
here is one of the best organizations of its kind in existence, and maintains
a strict watch over the packing of the fruit that goes from the valley
principally to the Eastern markets and across the ocean to Europe.
Water for both irrigation and domestic purposes is plentiful, and, while
the orchards are not irrigated to any extent, the water is on hand if
wanted. All hay crops, gardens and strawberries have to be irrigated.
There are four large cold storage warehouses in the valley vdth barely
enough capacity to store the entire apple crop. A railroad runs up the
east side of the valley 23 miles to Parkdale, an impoi-tant trade center and
shipping point, having a hotel, stores, etc., and on the route to Mt. Hood.
A vinegar and cider factory takes care of all the "culls," and a cannery
is in operation. A fruit drier is being built to handle surplus apples and
a creamery is being established by the farmers. A more delightful spot
for a home can hardly be imagined than among the orchards and hills of
Hood River Valley. The United States Census of 1910 gives Hood River
County the highest priced farm land value in the State ($340.00 an acre),
the next nearest being that of Multnomah County with a value of $230.00
an acre. Contract soon to be awarded for the completion of the Columbia
Scenic Highway, which traverses the northern part of the county. There
are nine saw and planing mills, and three sawmills and box factories.
An important, unincorporated town in the county is Dee, where is located
the big plant of the Oregon Lumber Company. There is a general mer-
chandise store here and two hotels. There are apple and pear orchards
throughout the locality. This locality is an ideal camping place in the
summer time. Fifteen miles from here is Lost Lake and also the forest
reserve from which Portland receives its supply of water. (Mineral
products for 1915, page 105.) The mean temperature during the spring
months is 50.9 degrees; summer, 65.4 degrees; fall, 53.6 degrees; and
winter, 34.3 degrees. The normal precipitation per season is: Spring,
6.33 inches; summer, 1.29 inches; fall, 8.06 inches; and winter, 11.53
inches; total annual, 27.21 inches.
144 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
*HooD River (H. L. Dumble, Mayor) — The county seat of Hood River
County. Incorporated in 1894. Area 640 acres; population, 2,750. Sit-
uated on the main line of the O.-W. R. & N at the junction of the Mt.
Hood railroad, and one-quarter mile from the Columbia River. The
altitude is from 100 to 300 feet. The assessed valuation of town property
is $2,100,000, with no indebtedness except for municipal water plant
($126.000) , which is self-supporting. Four public school buildings approx-
imate a value of $50,000. Twenty-five teachers are employed at salaries
i-anging' from $50.00 to $150.00 per month. Seven churches. Baptist,
Catholic, Christian, Congregational, Episcopal, Methodist, United Breth-
ren, aggregate a value of $60,000. The city marshal and night watch-
man receive $75.00 and $65.00 respectively. Common labor $2.50 per day;
skilled labor, $4.00 per day; man and team, $5.50 per day. The electric
light and power plant is under private ownership. Families are supplied
with water by the municipality at $1.25 per month. Free library, value
of building, $17,500. Farming, fruit growing, lumbering and manufac-
turing are the chief industries. There is an abundance of cheap unde-
veloped waterpower in Hood River, flowing through the city. There ai-e
three banks, about forty mercantile establishments, three sawmills, two
box factories, and three planing mills. The three sawmills have an annual
output of between 45,000,000 and 50,000,000 feet. The city has a complete
sewer system, three miles of hard surface paving, and an excellent gravity
water system. Mt. Hood is twenty-six miles distant, with daily auto stage
in summer. A good fruit cannery affords a market for garden truck
and small fruits. A cooperative creamery gives opportunity for dairying.
JACKSON COUNTY
(Jacksonville, County Seat)
Jackson County lies in what is known as the Rogue River Valley in
the southvv'estern part of the State. It is bounded on the north by
Douglas County, on the west by Josephine County, on the east by Klamath
County, and on the south by California. The population is 26,484 (U.
S. Census, 1910, 25,756) . Of these, 89 per cent are United States born.
Of the 11 per cent foreign born, about one-fourth are Germans, the
remaining three-foui-ths being made up principally of Canadians, English,
Irish, Scandinavians and Austrians The total area of the county is
1,779,662 acres. There are 58,125 acres unappropriated and unreserved, of
which 55,885 acres are surveyed. There are 464,560 acres of 0. & C.
grant lands located in this county, that portion of which found suited to
agriculture will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as clasified.
(See "Oregon & California Land Grant Lands" in this report.) Of the
assessed appropriated land, 128,500 acres are cultivated and 1,076,601
acres are uncultivated, of which about 300,000 acres are tillable. Culti-
vated land is assessed on an average of $78.93 per acre, and uncultivated
land $9.45. The total assessed value of taxable property in the county
in 1916 was $22,989,100; public service corporations, $3,505,405.26. These
values represent 62 per cent of actual valuations. There are 765 miles
of public highways in this county, of which 15 miles are hard-surfaced,
15 miles macadamized and gravelled and 735 miles of earth roads. The
total amount expended for roads in 1915, produced bv taxes, was $109,-
736.23, and provided for 1916. $70,399.97. A bond issue of $500,000 in
1913, together with an appropriation of $150,000 by the State, was ex-
pended upon the construction of the Pacific Highway in this county
during the past three years. During a period of twelve years (1904 to
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 145
1915, inclusive) this county has expended an affgre^ate of $1,289,894.81
upon its public highways, segreg-ated by years as follows: 1904,
$17,428.31; 1905, $11,163.50; 1906, $12,413.02; 1907, $19,914.61; 1908,
$41,746.33; 1909, $79,188.17; 1910, $100,309.76; 1911, $258,967.42;
1912, $65,172.28; 1913, $132,127.46; 1914, $441,727.71; 1915, $109,736.23.
The surface is level, rolling, and mountainous. The rock formation
in the western part is pre-Cretaceous; in the eastern part it is a combi-
nation of Cretaceous and Eocene. The natural forest growth consists
principally of yellow and sugar pine, and fir. Fruit of all kinds, espe-
cially peaches, apples, and pears, has been found to grow well on this
soil, which is rich in all essential chemicals. It is likely to be a very
lasting soil. Its first need will probably be phosphoric acid. The soil is
black and deep, ranging from ten inches to several feet. The subsoil is
hard and white. The sugarbeet, hemp, onions, sorghum, and strawberries
should grow well on this soil. The soil in the immediate vicinity of the
valley consists of successive alluvial deposits of different geological
periods and is very rich. Rogue River and its branches furnish excellent
waterpower for milling purposes. The fuel used is wood and costs from
$4.00 to $6.00 per cord. There are several mineral springs with good
curative qualities in the county. The leading industry is farming.
Lumbering is carried on extensively. There are four planing mills and
one saw and planing mill. Mining is also an important industry. There
are sixteen gold quartz mines, a number of placer mines, five asphalt
mines, two copper mines yielding 30 per cent ore, one iron mine; also
quantities of asbestos, quicksilver, and building stone. (Mineral products,
.1915, page 105.) Among the industrial plants of the county are found
brickyards, Portland cement works, creameries, cold storages, electric
light, flour and feed, fruit canneries, laundries, machine shops, printing,
sodawater, and waterpower. The roads are in good condition, one road
leading direct to Crater Lake, the scenic wonder of the world. The
climate is mild and congenial. The mean temperature during the spring
months is 50.5 degrees; summer, 61.1 degrees; fall, 56.4 degrees; and
winter, 42.7 degrees. The normal precipitation per season is: Spring,
6.40 inches; summer, 4.36 inches; fall, 5.70 inches; and winter, 12.46
inches; total annual, 28.92 inches. A large per cent of the Rogue River
Valley has been put under irrigation.
Ashland (0. H. Johnson, Mayor) — Ashland is situated on the main
line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 230 miles south of Portland. The
altitude is 1,960 feet. It covers an area of about 2,240 acres, and has a
population of 6,000. The assessed valuation of city property is
$2,880,640, with a total general bonded indebtedness of $219,692.25.
The city has a Carnegie library, model hospital, a sanitarium, and an
armory that cost $36,000. There are twelve churches — Baptist, Cath-
olic, Christian, Christian Science, Congregational, Dunkard, Episcopal,
Free Methodist, Methodist, Nazarine, Presbyterian and Spiritualist. Two
schoolhouses are valued at $60,000, and a city hall at $15,000. A fine
new high school building cost over $75,000. Thirty-three school teach-
ers are employed, receiving salaries of from $65.00 to $138.00 per
month. The chief of police receives $75.00 per month, and assistant
$65.00. Common labor, $2.00 to $2.50 per day; skilled labor, $4.00; and
man and team, $5.00 per day. An electric light plant is under successful
municipal ownership, but there is also a large corporate power and light
plant. The gravity waterworks system is owned by the city and pays a
profit. Private families are given a flat rate of $1.00 per month. Fruit
growing, lumbering, stock raising and mining are the principal indus-
tries. A carpenter shop, creamery, electric light plant, waterworks,
steam laundry, planing mill, ice works, broom factory, fruit cannery and
iron foundry are located here. There are good opportunities in fruit
growing, dairying, poultry and swine. Ashland is a division point on the
146 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Southern Pacific system, and due to this fact quite an extensive payroll
is monthly disbursed here. It is also a Chautauqua center, annual sessions
of the Southern Oreg:on assembly being held amid ideal surroundings.
Ashland's extensive and beautiful parks are gaining widespread reputa-
tion. Bonds to the amount of $175,000 were authorized to pipe into
the city for free public use the waters of a number of valuable lithia,
soda and sulphur springs, which abound in the immediate vicinity of
Ashland. This is believed to be the beginning of the making of Ashland
a famous watering place and resort city, favored as it is in the way of
climate, scenery, and general environment, as well as the greatest variety
of desirable mineral waters to be found at one place in the United States.
Butte Falls (H. D. Mills, Acting Mayor) — Situated on the P. & E.
Railway and Big Butte River, 38 miles from Jacksonville, the county
seat, and 30 miles southwest of Medford. Population, 500. Has one
church (Presbyterian), graded school, a bank, two hotels, one hardware
store, one dry goods store, two general merchandise stores, two groceries,
two lumber companies.
Central Point (W. A. Cowley, Mayor)— Settled in 1884; 325 miles
south of Portland on the main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad;
five miles, northeast of Jacksonville, the county seat. Bear Creek runs
through the town. It was newly incorporated in 1908. Covers an area
of 600 acres, and has a population of about 1,120. The altitude is 1,298
feet. The assessed valuation of town property is $536,000, with an
indebtedness of $135,000. One schoolhouse is valued at $20,000,
and twelve teachers receive salaries ranging from $65.00 to $166.50 per
month. Five churches — Baptist, Christian, Christian Science, Methodist
and Presbyterian— are valued at $10,000. Town hall at $100.00.
Y. M. C. A. building valued at $12,000. Common labor is paid $2.50
a day; skilled labor, $4.00; and man and team, $5.00. An electric light
plant, private ownership, furnishes the public on a graduated scale of 15
cents per 16 candle-power light per month. Dairying, fruit culture, min-
ing and lumbering are the chief industries. There is one hotel, three
blacksmith shops, implement house, harness shop, furniture store, two
hardware and two general merchandise stores, livery stable, three cigar
and notion stores, two jewelry stores, dentist, two drug stores, tinshop,
two barber shops, newspaper, flour and feed mill, and a cement pipe and
block factory. There is a great need of a cannery and a cold storage
plant. The city has recently installed a water system, furnishing most
excellent drinking water and complete fire protection. It has also put in
seven miles of sewer, and has paved the main sti-eet with asphalt
pavement.
Gold Hill (J. R. R. Morelock, Mayor) — Gold Hill was incorporated in
1895. Covers an area of 290 acres, and has a population of 555. It
is located on the main line of the Southern Pacific and on the Rogue
River. The altitude is 1,109 feet. The assessed valuation of town
property is $280,000, with no indebtedness. Two school buildings are
valued at $25,000. Seven teachers receive from $60.00 to $130.00 a
month. One church, several denominations, is valued at $2,000. The
city marshal is paid $50.00 a month. Daily wage of common labor is
$2.50; skilled labor, $3.50; and of man and team, $5.00. The electric light
plant is privately owned, but the city owns its watei'works system. The
cost of light service is $1.50 a month, and of water $1.00 a month for
domestic purposes. Mining, stock raising, fruit culture and farming are
the principal industries. Hardware store, three general merchandise
stores, hotel, restaurant, a livery stable, one blacksmith, a machine shop,
furniture dealer, three barber shops, one jeweler, one tailor, a carpenter
shop, telephone office, a butcher shop, a confectionery store, a poolroom,
two soft drink places, one light lunch place, one drug store, implement
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 147
and hardware stores, one lawyer, one newspaper, one moving picture thea-
tre, one photograph gallery, a cement plant, a bank, one flour and feed
store, three rooming houses that serve meals, a planing mill and box-
factory, a lime kiln, a hospital, a market gardener are the leading
enterprises. Splendid camping, hunting and fishing grounds, climate
adapted for all-the-year residence. Hay fever and asthma are quickly
relieved by residence here. There is good opportunity for a cannery, a
pottery plant, a meat packing plant, a good hotel and a general merchan-
dise store.
Jacksonville (E. Britt, Mayor)— Settled in 1852. It is 322 miles
south of Portland and five miles from Medford. County seat of Jackson
County. Incorporated in 1860. Has a population of about 1,000. The
altitude is 1,568 feet. The assessed valuation of toviTi property is
$350,000, with a bonded indebtedness of $45,000. One public school-
house is valued at $20,000, and six teachers are employed at salaries
ranging from $60.00 to $120.00 per month. Three churches — Presbyterian,
Methodist and Catholic — <;ourthouse, Masonic and Odd Fellows' halls
aggregate a value of $60,000. It is the western terminus of the Rogue
River Valley Railroad, with hourly electric car service with Medford.
This line is now extending from here into the timber two miles distant.
Loggiftg operations will commence about February 1. The city marshal
receives $75.00 a month. The daily wage for common labor is $2.50; for
skilled labor, $4.00 and up; and man and team, $4.50. The electric light
plant, owned by a private corporation, furnishes service to consumers at
10 cents maximum rate per kilowatt hour. The waterworks svstem is
owned by municipality, and is among the best in the State outside of
Portland. Mining and fruit culture, both in the early stages of develop-
ment, are the chief industries. Jacksonville has a sawmill, two general
merchandise stores, and five other stores of varied classes, one 30-stamp
quartz mill, one brick and tile factory, one cyanide plant, rock quarry for
pavement and from which quarry all the roads of the county are being
constructed; two banks and one newspaper.
Medford (V. J. Emerick, Mayor)— Incorporated in 1885. Altitude,
1,337 feet; area, 1,717 acres; population, 10.500. Is 329 miles south of
Portland, and 434 miles north of San Francisco, on the main line of the
Southern Pacific Railroad; five miles east of Jacksonville, the county seat,
and is the present western terminus of the Pacific & Eastern Railway,
now in operation to Butte Falls, in the midst of the great timber belt
in the Cascade foothills, 35 miles to the east. Is also the terminus of
the Rogue River Valley Railroad, in operation to Jacksonville, and junc-
tion point with the Southern Pacific. Assessed valuation of city property
is $3,104,128; bonded indebtedness, $1,192,050. Four brick public
school buildings and one brick high school building aggregate a value of
$150,000; also a private school (St. Mary's Academy), managed by
the Catholic Sisters, and a business college.' There are twelve churches
— Adventist, Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Christian Science, Episcopal,
Methodist Episcopal, German Lutheran, Free Methodist, Methodist
(South), and Presbyterian. Skilled labor receives $4.00 per day and
upward, and common labor, $2.50 to $3.00 per day. Paid fire department
with equipment, including auto fire truck costing $15,000. Electric
and gas plants privately owned. Gravity water system, installed at an
expense of $400,000, and furnishing a water supplv sufficient for a
city of 25,000, is owmed by the city. Fruit growing, diversified farming
and mining are the principal industries of the surrounding country. Gold,
copper, cinnabar, iron and asbestos mines exist in the county, but the
mining industry, except gold mining, and some copper and coal mining,
has been at a standstill for the past several years. There are two first
class hotels and several others, grocery stores, hardware stores, general
148 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
merchandise stores, etc., sufficient for a city of its size, with planing
mills, brick yards, three lumber yards, blacksmith shops and garages,
also sufficient; cigar factories, two ice plants and precooling station for
fruit. Public library that cost $3.5,000 and Federal building to house
the postoffice. United States forestry and pathologist's offices, and
United States weather bureau, all located here, at a cost of over
$100,000. United States Court holds term of court here once a year.
Public market built by the city; space furnished free to farmers, where
splendid exhibits of varied products of surrounding country may be seen.
Has two daily newspapers and four banks, two National and two State.
Also a fine public park in the heart of the city. Also a natatorium and
amusement place, with plunge and tub baths, dancing floors, skating
rinks, etc., under private ownership. Canning factory for fruits and
vegetables has recently been built. Jackson County has spent $500,000
bonds for building of permanent highway which passes through Medford.
Crater Lake National Park, one of Nature's most marvelous scenic crea-
tions and situated about eighty miles northeast, at the summit of the
Cascade range of mountains in Klamath County, is within easy auto and
other vehicle stages from Medford.
* Phoenix (E. G. Coleman, Mayor) — Situated on the S. P. Ry. and the
Pacific Highway; was incorporated in 1909; area, 30 acres; population,
400. The assessed value is $210,000; bonded for public water system
pumping plant, $22,000. There are two public school buildings; man-
ual training and domestic art and science taught. Eight teachers are
employed at salaries from $6.5.00 to $110.00 per month. School property
valued at $20,000. Electric light secured from California-Oregon
Power Co. at rate of $1.00 per month for four 16 candle-power lamps.
Wages: Common labor, $2.25; skilled labor, $3.00 to $4.00; man and
team, $4.50 per day. There are two churches — Christian and Presbyter-
ian. Phoenix has two general merchandise stores, one hardware and
implement house, one blacksmith shop, one drug store, one livery stable,
one hotel, one barber shop, one cigar store, one meat market. There is
a ditch of water capable of developing 30 horsepower going to waste. A
bank, cannery, and manufacturing generally would pay well. Farming,
grazing and fruit growing are the principal industries in the surrounding
country.
=-^ Rogue River (W. P. Weatherell, Mayor) — Population, 450. Situated
on Rogue River and the main line of the Southern Pacific Railway, nine
miles east of Grants Pass. Altitude, 1,025 feet. Has one schoolhouse and
employs six teachers at salaries from $75.00 to $125.00. Has one church
(Presbyterian), bank, one drug store, two general merchandise stores,
two hotels, one hardware store, one meat market, one livery stable,, two
blacksmiths, one restaurant, one doctor, one confectionery, one barber
shop, and one feed store.
*Talent (Wm. H. Breese, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1910. Altitude,
1,637 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 500. Situated on Bear Creek and
main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, twelve miles southeast of
Jacksonville, the county seat. Assessed valuation of town property is
$165,000, with $20,000 bonded indebtedness. Seven teachers in the
public schools receive from $65.00 to $125.00 per month. City marshal
receives $50.00 per month. One school building, grade and high, has a
value of $30,000, and city hall is valued at $2,000. There are four
churches — Baptist, Christian, Dunkard and Methodist. Daily wage of
common labor is $2.50 to $3.00, and for man and team, $4.50. Electric
lighting service is furnished by private corporation at the rate of 10 cents
per kilowatt hour, and water system is owned by the municipality, and
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 149
the rate of service is 15 cents per 1,000 gallons. Lumbering, dairying,
fruit growing, truck gardening and poultry raising are the principal in-
dustries. The town is provided with hotels, blacksmiths, mercantile estab-
lishments, bakery, livery stable, confectionery ^store, drug .store, pool hall
and theatre. Good opportunity is offered for 'investment in development
of mineral resources.
JEFFERSON COUNTY
(Madras, County Seat)
This county was created out of the northern part of Crook County at
the general election of November, 1914. It is bounded on the north by
Wasco County, on the east by Wheeler County, on the west by Linn and
Marion counties, and on the south by Crook and Deschutes counties. The
O.-W. R. & N. and the Grand Trunk (Northern Pacific) railways, running
parallel, traverse the county through the central part from north to south.
The estimated population at the time the county was created was approxi-
mately 4,400. Compiled upon the basis of school census, enrollment
and average attendance for 1916, in proportion to the estimated popula-
tion of 1914, the population of Jefferson County for 1916 is estimated at
4,773. Of these, 90 per cent are American born. Of the foreign born,
50 per cent are Germans, the balance are Scandinavians and Canadians.
The total area is 1,800 square miles, or 1,120,640 acres, of which 654,587
acres are in national forests, vacant lands, school lands and Indian reser-
vation lands, and the balance is privately owned. Of the deeded area,
21,731 acres are cultivated; 272,000 in timber, of which a large portion
is tillable, and 66.985 acres of tillable land is uncultivated. The timber
lands are in the mountains; the livestock ranches are in the river and
creek bottoms and in some of the open valleys, and the dry farming on
the high plateaus or on the slopes of the valleys and mountains. There
are 138,590 acres of vacant public lands, of which 130,910 acres are
surveyed. Most of the dry farming land has been taken up under the
homestead act during the last ten years, and has transformed the plateaus
from arid sagebrush wastes to checker-boards of farms, yielding hay,
grain and potatoes when properly cultivated by dry farming methods.
The general topography is of high level plains, with rough and precipitous
and gently rolling hills in the eastern part, and rugged, timbered moun-
tains bordering the west. The Deschutes River, with its tributaries,
capable of developing an estimated waterpower of 1,000,000 horsepower,
gashes the county centrally from south to north, and is possessed of wild
scenic grandeur. The altitude' of the plateaus is about 3,000 feet; in the
valleys from 2,500 to 2,800 feet, while the mountains in the west range
from 4,500 feet to 5,000 feet to the pinnacle of Mt. Jefferson on the
western border, which rises to the height of 10,500 feet.
The soils of the eastern portion of the county are of light volcanic ash
or sandy loam, and used principally for dry farming. Considerable of
the area west of the Deschutes River and along numerous streams is
irrigated. The irrigated lands under cultivation range in value fi'om
$75.00 to $150.00; dry farming lands, $15.00 to $30.00 per acre; unculti-
vated lands, $12.00 per acre, and grazing lands, $3.00 to $8.00 per acre.
There are three distinct climates in Jefferson County, which, in the main,
are the same as those prevailing in Crook County. At the low altitudes
and in the canyon bottoms there are gardens and orchards, one of the
most celebrated commercial orchards in Oi-egon being located in the
Deschutes bottom. Summer afternoons are hot in the canyon bottoms.
Irrigation is relied upon for crop production.
150 ^VENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Rainfall averages less . than 10 inches per year in the open valleys
and on the plateaus west of the Deschutes River. Near the Cascade
Mountains the average rainfall is from 12 to 20 inches; east of the
Deschutes River the average is 10 to 12 inches; in the mountains from 15
to 30 inches annually, and the snow is deep in the winter. Snow seldom
lies upon the ground more than a few days in the open country. The
climate is clear and sunshiny during all seasons. While summer after-
noons are warm, summer nights are cool, insuring refreshing sleep. The
average wage for skilled labor is $4.00 per day; unskilled, $2.50 to $3.00
per day; farm laborers, $40.00 per month, including board; sheep herders,
$40.00 per month and board. Fuel supply is principally juniper and pine.
The average cost is $5.00 per cord. Coal is obtainable at $12.00 per ton.
The assessed valuation of all property in the county for 1916 was
$3,795,220, not including $1,212,406.56, the assessed value of public
service corporations. These values represent 72 per cent of the actual
valuations, as determined by the State Tax Commission. The average
assessed value of land in this county is $9.33 for cultivated and $2.25 for
uncultivated. There are 2,500 miles of public highways in the county, all
of earth construction. /
Culver — Altitude, 2,625 feet. Population, 50. On line of Oregon
Trunk and Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Company, Sur-
rounded by extensive farming area. All varieties of hardy grains, hay,
fruit and vegetables. Graded public schools. Christian and Mennonite
churches. Private waterworks system. Commercial club.
'^Madras (C. P. U'Ren, Mayor)— County seat. Incorporated in 1910.
Altitude, 2,200 to 2,500; area, 640 acres; population, about 500. Situated
on the lines of the Oregon Trunk (Great Northern) and O.-W. R. & N.
railroads, which penetrate into the interior of Central Oregon and connect
with the main lines of both systems on the Columbia River. Six teachers
in the grade and high schools receive salaries of from $60.00 to $125.00
per month. Two city marshals receive $75.00 per month each. One
school building, accommodating both the grammar grades and district
union high schools, is valued at $3,500. Four churches — Catholic,
Christian, Free Methodist and Methodist — ^have their own buildings,
valued at $5,000. Average daily wage of skilled labor, $3.50 to $5.00;
common labor, $2.50; and man with team, $5.50. Waterworks system
(pumping from wells) owned by the city and is equipped with a 250,000
gallon reservoir. Fire protection with two chemical engines and two hose
carts. Principal industries are farming and stock raising. There are
three large warehouses, two of which are used for grain and one for
wool. During the shearing season from 500,000 to 1,000,000 pounds of
wool are sold annually through this point. There is approximately
75,000 acres of agricultural land in the vicinity of Madras, and the
Agency Plains, on the north, embrace 30,000 acres of dry farming land,
said to be the largest body of land of this chai-acter in the Northwest.
Madras has two hotels, three general stores, one bank, weekly newspaper,
two blacksmith shops, machine shop, and a good representation of other
lines of business enterprise. Flour mill, with 75-barrel daily capacity, and a
brick yard also located here. Is headquarters for United States District
Land Commissioner.
*Metolius (N. a. Burdick, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1911. Altitude,
2,500 feet; area, 80 acres; population, 200. Division point for the Oregon
Trunk (Great Northern) and the O.-W. R. & N. railroad Central Oregon
extension lines, 106 miles from the Columbia River, on the Deschutes
River. Assessed valuation of town property, $77,000; bonded indebted-
ness, $2,500. Two teachers in the public school receive $75.00 and
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 151
$100 00 per month. Skilled labor receives $3.00 to $4.00 per day; common
labor $2 00 to $2..-j0; and man and team, $4.00. One school buildmc: is
valued at $9,000, and one church (German Methodist) is valued at
$^ 000 Electric light plant and water system (gravity and pump)
are under private ownership. Light rates 15 cents per kilowatt hour and
downward, and water rate $2.00 per month for domestic use. Farming,
under irrigation and dry farming methods extensively engaged in Chief
products are wheat, oats, barley, rye, hay, alfalfa, potatoes and other
vegetables Dry farming experiment station is located here. Among the
business enterprises of the community are a bank, two hotels, livery stable,
two garages, meat market, two general stores, drug store, physician
hardware and furniture store, lumber yard. Farm lands offer good
investment. Opening for an attorney, newspaper and restaurant.
Opal City— Altitude, 2,857 feet. On Oregon Trunk and Oregon-
Washington Railroad & Navigation Company lines. Dry :^rming. All
kinds of grain, alfalfa, potatoes and vegetables. Livestock. Graded public
school. Garage. Church.
Warm Springs — Three and one-half miles west of Mecca, nearest
railroad point. Altitude, 1,500 feet. Population, 60. Agency headquar-
ters for Warm Springs Indian Reservation. Livestock, wool, hay and
grain. Agency school. United Presbyterian and Shaker churches.
JOSEPHINE COUNTY
(Grants Pass, County Seat)
Josephine County lies partly within the Rogue River Valley in the
southwestern part of the State. It is bounded on the west by Curry, on
the north by Douglas, on the east by Jackson County and on the south
by California. The population is 9,398; local estimate 10.000, (U. S.
Census, 1910, 9,567. Of these, 91 per cent are United States born. Of the
foreign 9 per cent, one-third are Germans, the remaining two-thirds
being made up principally of English, Irish, Scandinavians, Canadians
and Swiss. The total area of the county is 1,072,016 acres. There are
42 464 acres of vacant public lands in the county, of which 33,488 acres
have been surveyed. There are 303,769 acres of the O. & C. Grant Lands
located in this county, that portion of which found suited to agriculture
will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as classified. (See
"Oregon and California Land Grant Lands" in this report.) The
value of taxable property in 1916 was $6,761,410, not including $1,940,-
880.08, the assessed valuation of public service corporations within the
county. These values represent 71 per cent of the actual valuations, as
determined by the State Tax Commission. The average assessed value
of cultivated 'land is $56.58 per acre and the uncultivated land $9.30 per
acre. The natural forest growth is sugar and yellow pine, fir, black
oak, white oak, ash, alder, cedar, laurel and spruce. The total amount
expended for school purposes in 1914 was $79,798.85, and in 1915,
$75,031.44; for superintendents, principals and teachers' salaries, 1914,
$50,359.35, and 1915, $49,682.44; janitors and other employes, 1914,
$2,533, 1915, $2,533. The average salary paid superintendents is $1,800,
principals, $756.00, and teachers, $648.00. The average monthly salary
for male teachers is $73.00; for female teachers, $62.00. The general
school tax for 1916 was 3.8 mills, and the special school tax for 1915
amounted to $32,965.33. Three new schoolhouses were built during 1914.
There was expended for improvements to buildings and grounds in 1914-
1915, $4,503.50, and for 1915-1916, $3,868.59. The bonded indebtedness of
152 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
the county for school buildings and grounds is $91,000. There are 418
miles of highways in the county, of which six miles are macadamized,
48 miles gravelled and 364 miles are earth roads. The general surface
of the county is mountainous, interspersed with numerous fertile valleys,
plateaus and slopes. The rock formation is almost wholly pre-Cretaceous
and Cretaceous. The foothill soil is red and very deep. Nearly one-
half of the county has soil of this character. Orchards have been planted
quite extensively on this soil and do well when properly cultivated. The
lime supply is very abundant, phosphoric acid is very plentiful, potash is
limited (the minimum would be allowable on account of the excellent
lime supply), and humus sti-ong. The river bottom lands are rich loam,
of excellent texture, easy of cultivation and very fertile. The soil in the
vicinity of Grants Pass is largely decomposed granite. At present, fruit,
sugar beets, vegetables and hay are the principal crops, but the soil
is naturally well adapted to growing alfalfa, melons, potatoes, sorghum
and berries of all kinds. Grapes have been grown in this county for a
great many years and the quality is excellent. The hop acreage at pres-
ent is 250. There are 400 miles of public highways, 300 miles of which
are in excellent condition; they are maintained by taxation. The South-
ern Pacific railroad runs through the county. The California and Ore-
gon Coast Railroad, which is to connect the Southern Pacific at Grants
Pass, Oregon, with the ocean traffic at Crescent City, California, is under
construction, fifteen miles of it having been completed from Grants
Pass, and is now under operation. The rivers and streams afford excel-
lent waterpower and are rapidly being utilized for irrigation. Wood is
used for fuel and costs from $4.50 to $5.50 per cord. The climate is
mild, agreeable and healthful. An abundance of pure water is near
the surface. Fruit-growing, dairying, agriculture, sugar manufacturing,
lumbering and mining are the principal industries. There are two smelt-
ers, seventeen quartz mills, fifteen sawmills, two box factories, two sash
and door factories, one planing mill, one beet sugar factory, one cement
products plant, one ice and cold storage plant, bottling works, laundries,
iron and steel works, machine shops, creameries, three printing plants,
including a daily paper, gas plant and electric light plant. There are
many quartz and placer mines as well as those of copper and chrome-iron.
Among the minerals found are sandstone, slate, copper, granite, lime-
stone, marble and chrome-iron. (Mineral products, 1915, page 105.) The
mean temperature during the spring months is 52.2 degrees; summer,
65.6 degrees; fall, 64.7 degrees; and winter, 43 degrees. The normal
precipitation per season is: Spring, 7.31 inches; summer, 1.29 inches;
fall, 8.41 inches; winter, 16.56 inches; total annual, 33.57 inches. There
are three fine logging streams in the county. All streams are well stocked
with trout, and game is plentiful in the mountains.
Grants Pass (S. P. Truax, Mayor)— County seat. Settled in 1893;
300 miles south of Portland. Incorporated in 1889. Altitude, 960 feet.
Area 1,920 acres. Population 3,897. On the main line of the Southern
Pacific railroad. Assessed valuation of city property is $3,005,728, with
a bonded indebtedness of $304,500. Twenty-two teachers in the public
schools receive from $60.00 to $125.00 per month. One member of the
police force receives $^0.00 per month and two other members receive
$65.00 each. Daily wage for skilled labor is from $3.50 to $7.00; common
labor, $2.50 and man and team, $5.00. Five school buildings approximate
a value of $90,000 and the courthouse and city hall aggregate a value of
$25,000. Electric light plant and water system are under private owner-
ship and the light is furnished consumers for $1.50 per month, and water
from $1.00 to $1.50 per month per family. Mining, farming, hop growing,
fruit (especially grapes) growing and lumbering are the principal indus-
tries. There is an ice plant, four printing plants, iron foundry, machine
and repair shops, laundry, waterworks, bottling works, four sash and door
and box factories, sugar factory and a creamery.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 153
KLAMATH COUNTY
(Klamath Falls, County Seat)
Klamath County is situated in south central Oregon, at a point just
midway between San Francisco, California, and Portland, Oreg-on. It
is bounded on the west by Jackson, Dougias and Lane Counties, on the
north by Deschutes County, on the east by Lake County and on the
south by California. The population is 12,160. Of these 90 per cent are
of American birth. Of the 10 per cent that are of foreign birth, about
one-half are Germans, the remainder being; made up principally of Cana-
dians. Scandinavians and English. Total area, 3,885,360 acres, of which
amount 900,000 are ag:ricultural and meadow land. There are 984,99b
acres unappropriated and unreserved. Of this total there are 878,0o4
acres surveyed. There are 42,983 acres of the O. & C. Grant lands
located in this county, that portion of which found suited to ag:riculture
will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as classified. (See "Ore-
gon & California Land Grant Lands" in this report.) Klamath county
boasts of twenty-one billion feet of standing California white pine timber,
the largest body on the earth's surface. This timber is adapted to econom-
ical logging- operations. It has one of the largest Government irrigation
pi ejects in the West, which now covers more than 50,000 acres and will
when completed cover 250,000 acres. Several private projects are also
under construction embracing large areas. Klamath county claims more
dairy land than any three counties on the Pacific Coast. The soil is rich,
alluvial, and is commonly known as Yakima loam. It is very productive.
Alfalfa, wheat, oats and barley, timothy hay. potatoes and other hardy
vegetables are the principal crops. Klamath county hard wheat tests
as high as 46 per cent wet gluten and is the best for milling purposes
of any grown in the West. The celery of Klamath County is noted for
its crispness and flavor and received the grand award at the San Fran-
cisco world's fair. Sugar beets are found to yield here prolifically and
test very high in quality. It is very probable that a factory installed by
one of the largest sugar companies in the United States will be in opera-
tion next season. A dozen sawmills, two planing mills and two box fac-
tories are located here. The annual lumber cut is in excess of 125,000,000
feet. A flour mill, four creameries and two cheese factories are in opera-
tion throughout the county. Klamath County livestock export is consider-
ably over $1,000,000 annually. The annual commerce of Klamath County
is $6,000. 000. Unequaled scenic attractions of Klamath County magnetize
thousands of tourists each year. Crater Lake, the nation's greatest won-
der, located in Klamath County, was visited by more than 10,000 tourists
last season. Cool summers and splendid hunting and fishing make this
one of the greatest summer resorts. Klamath county has 2,000 miles of
roads, eighteen miles of which are macadamized or gravelled. They are
especially good through the farming districts. The great lakes and moun-
tain streams tributary thereto, situated as they are in the highest portions
of the county, not only furnish water for irrigation purposes, but also an
abundance of power 'for manufacturing purposes. (Mineral products,
1915, page 105.) The assessed value of privately owned property for
1916 is $14,230,536, not including $988,371.84, the assessed value of public
service corporation property. These values represent 69 per cent of the
actual valuations, as determined by the State Tax Commission. The
average assessed value of cultivated land is $13.63, and for uncultivated
land, $2.96 per acre. The normal precipitation, per season is: Spring,
4.35 inches; summer, 3.47 inches; fall, 3.85 inches; winter, 6.59 inches;
total annual, 18.26 inches.
Bonanza (J. O. Hamaker, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1901. Settled
in 1874, on Lost River, 25 miles east of Klamath Falls, the county seat.
Area, 250 acres. Population, 400 (estimated). A small interior town
154 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
situated on Lost river 25 miles east of Klamath Falls, the county seat
and nearest railroad point, and on the stage route between Klamath P'alls
and Lakeview, Lake county. No municipal indebtedness. Four teachers
are employed in the public school at salaries ranging from $60.00 to
$120.00 per month. City marshal receives $30.00 per month. Average
daily wage of skilled labor, $4.00 to $6.00; common labor, $2.00 to $3.00,
and man and team, $4.00 to $5.00. One school building is valued at
$21,000, and one church — Methodist — at $1,200. Distributive center for
large agricultural and irrigation district. Principal industries are farm-
ing, stock raising and dairying. There are four general merchandise
stores, hardware store, two blacksmtih shops, creamery, flour mill, two
feed stables, feed mill, sawmill, bank, drug store, confectionery store,
rooming house and branch high school.
Klamath Falls (C. B. Crisler, Mayor) — County seat of Klamath
county. Incorporated, 1889. Altitude, 4,100 feet. Population, 6,000.
On the line of the California Northeastern railroad (Southern Pacific),
which is building from Weed, Califoi-nia through Klamath county to
Eugene, Oregon, to complete what is known as the Natron Cut-off. Also
one of the termini of the Oregon-California and Eastern Railroad just
commencing construction by Robert E. Strahorn. This line forms a
northern connection with Bend, Lakeview, Burns and other interior Ore-
gon points. Klamath Falls is situated on Ling River, Lake Ewaune
and Upper Klamath Lake. Average daily wage $4.00 per day for skilled
labor, unskilled, farm hands, etc., $2.00 and board, herders $30.00 per
month, vaqueros, $40.00 to $60.00 per month. Monthly payroll, $125,000.
Four graded schools and one high school represent an aggregate value of
$126,000; county courthouse, just erected at a cost of over $200,000; city
hall just completed at a cost of $50,000; public library, $24,000; Tour-
ist Hotel, best between Sacramento and Portland, cost $250,000, new Elks
Temple recently completed cost $40,000. Electric lights and water are
furnished by the California-Oregon Power Company. Good fire depart-
ment with latest new equipment. Baptist, Methodist, Catholic, Presby-
terian and Christian churches are represented. Principal industries are
lumbering, stock raising, dairying, farming. Five large sa\\Tnills and
two box factories are located in and around the town. Lumber export
approximates more than 30 carloads daily. City has now about eight
miles of paved streets and is installing a new up-to-date street lighting
system. Waterpower adjacent to the city would turn every wheel in
California and Oregon. Needs of the city are a large packing plant,
condensed milk factory, sash and door factory, more box shook factories,
paper mills, scouring mills, woolen mills and settlers to develop the vast
acreage of fertile irrigated lands adjacent to the city.
*Merrill (G. N. Of field. Mayor) — An incorporated town, 20 miles
southeast of Klamath Falls, nearest railroad point, and on Lost River.
Altitude, 4,066 feet. Area, 120 acres. Population, 1,000 (estimated).
Assessed valuation of city property is $138,000; indebtedness, $4,500.
Six teachers in the public schools receive salaries of from $65.00 to $100.00
per month. City marshal receives $50.00 per month. Average daily wage
of skilled labor is $4.00; common labor, $2.00, and man and team, $6.00.
One school building is valued at $6,000, and four churches — Catholic,
Christian Science, Methodist and Presbyterian — are valued at $6,000.
Electric lighting plant is under private ownership and the rate of service
is 4 cents per candle power per month. Stock raising and farming (grain
and hay) are the principal industries. Within the town are two general
merchandise stores, two blacksmith shops, two hotels, two livery stables,
creamery, grist mill, planing mill, confectionery store, barber shop, bank,
drug store, two meat markets, a weekly newspaper, grocery, two notion
stores and one harness shop.
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 155
LAKE COUNTY
(Lakeview, County Seat)
Lake County, the third largest in Oreg-on, is situated in the south-
eastern part of* the State. It is bounded on the west by Klamath county,
on the north bv Deschutes County, on the east by Harney County, and on
the south by California and Nevada. The population is 5,740 (U. S. census,
1910, 4,658) ; of these, 90 per cent are United States born; of the forei^
10 per cent, about one-third are Germans, the remaining two-thirds being
made up principally of Irish, English, Canadians and Scandinavians.
The total area of the county is 5,069,300 acres. There are 2,526,051 acres
unappropriated and unreserved, of which 2,272,707 acres are surveyed.
Of the assessed appropriated land 179,135 acres are cultivated and
822.070 are uncultivated, of which about 300,000 are tillable. The as-
sessed value of cultivated land averages $13.68 an acre, and uncultivated
$2.53 per acre. There are 1,000 miles of public roads in the county, all
graded earth roads. The total assessed value of taxable property in this
county in 1916 was $9,420,264, not including $129,438.49, the assessed
value of public service corporation property. These values represent 73
per cent of the actual valuations, as determined by the State Tax Com-
mission. The surface is rolling plateau from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above
sea level; three-tenths timber, one-tenth mountains, three-tenths agri-
cultural and three-tenths grazing. Abundance of good water is near the
surface. Waterpower facilities are good. There are numerous lakes.
The rocks consist almost entirely of a mixture of the Eocene and Miocene
formative periods. This formation is similar to that of the Willamette
Valley and the vicinity of The Dalles, but owing to the difference in
elevation and climatic conditions the productivity of the soil differs very
materially from the above named districts. The soil consists of a rich
alluvial loam and is also rich in potash and lime. A wide variety of fruit
and vegetables thrive in this soil and climate. At present the prmcipal
industry is raising stock. There are sold annually out of this county
10.000 head of beef cattle, 60,000 head of sheep, and 1,200,000 pounds of
wool. In the county are pastured 220,000 sheep, 10,000 horses, and
70,000 cattle, besides a large number of mules, goats and hogs. The
wages are various: Herders, $30.00 to $50.00 a month; vaqueros, $40.00
to $60.00 a month; wood choppers, $2.00 to $2.50 a day; day laborers,
about $2.00 a day; carpenters, $3.50 a day; clerks. $40.00 to $75.00 a
month; bricklayers, $5.00; stone masons, $4.00; tenders, $2.50 to $3.00;
painters, $3.00 "to $5.00 a day; teachers, $40.00 to $90.00 a month. The
hours of labor vary. Cowboys work from three to twenty hours, and_ sheep
herders average twelve. Wood is used for fuel and is worth from $5.00 to
$8.00 a cord. Among the industrial plants are two sawmills, one planing
mill, flour and feed mills, and printing plants, at wages varying from
$2.00 to $3.00 per day. Borax, gold and copper are found m the county.
The climate is clear and invigorating and the scenery grand. The mean
temperature during the spring months is 43.4 degrees; summer, 60.7
degrees; fall. 48.7 degrees; and winter, 32 degrees. The normal precipita-
tion per season is: Spring, 3.67 inches; summer, 2.68 inches; fall, 2.56
inches, and winter, 4.27 inches — total annual, 13.18 inches.
Lakeview (Harry Bailey, Mayor) — County seat. Area, 880 acres.
Population, 1,500. Altitude, 4,728 feet. Situated in the southern part of
the county, and is the terminus of the Nevada-California-Oregon Railroad,
which operates between Reno, Nevada, and this point. Near head of Goose
Lake, 505 miles by rail and stage southeast of Portland, 164 miles east
of Ashland, 60 mi'les northeast of Alturas, California. A $25,000 depot
is maintained at Lakeview. The assessed valuation of the town property
is $1,024,808, with and indebtedness of about $10,000. There are two
156 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
schoolhouses valued at $75,000; four churches — Baptist, Catholic, Metho-
dist and Presbyterian— valued at $16,000. Lakeview has a $60,000 court
house. There are fourteen teachers employed at salaries ranging from
$65.00 to $200.00 a month; a city marshal at $75.00 a month; common
labor, $2.50 a day; skilled labor, $5.00, and a man and team, $5.00. A
private company furnishes electric light at 5 cents per month per candle-
power. Considerable electric power is also furnished at a reasonable rate.
A private company furnishes good, pure water at $1.50 a faucet per month.
The principal industries are cattle and sheep raising, farming and lumber-
ing. Lakeview has four general merchandise stores, two gents' furnishing
stores, two hardware stores, two ice cream parlors and one ladies' furnish-
ing goods store. Furniture is carried by two establishments.
*Paisley (C. E. Campbell, Mayor) — Situated on the Chewaucan
River, 40 miles north of Lakeview, the county seat, and the nearest rail-
road point. Incorporated in 1912; covers an area of 160 acres; popula-
tion, 400; altitude, 4,200 feet. Assessed valuation of town property is
$200,000. No indebtedness. There is one school house valued at $3,000;
three teachers are employed at salaries from $60 to $100 per month.
One city officer receives a salary of $75 per month. A privately owned
electric light plant furnishes lights at 12i^c per kilowatt hour. Common
labor receives $2.50 per day; man and team, $4.50 per day. The principal
industries are farming and stock raising. The town has one general mer-
chandise store, two livery stables, two flour mills, two hotels, one dentist,
one physician, one lawyer. Mining, lumbering, irrigation and water-
powers are to be more extensively developed.
* Silver Lake (Charles S. Reed, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1912. Alti-
tude, 4,200 feet. Area, 328 acres. Population, 172. Assessed valuation
of town property, $33,000. Three teachers in the public school receive
from $85.00 to $100.00 per month. City marshal receives $35.00 per month.
Skilled labor is paid $3.50 per day; common labor, $2.50, and man and
team, $5.00. One school building is valued at $6,000, and one church —
Baptist — is valued at $4,000, and city hall. Odd Fellows' hall and city jail
aggregate a value of $5,000. Bend, Crook county 92 miles northwest,
and terminus of the Oregon Trunk and Deschutes Valley railroads, is the
nearest railroad point. Electric light plant is privately owned and rate
to consumers is $1.00 per month per light. Farming, stock raising and
lumbering are the principal industries. Located in and near the town are
two sawmills, two hotels, two general stores, meat market, barber shop,
harness shop, livery stable, newspaper and two garages. There is need
for a bank and a creamery in the locality.
LANE COUNTY
(Eugene, County Seat)
Lane County extends from the Pacific Ocean on the west to the Cas-
cade Mountains on the east, a distance of about 150 miles. It lies in the
central western part of the State and is bounded on the west by the Pacific
Ocean, on the north by Lincoln, Benton and Linn Counties, on the east by
Klamath and Deschutes counties, and on the south by Douglas County.
The population is 39,440 (U. S. Census, 1910, 33,783). Of these, 89 per
cent are United States born; of the foreigTi 11 per cent, about one-fourth
are Scandinavian, the remaining three-fourths being made up principally
of Germans, Canadians, English, Irish, Scotch and Swiss. The total area
of the county is 2,714,200. There are 28,516 acres unappropriated and
'From 1914 report. No corrected data for iyi6 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 157
unreserved, and all surveyed. There are 300,110 acres of the O. & C.
Grant lands located in this county, that portion of which found suited
to agriculture will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as classi-
fied. (See "Oregon & California Land Grant Lands" in this report.) Of
the assessed appropriated land 125,932 acres are cultivated and 1,391,935
acres uncultivated, of which about 450,000 acres are tillable. Culti-
vated land has an average assessed value of $38.19, and uncultivated
land $6.69 an acre. There are 1,567 miles of public roads in the county
of which 536 miles are macadamized or gravelled, 1,004 miles of earth
construction, and 27 miles of plank roads. School principals are paid
from $800.00 to $2,700 per year; teachers, $240.00 to $720.00, and janitors
from $120.00 to $400.00. A special school tax of $96,000 was levied for
1915, and a general tax of $103,000 for school purposes was provided for
1916. Twelve new schoolhouses were built in 1914; eight in 1915 and
three in 1916. The total number of teachers employed in the county for
the school year 1915-1916 was 445, of which 82 were males and 363 fe-
males. The average salary for teachers of one room schools is $55.00 per
month and for more than one room, $71.00. The total value of taxable
property in this county in 1916 was $26,413,272, not including $3,912,-
188.67, the assessed value of public service corporation property within
the county. These values represent 53 per cent of the actual valuations,
as determined by the State Tax Commission. About one-fourth of the
surface is valley land, mostly a rolling prairie, the rest being hilly and
mountainous. The Willamette River drains the valley. The Coast Range
of mountains is on the west, the Cascades on the east, and the Calapooia
Mountains on the south. The rock formation of a narrow strip along the
coast is Pleistocene. The eastern portion of the county is a combination of
Eocene and Miocene, while the north and central is Pleistocene. The soil
of the table or hill lands bordering the valley is quite fertile. Consider-
able white swale land is found in some parts of the county. With a good
system of drainage this soil can be made productive. The soil in the
vicinity of Eugene is a sandy loam, especially in the foothills south of
Eugene. Farther up the hills the soil becomes coarser and is underlaid
with soft sandstone which ci'umbles on short exposure. The natural
vegetation is oak and wild grasses. The soil evidently has a good natural
drainage and is easily worked. Supply this soil with more potash, and
fruits and corn would flourish. The soil in the vicinity of Llewellyn is
known as "adobe" — a heavy, clayey soil that becomes exceedingly sticky
when wet, and difficult to work. It retains moisture well under thorough
tillage. The principal need is good drainage. If some inert material could
be woi-ked into the soil it would render it materially easier to work. It is
low in potash, high in lime, and fair in phosphoric acid. The natural
forest growth is fir, cedar, hemlock, oak, ash, and sugar pine. The
streams are available for floating logs. The finished product is shipped
on the Southern Pacific Railroad and from the mouth of the Siuslaw
River. Wood is used for fuel and costs from $3.00 to $4.00 a cord. Grain
fruit, hops and cattle are raised extensively. The present hop acreage is
393. More attention each year is being directed to fruit culture, for which
the soil is well adapted. Besides fruit and grain farming, lumbering is an
important industry. There ai"e twenty-two sawmills, nine saw and planing
mills, one shingle mill and six planing mills. Mining is also an important
industry. There are four gold quartz mines, one quicksilver mine, and
sandstone and limestone quarries. (Mineral products, 1915, page 105.)
Among the other industrial plants are found bottling works, brickyards,
creameries, ice and cold storage, excelsior, electric light, flour and feed,
fruit canneries, fish canneries, laundries, light and water, machine and
repair shops, printing, railroad shops, warehouses, woolen mills and pave-
ment. The county roads are in fair condition. The climate is mild and
healthful. Twelve miles south of Cottage Grove are situated the London
Mineral Springs, which are destined to develop into a popular health and
158 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
pleasure resort, the water being most excellent in taste, quality and cura-
tive properties. The average temperature during the spring months is 51.7
degrees; summer, 6.3.3 degrees; fall, 56.3 degrees; and winter, 43.9 de-
grees. The normal precipitation per season is: Spring 12 inches; sum-
mer, 4.04 inches; fall, 16.77 inches and winter, 25.93 inches — total annual,
58.74 inches.
*COBURG (H. A. Macey, Mayor) — Altitude, 441 feet. Area, 640
acres. Population, 613. Assessed valuation of town property is $207,000
with no debt. Eight teachers, employed in the public schools, receive from
$50.00 to $100.00 per month. City marshal receives $30.00 per month.
Average daily wage of skilled labor is $3.00 to $5.00; common labor, $2.00
and man and team, $5.00. City has a volunteer fire department. City owns
water works system, and electric lighting plant is under private owner-
ship. Both light and water service are under the meter system. Two
public school buildings are valued at $40,000, and . three churches —
Christian, Christian Science and Methodist — are valued at $4,000. Other
public buildings, city hall and I. O. O. F. hall, are valued at $4,500. A
lai'ge sawmill employs 200 men the year round. Included in the com-
plement of business and professional establishments are two general
merchandise stores, two groceries, hotel, bank, hardware store, livery
stable, two confectionery stoi-es, meat market, two pool halls and one
feed and grain store. Principal industries surrounding the town are
farming dairying and lumbering.
Cottage Grove (J. H. Chambers, Mayor) — Is situated on the main
line of the Southern Pacific Railway, at the south end of the Willamette
valley, 144 miles south of Portland, 22 miles south of Eugene. Stages
daily to Lorane, 12 miles west, $1.00; daily to London and Black Butte, 12
miles southwest, and triweekly to Bohemia mining district, 35 miles east.
Incorporated in 1903; area, 640 acres; altitude, 642 feet; population, 1,850.
Surrounded by extensive timber lands, dairies, farms and stock ranches.
Has excellent schools with graded high school. School buildings valued
at $50,000. Nineteen teachers employed at salaries from $40.00 to $130.00
per month. Business center for the famous Bohemia and Black Butte
mining districts. Ships fruit, grain, lumber, produce, stock and mining
products. There are large orchards tributary. Poultry raising is carried
on extensively. Assessed valuation of city property is $900,000. Seven
churches — Adventist, Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Christian Science, Meth-
odist and Presbyterian — represent an aggregate value of $40,000, and the
city hall and armory, $15,000. Two police officers receive $75.00 per
month each; common labor, $2.00 per day; skilled labor, $3.00 to $5.00;
man and team, $5.00 per day. An electric light plant, private o^vnership,
furnishes light at 12 ^/^c per kilowatt hour, and 3c per kilowatt hour for
heating and cooking. A water works system, municipal ownership, sup-
plies private families at $1.00 per month. Lumbering, mining, daiiying,
farming, stock raising and fruit growing are the principal industries.
Cottage Grove has a creamery, ice and cold storage plant, flour and feed
mills, repair shop, sash and door factory, fruit cannery, two sawmills with
25 tributary mills, one good newspaper (Sentinel), and is well equipped
with mercantile establishments and smaller industries. Needs a pulp and
paper mill, wood working industries, modern hotel, opera house.
Creswell (Clyde PI. Sedgwick, Mayor) — Located on the east side
division of the main line of the Southern Pacific Railway and on the
Willamette river, 135 miles south of Portland, and twelve miles south of
Eugene, the county seat. Incorporated in 1909. Population, 500. Cres-
well has a school building valued at $10,000 in which are employed six
teachers at salaries from $60.00 to $115.00 per month. Four churches —
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 159
Baptist, Christian, Methodist and Presbytei-ian — cost $8,000. The electric
light and water plants are privately owned, and charges are moderate.
Common labor receives $2.00 per day; skilled labor, $3.00; man and team,
$4.00. There is a good newspaper (The Chronicle), a bank, one hardware,
furniture and implement house; feed mill, three general stores, one
millinery store, one meat market, sawmill, one drug store, a cannery with
equipment for processing prunes just installed, two blacksmith shops,
a lumber yard, one physician and a dentist. Creswell is a fruit, cattle
and agricultural center. It shipped fifteen cars of apples and processed
800,000 pounds of prunes this season. Cattle sales monthly. Last sale
brought $5,400 for 2-56 head.
Eugene (W. A. Bell, Mayor) — County seat of Lane County. Situated
at an altitude of 453 feet. Population, 13,000. Area, 2,880 acres.
Assessed valuation of city property is $9,083,219; indebtedness, 1916,
$1,422,680.52; sinking fund, $51,700.79. Located on the main line of the
Southern Pacific Railroad, 127 miles south of Portland; is southern ter-
minus of the Oregon Electric and Portland, Eugene & Eatsern railways,
and eastern terminus of Willamette-Pacific Railroad (Southern Pacific),
which connects the city with two outlets to the Pacific Ocean, at Florence,
eighty miles, and at Coos Bay, 120 miles. Junction point of main line
and Wendling branch and Eugene-Klamath Falls cut-off of Southern
Pacific. Also situated on the Willamette River. It is important railroad,
commercial, industrial and educational centre. Trade center of a rich and
productive country. Has two public parks with combined area of 125
acres; fourteen and a half miles of street railway: fifteen miles of hard
surface streets; nineteen miles of macadam streets; twenty-eight miles
of cernent sidewalks; twenty-five miles of sewers; waterworks and hydro-
electric plant furnishing light and power for city and commercial use
o^vned by the city. Gas plant privately owned. Lighting service furnished
consumers at from 10c to 15c per kilowatt, and water service to consumers
costs $1.00 per month, or $1.00 per 5,000 gallons by meter. Sixty-nine
teachers in the public schools receive from $50.00 to $133.33 per month.
The police force consists of a chief at a salary of $85.00 per month; four
patrolmen at $75.00 each and police matron at $50.00. The fire depart-
ment is paid, the chief receiving $75.00, two men at $70.00 and three men
at $65.00 per month each. Average daily wage for skilled labor is $3.00
to $6.00; com.mon labor, $2.00 to $2.50, and man and team, $6.00. Six
grade and one high school buildings represent a total value of $90,000,
and another high school but recently completed at a cost of $110,000. Ten
churches, representing all of the principal denominations, aggregate a
combined value of about $85,000. Has a $75,000 armory. Eugene is the
seat of the University of Oregon. It is essentially a home city, as many
of its citizens own their homes. It is also an active industrial center,
having a flour mill, woolen mill, excelsior factory, sawmill, five planing
mills, two foundries and machine shops, cannery, knife factory, rug factory,
mattress factorj^ incubator factory, cement products plant, five printing
plants, two newspapers and several minor industries. Total building per-
mits for the year were 124, amounting to $163,614. Total plumbing
permits 178, total electrical permits 182.
^Florence (H. L. McKee, Mayor)— Incorporated in 1893. Altitude,
twenty feet. Area, 3,200 acres. Population, 800. Situated at the head
of navigation on the Siuslaw River, three miles from its mouth, eighty
miles west of Eugene, and has been connected with the latter city and the
main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad by the Wilkmette-Pacific
Railroad, in operation this year, between Eugene and Coos Bay. Is Lane
County's sole available seaport. Assessed valuation of city property is
$250,000, with no indebtedness. Four teachers in the public schools are
^From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
160 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
paid $60.00 to $118.00 per month. City marshal receives $60.00 per month.
One school building is valued at $4,000, and two churches — Evangelical
and Presbyterian — are valued at $4,500. Other public buildings aggregate
a value of $16,000. Average daily wage of skilled labor is $2.50 to $5.00;
common labor, $2.00; and man and team, $5.00. Electric light plant is
under private ownership. Principal industries are fishing, canning, lum-
bering, dairying, fruit growing and farming. City is surrounded by im-
mensely rich body of standing timber. The north and south jetties at the
mouth of the Siuslaw River are being constructed by the Federal Govern-
ment at an expenditure of $430,000, and the benefits derived therefrom are
already manifest. Florence has a salmon cannery, one sawmill with a
maximum daily capacity of 200,000 feet, one bank with $100,000 in depos-
its, two general stores, two men's furnishing stores, one grocery and con-
fectionery, drug store, meat market, two bakeries, hardware store, black-
smith shop, two newspapers, two barber shops, furniture store, two
attorneys and two physicians. There is a good opening for other indus-
tries and business enterprises.
Glenada (Wm. S. Hatch, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1912. Altitude, sea
level to 100 feet. Area, 1,280 acres. Population, 150. Near mouth of the
Siuslaw River, 80 miles west of Eugene, county seat, and about 25 miles
north of Gardiner, Douglas County, on Winchester Bay and on line of
Willamette-Pacific Railroad, just completed from Eugene, and the near-
est main line point. Light steamer shipments along the coast. Assessed
valuation of town property, $100,000. One school building is valued at
$1,500, in which one teacher is employed at $60.00 per month. City
marshal is paid under the fee system. Skilled labor receives $4.00 to $5.00
per day; common labor, $2.00*to $2.50, and man with team receives $5.00
per day for labor for eight hours. There is one church building. Evan-
gelical, used for all denominations. Electric lighting plant and water
system under private ownership. Lumbering, fishing, general farming
and dairying are the principal industries of the surrounding country.
Located in the town are a large shingle mill, two hotels and two stores.
There is good opportunity for investment in the development of the timber
and agricultural resources of the district.
Junction City (C. H. McKnight, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1872. Has
a population of about 1,000. Is situated on the Willamette River. The al-
titude is 353 feet. The assessed valuation of town property is $400,000,
with a bonded indebtedness of $29,500. Two school buildings aggregate
an approximate value of $9,000, and thirteen teachers are employed at
salaries ranging from $50.00 to $125.00 a month. Four churches, Chris-
tian, Danish Lutheran, Methodist Episcopal and Methodist (South), rep-
resent a value of $6,500. Other buildings are the city hall, A. O. U. W.
hall and opera house, valued at $6,000. I. O. O. F. hall valued at
$10,000. The Southern Pacific and Oregon Electric pass through the
city. The city is expending $35,000 for hard surface pavement. A
$35,000 freight and passenger depot was constructed this year. Both
electric light plant and waterworks system are owned and operated by a
private corporation. Water costs private families $2.00 a month. Farming,
stockraising and fruit growing are the leading industries of the immediate
vicinity. The town is in need of a fi'uit cannery, milk condenser, and sash
and door factory. The city marshal and night police are paid $30.00 and
$65.00 a month, respectively. Common labor, $1.50 to $2.00 per day;
skilled labor, $2.50 to $4.00, and man and team, $3.00 to $4.00. Junction
City has flour mills, excelsior works, creamery and skimming station, and
fruit drier, four general stores, two grogery stores, two confectioneries,
two drug stores, two meat markets, bank, bakery, two hotels, jewelry
store, millinery, two hardware and implement stores, furniture store, two
livery stables, gim store, two blacksmith shops, two saddleries, two shoe
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 161
shops and two newspapers, a brick structure for first class meat market
and ice plant in connection. There is a good opening here for sawmill,
sash and door factory, pulp mills, starch factory and a sugar beet factory.
First National Bank owns a two-story white pressed brick building and
occupies the first floor.
Springfield (E. E. Morrison, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1886. Alti-
tude, 476 feet; area, 400 acres; population, 2,500 (estimated). On the
east side of the Willamette River, 123 miles south of Portland, on the
Springfield-Woodburn branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and con-
nected with Eugene and the main line of the Southern Pacific by the
Eugene-Wendling branch of the Southern Pacific, and the P., E. & E.
electric railway. Completion of Southern Pacific Natron-Klamath cut-off
will place city on the main line. Assessed valuation, $1,000,000; bonded
indebtedness, $193,000. Has several miles of macadamized streets and
thirty-nine blocks of hard surface pavement. Twenty-five teachers in the
public schools receive from $55.00 to $160.00 per month. Average daily
wage for skilled labor is $3.00 to $5.00, and for common labor, $2.25 to
$2.50. One high school and one grade school building are valued at
$40,000, and three churches, Baptist, Christian and Methodist, have
property valued at $45,000. Water and light plants are under private
ownership. City also has a fine sewer system. Farming, fruit growing,
dairying, hop raising, stock raising, lumbering and mining are the prin-
cipal industries. Springfield has a flour mill, sash and door and box
factory, one weekly newspaper, twice-a-week newspaper, cold storage
plant, creamery, twelve sawmills within fourteen miles radius of the city,
and a new mill (best equipped sawmill in the State) , with a daily capacity
of 150,000 feet of lumber and employs about 150 men. Springfield also
has a full complement of establishments representing all lines of com-
mercial and professional business. Among the chief needs of the city are
an up-to-date hotel, factories to utilize available waterpower, and more
people to develop farming and dairying industries. Springfield vicinity
is known as one of the best potato districts in the State. A Methodist
church edifice just built, cost $15,000.
LINCOLN COUNTY
(Toledo, County Seat)
Lincoln is one of the central coast counties. Is is bounded on the north
by Tillamook County, on the east by Polk and Benton counties, on the
south by Lane County, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The popu-
lation is 6,845, local estimate, 8,000 (U. S. Census, 1910, 5,587). Of these,
79 per cent are United States born; of the foreign 21 per cent, about one-
fourth are Scandinavian, the remaining three-fourths being made up prin-
cipally of English, Canadians, Germans, and Irish. The total area of the
county is 645,120 acres, classified as follows: River and creek bottoms
and tide flats, 150,000 acres; bench lands, 250,000 acres; hill lands,
245,120 acres. There are 13,497 acres unappropriated and unreserved,
all surveyed. Of the assessed appropriated land, 7,512 acres are culti-
vated and 339,885 acres uncultivated, of which about 100,000 acres are
tillable. There are 16,000 acres of the 0. & C. grant lands located in this
county, that portion of which found suited to agriculture will be thrown
open to homestead entry as soon as classified. (See "Oregon & California
Land Grant Lands" in this report.) The average assessed value of all land
per acre is $16.75. There are 383 miles of public highways in the county,
of which twenty-five miles are macadamized or gravelled, 350 miles of
earth construction and eight miles planked. The total amount expended
Sig. 6.
162 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
for roads and bridges in 1915 was $58,237.20. The total amount expended
upon roads in county, 1911 to 1914, inclusive, was $214,747.15. In 1914
there were 10,620 square yards of crushed rock hauled upon the roads;
1915, 6,200 square yards; 1916, 7,820 square yards. Gravel hauled upon
roads in 1916, 6,000 square yards.
The total amount expended for school purposes for 1914-1915 was
$54,655.30, and for 1915-1916, $71,654.04. Paid in superintendents, prin-
cipals and teachers' salaries, 1914-1915, $25,231.35, and for 1915-1916,
$24,253.17. Four new schoolhouses were built during 1914 and eight dur-
ing 1915. There was expended for impiovements to buildings and grounds
in 1914, $3,912; 1915, $3,412; and 1916, $3,316. The bonded indebt-
edness for school purposes is $41,300. The total assessed value of
taxable property in private ownership, in 1916, was $9,275,386, not includ-
ing $615,224.34, the assessed value of public service corporation prop-
erties within the county. These values represent 93 per cent of the actual
valuations, as determined by the State Tax Commission. Fifty-one per
cent of the taxable property is timber lands, the total timber content of
which is estimated at 15,000,000,000 feet.
Lincoln County is a new and undeveloped county, with a vast amount
of natural wealth. Transportation is the greatest question to be solved
and considerable capital must be used in the constructing of logging and
other railroads. The rivers and harbors of the county must be improved.
Yaquina Harbor, at the mouth of the Yaquina River, near the center of the
west or coast line, is one of the best natural harbors on the Pacific Coast
and the most important in the county. This can be made one of the finest
and safest harbors on this coast. Plans are now under way to make this
a deep sea harbor and open up to this territory the markets of the world.
The surface is rolling — made up of alluvial valley and soapstone hills.
The rock formation of a narrow coast district is Pleistocene, while the
eastern part of the county is made up of a combination of Eocene and
Miocene. There is a variety of soil, from the sandy loam of tidewater to
the tideland of Toledo vicinity. An analysis of the sandy loam shows it to
be weak in lime and potash but sufficient in phosphoric acid and humus.
The soil is not a lasting one, although its fine texture would have a tend-
ency to offset its deficiencies for a time. It would be much improved by
applications of land plaster. The soil of the bottom lands is a rich brownish
alluvium of great depth. It is of fine texture, containing a large proportion
of decomposed feldspar. The natural forest growth is cedar, red and
yellow fir, alder and maple. This bottom land soil is strong in lime, phos
phoric acid and humus and is well adapted for growing fruit and vege-
tables, 18,000 pounds of onions having been grown on one-half acre of this
soil. This is a natural grass country with all of the conditions favorable
to dairying and stock raising. The six navigable rivers that drain the
county and furnish abundance of water power are the Salmon, Siletz, Ya-
quina, Big Elk, Alsea, and Yachats. The county is credited with con-
taining nine billion feet of fir, three billion feet of spruce, three billion
feet of hemlock, and five billion feet of second growth fir, or a
total of twenty billion feet of merchantable timber; $75,000 worth of
chittim bark, 1,500 acres of coal land, 1,200 acres of granite, 3,000 acres
of sandstone. Wood is used for fuel and costs from $1.50 to $3.00 a cord.
This county boasts of a popular summer resort at Newport. Near where
the Yaquina River empties into the Pacific Ocean is found one of the few
rock oyster beds in the world. Traces of gold, platinum, copper and iron
have been found. (Mineral products, 1915, page 105.) Besides farming
there are eight saw and planing mills. In addition to the above there are
fish canneries and tanneries. The water supply is good and the climate
mild and moist. The mean temperature during the spring months is 49.4
degrees; summer, 59.4 degrees; fall, 55.9 degrees, and winter, 44.2 degrees.
The normal precipitation per season is: Spring, 18.18 inches: summer,
4.38 inches; fall, 19.65 inches, and winter, 30.44 inches; total annual, 72.65
inches.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 163
Netwport (R. a. Bensell, Mayor) — Settled in 1867. Incorporated in
1882. Altitude, 24 feet; area, 210 acres; population, 1,500; summer
population, 8,000. Situated on Yaquina Bay. a deep-sea harbor into
which the Yaquina River empties, four miles across the bay from Ya-
quina, the western terminus of the Corvallis & Eastern Railroad and
nearest railroad point. Nine miles west of Toledo, the county seat; 16.5
miles by rail and 220 miles by water southwest of Portland. It is one
of Oreg:on's most popular seaside summer resorts, and thousands of resi-
dents of the State and sojourning tourist visit it annually. Assessed
valuation of town property is $780,000, with an indebtedness of ,$26,000.
City marshal receives $60.00 per month, and deputies the same. Averaj?e
daily wage for skilled labor, $2.00 to $3.00; common labor $1.50 to $2.00;
man and team, $4.00 to $5.00. There are two school buildinjys, which
employ eig:ht teachers, valued at $20,000, and four church organizations,
Baptist, Catholic, Episcopal and Presbyterian, having property valued at
$25,000. The city has a fine gravity water system and is lighted with elec-
tricity. Dairying, fishing (oyster, clam, crab and deep-sea fishing), truck
farming and poultry raising are the principal industries. Some extensive
and exceedingly valuable halibut banks have been discovered off the
Oregon coast in the vicinity of Newport, which are being developed.
Among the business enterprises in the city are a bank, steam laun-
dry, livery stable, bakery, numerous stores of a varied character, nine
hotels, three of them modern and up-to-date in every respect, several
lodging houses and restaurants, six agate cutting and mounting shops,
and two weekly newspapers. For those seeking places of amusement
there is a fine large natatorium, a good dance hall and skating rink,
while a large and well-equipped sanatorium awaits those who are in search
of health. Among the things very much needed are a sawmill, sash and
door factory, creamery, ice and cold storage plant, and improvements
for extending the fishing industry.
Toledo (R. A. Arnold, Mayor) —County seat of Lincoln County. Is
situated on the line of the Corvallis & Eastei-n railroad and one-half
mile from the head of Yaquina Bay. It was incorporatd in 1893, covers
an area of 250 acres, and has a population of 850. The assessed valuation
of town property is $322,000. The pviblic school buildings are valued at
$14,000. There are six churches — Advent, Catholic, Christian Science,
Episcopal, Lutheran and Methodist. The church buildings are valued at
$5,000, and the city hall and courthouse at $4,000. There are eight
teachers in the public schools and they are paid salaries ranging from
$65.00 to $122.00 per month. The city marshal is paid a salary of $60.00
per month. Common labor receives $2.50 per day, and skilled from $4.00
to $5.00 per day. Man and team command $5.00 per day. A gravity sys-
tem ov^Tied by the city furnishes private families with the very best moun-
tain water at $1.00 per month. There is an up-to-date electric light plant
owned by private parties. Toledo has a State bank, two newspapers, three
livery stables, hardware store, undertaking and furniture store, three gen-
eral stores, two dry goods stores, one drug stoi-e, two blacksmith shops,
creamery, one billiard room, two meat markets, two hotels, one restaurant,
one sawmill, one box factory, shipyard, two doctors, four lawyers, two
jewelry stores, one Odd Fellows' hall, value $7,000. Needs a good hotel,
cheese factory, one garage, cold storage plant and canning plant.
Waldport (M. V. Leeper, Mayor) — Population, 450; altitude just
above sea level. Situated near the mouth of Alsea Bay, 180 miles south-
west of Portland, on the Pacific ocean, 15 miles southwest of Yaquina,
on the Yaquina Bay branch of the Southern Pacific, known as the Cor-
vallis & Eastern. Yaquina nearest railroad point and shipping station;
14 miles south of Newport, and 20 miles from Toledo, the county seat.
Assessed valuation of town property $75,000, with no indebtedness. Two
school houses. Four teachers employed at salaries ranging from $70.00 to
164 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
$90.00 per month. School graded. Value of buildings, $6,000. One church
building, value $1,500. Principal industries are dairying, salmon and
crab fishing, lumbering and light farming. Two docks for ocean boats
have just been completed. The business enterprises are a fish cannery,
an ice plant, creamery, two general merchandise stores, two good hotels,
drug store, repair shop, second hand store, shoe shop, jewelry store,
bakery, sawmill, livery stable, dentist, and meat mai'ket. The fruit, dairy
and livestock industries could be materially increased, developed and
made profitable to capital invested.
LINN COUNTY
(Albany, County Seat)
Linn County is situated in the central western part of the State. It
is bounded on the north by Marion County, on the east by Crook County,
on the south by Lane County, and on the west by Benton County. The
population is 26,231. (U. S. Census, 1910, 22,662.) Of these, 87 per cent
are United States born; of the foreign 13 per cent, about one-third are
Germans, the remaining two-thirds being made up principally of Cana-
dians, English, Austrians, Irish, Swiss, and Scotch. The total area of the
county is 1,494,500 acres. There are 1,591 acres unappropriated and un-
reserved, all surveyed. There are 62,870 acres of the O. & C. Grant lands
located in this county, that portion of which found suited to agriculture
will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as classified. (See
"Oregon & California Land Grant Lands" in this report.) Of the assessed
appropriated lands, 203,081 acres ai-e cultivated and 790,677 acres un,cu]ti-
vated, of which about 250,000 acres are tillable. The assessed value of the
cultivated land averages about $34.36 per acre, of uncultivated land about
$14.11 per acre. There are 2,300 miles of public highways in the county of
which about 1,000 miles are macadamized or graveled, and the balance of
earth construction.
The total value of taxable propei'ty in this county in 1916 was $26,-
093,130, not including $4,186,134.41, the assessed value of public service
corporation within the county. These values represent 68 per cent of the
actual valuations, as determined by the State Tax Commission.
The surface is level, rolling and mountainous. The rock formation of
three-fourths of the county is Pleistocene and of the rest Miocene. The
arable portion of the county is about evenly divided in prairie and rolling
land. The prairie is not a dead level, but slightly undulated, affording
plenty of slope for good drainage to the Willamette River, which skirts its
entire western edge. The soil of the prairie land is a rich, dark, clayey
loam, of the general character of the whole Willamette Valley. For the
most part the rocks are sandstone and basaltic. About the Santiam coun-
try the formations are porphyritic and granitic, which are a continuation
of similar rocks to the north and south. The soil in the vicinity of Leba-
non is a light loam, black in color, from eighte^ to twenty-four inches
deep, with a subsoil of about two feet. This soil has a natural forest
growth of fir, maple, oak and ash. It carries a high percentage of lime
and has good natural drainage. The soil is easily worked and is a good
all-around soil. The soil in the vicinity of Halsey is underlaid by a yellow
clay at a depth of about ten inches, and this in turn by a blue clay at about
thirty inches. The natural growth is ash, wild rose, and swamp grasses.
Chemically this soil is abundantly supplied with all the essential constitu-
ents and if well drained would prove lasting. Fruit, particularly pears,
would do well on this soil if properly drained. Vegetables are grown ex-
tensively in the county; forty fruit driers are operated within a radius of
ten miles of Albany. Potatoes yield from 100 to 300 bushels an acre. Or-
dinary grains are grown, but flax could be profitably raised. The county
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 165
is admirably adapted to diversified farming. Cattle, horses, slieep, and
poultry are' raised extensively. The forest growth consists of red, white
and yellow fir, spruce, hemlock, cedar, maple, oak, ash, balm and willow,
which along- with water and rail facilities make lumbering an important
and profitable industry. There is a pulp and paper mill at Lebanon which
employs 17 skilled men at $2.85 per day and 45 unskilled men at $2.08.
There are nine sawmills, six saw and planing mills, three planing mills
and one chair factory. There are gold quartz mines within the county that
yield valuable ore. Fine building stone is also quarried (Mineral products,
page 105.) Among the other industrial plants are bottling works, cream-
eries, ice and cold storage, furniture, electric light, flour and feed, fruit
canneries, tanneries, laundries, machine shops, paper and pulp, printing,
railroad shops, soda water, warehouses, and woolen mills. The climate is
mild and healthful. The water supply is of fine quality and in great
abundance. Mineral springs with curative properties exist. The roads are
very good. The Southern Pacific Railroad and Corvallis & Eastern Rail-
road form a junction at Albany. The Oregon Electric Railway traverses
the western part of the county, with a branch line from Albany to Cor-
vallis. Wood is used for fuel and costs from $2.50 to $4.50 per cord.
Churches of all denominations and good schools are found throughout the
county. The mean temperature during the spring months is 51.7 degrees;
summer, 64.7 degrees; fall, 54.8 degrees, and winter, 42 degrees. The
normal precipitation per season is: Spring, 14.31 inches; summer, 7.59
inches; fall, 16.51 inches, and winter, 22.67 inches; total annual, 61.09
inches.
* Albany (L. M. Curl, Mayor) — County seat of Linn County. Incor-
porated in 1864. Altitude, 220 feet; area, 725 acres; population, 1910
census, shows 4,275, but, on account of the expansion of the city limits
since the Fedei*al census was taken, the population of the city pi'oper
is now estimated at over 7,000. Situated on the east bank of the Willam-
ette River and on the main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad and on
the Oregon Electric and Corvallis & Eastern railroads. Assessed valua-
tion of city property is $3,856,950, and bonded indebtedness is
$183,979. Forty teachers in the public schools receive salaries of from
$57.50 per month to $2,000 per year. Five public school buildings,
business college and private school (Catholic) approximate a combined
value of $200,000. There are fourteen churches, representing all of
the leading denominations, with buildings aggregating a value of
$150,000. The Chautauqua Association holds its annual assemblies
here. The courthouse, armory, fire engine house, I. O. O. F., Masonic,
K. of P. and A. O. U. W. halls have a valuation of over $210,000.
Well equipped and efficient fire department with several paid officers
and men. Three police officers, one day and two night, who receive from
$75.00 to $83.00 per month each. Average daily wage for skilled labor
is $3.50; common labor, $2.50; and man with team, $4.50. Electric light
plant and waterworks system are under private ownership. Light costs 11
cents per kilowatt hour, and water for private dwellings $1.50 per month.
Farming, dairying, gardening, fruit growing, lumbering and manufac-
turing are the principal industries. In and near the city are located a
chair factory, two sawmills, two planing mills, two iron-working plants,
one tannery, ice factory, two steam laundries, brickyard, glove factory,
four garages, two flouring mills, railroad car shops, soda works, cream-
ery, prune packing plant, four banks, two daily, two weekly and one
monthly newspaper, two telephone systems, five hotels, wholesale com-
mission house, street car system, paved streets, and miles of cement
walks. There is need for a woolen mill, cannery and fruit evaporator,
pickle factory, cider and vinegar works, a milk condensing plant, and
other payroll producing industries.
*From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
166 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Brownsville (A. W. Weber, Mayor) — Is located on the Southern
Pacific Railroad. It has a population of 919, with no municipal indebted-
ness. Two schoolhouses are valued at $28,000; five churches — Presby-
terian, Baptist, Methodist, Christian and Catholic— $12,000, and city
hall, $2,500. Fourteen school teachers receive from $60.00 to $120.00
per month; the city marshal, $20.00 per month and $2.00 extra for every
day he works on the streets or does other labor for the city; common
labor, $1.50 to $2.50 per day; skilled labor, $2.50 to $4.00; and man and
team, $3.00 to $5.00 per day. The electric light plant and waterworks
are under private ownership. Water is supplied private families at 75
cents per month per faucet. The Oregon Power plant at Springfield
furnishes electric lights. Agriculture, horticulture, lumbering, stock
raising and fruit growing are the leading industries. There are large
bodies of timber near town for lumber and furniture. A furniture and
ice factory, sawmill, box factory, a small steam laundry, automobile
garage, basket factory, wagon and carriage works, implement factoi-y,
soap factory and linen mill are among the manufacturing industries that
would find a profitable field here. There are woolen mill, flour mill,
tannery, fruit cannery, handle factory, creamery, bank, warehouses,
electric light plant, waterworks, five general merchandise stores, two
hardware stores, two barber shops, two drug stores, one hotel, two
millinery stores, one livery stable, three blacksmith shops, two jewelry
stores, and meat market and newspaper. Brownsville also has a public
library, cement walks, cement block factory and a location for a brick
and tile factory.
*Halsey (R. M. Miller, Mayor) — Located on the main line of the
Southern Pacific Railroad, six miles from the Willamette River. It was
incorporated in 1876; covers an approximate area of one mile square, and
has a population of about 480. The altitude is 310 feet. The assessed
valuation is $238,937, with no debts. Three churches— Methodist,
Christian and Baptist— are valued at $9,000, and city hall at $1,000.
There is one school, employing five teachers, who are paid salaries rang-
ing from $60.00 to $100.00 per month. Daily wage for common labor is
$2.00; for skilled labor, $3.50; and for man and team, $4.00. The city
water system (pump and tower) is owned by a private stock company,
and the public is supplied at the rate of $1.00 per month to private
dwellings. Agriculture is the principal industry. There is one barber
shop, a State bank, electric light and power plant, first class lumber yard,
three general merchandise stores, hardware store, confectionery store,
blacksmith shop, meat market, two real estate firms, hotel, livery stable,
carpenter shop and waterworks. There is need of an implement store
and creamery.
*Harrisburg (W. F. Elliott, Mayor)— Is situated on the Willamette
River the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Oregon Electric Railway, at
an altitude of 336 feet. It was incorporated m 1866; covers an area of
about 600 acres; has 700 inhabitants. The assessed value of town prop-
ertv is $350,000, with a (sewer) bonded indebtedness of $9,500. ihe
city has four churches— Catholic, Christian and Methodist (North and
South). The Baptist has a church site but no church. Value of church
structures, $12,000; city hall and opera house, $3,500. One school
building (high school) valued at $10,000, with six teachers salaries
from $50.00 to $125.00 per month. Common labor is $2.00 to $2.;)0 per
day; skilled labor, $3.00 to $5.00; man and team, $4.00 to $6.00 per day.
Good pure water furnished from well, gasoline engine and electric power
pumps, for family use, $1.00 to $1.50 per month, according to use.
Dairving fruit culture, diversified farming and stock raising are the
principal industries. There are two general merchandise stores, grocery,
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 167
two blacksmith shops, two furniture stores, meat market, two harness
shops, two hardware stores, three confectioneries, two drug stores, feed
store, two milliners, jeweler, barber shop, photo gallery, hotel, two real
estate firms, cijjar factory, undertaker and embalmer; two banks,
National, $25,000 capital* and Farmers and Merchants', State
$30,000 capital; restaurant, concrete works, flouring mill, lawyer,
three physicians, dentist, auctioneer, two painters, two lumber yards,
weekly paper (Harrisburg Bulletin), firm contractors and builders, and
lodges as follows: A. F. and A. M., and Eastern Star; I. O. O. F. Encamp-
ment and Rebekah lodge; W. O. W. and Women of Woodcraft; M. W. A.
and Royal Neighbors; United Artisans; A. O. U. W. and D. of H. Electric
lighted streets. There are opportunities for a creamery, cannery, sawmill,
brick yard, tile factory and other kinds of manufacturing establishments.
Lebanon (J. L. Underwood, Mayor) — Situated on the South Santiam
River, 13 miles southeast of Albany, the county seat, and is the terminus
of the Lebanon branch of the S. P. Railway; is 92 miles south of Port-
land. It was settled in 1845; incorporated in 1891; covers an area of 960
acres, and has a population of 2,000. Ten passenger trains arrive daily.
An abundance of waterpower in the vicinity is practically used in the
paper and planing mills, electric light and power plant. Seven churches —
Adventist, Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Lutheran, Methodist and Presby-
terian— represent a value of $80,000. The assessed valuation of town
property is $1,000,000. Three school buildings approximate a value of
$60,000, and eighteen teachers are employed at salaries from $50.00 to
$140.00 per month. The city marshals receive $65.00 per month ; common
labor, $2.00 per day; skilled labor, $3.50 per day; and man and team,
$4.00 per day. The electric light and waterworks are owned by a private
corporation. Lights cost according to consumption, and water to private
families $1.00 per month. Lumbering, farming, dairying, fruit and berry
growing are the chief industries. Lebanon has one of the finest hotels in
the valley, and has two banks, paper mill, creamery, ice plant, two garages
and various classes of mercantile establishments. The town very much
needs a cannery, furniture factory, flour mill, and all would pay well.
Lebanon has installed a fine sewer system and has two miles of paved
streets.
SciO (A. G. Prill, Mayor) — Settled in 1856, incorporated in 1866,
under amended charter in 1891 and 1911. On Thomas Creek, a water-
power stream, 72 miles south of Portland; 16 miles northeast of Albany;
two miles east of West Scio station, the shipping point, and three miles
east of Munkers, the transfer point for Albany. Altitude, 360 feet; area,
240 acres; population, about 500. Located one and one-half miles from
the Woodburn-Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and
three miles from the nearest point on the Corvallis & Eastern. Assessed
valuation, $200,000, with a bonded indebtedness of $5,000. Seven
teachers are employed in the public schools at salaries ranging from
$60.00 to $111.00. Janitor receives $35.00 per month. Average daily
wage for skilled labor, $3.00 to $4.00; common labor, $2.00; and man with
team, $4.00. One school building, steam heated, has a valuation of
$12,000, and two church buildings, in which four religious denomina-
tions hold services — Baptist, Catholic, Christian and Presbyterian — are
valued at $5,000. City hall, fire department building, electric light and
water plants, and public park are valued at $15,000. Electric light
and waterworks (gravity and pumping system) are under municipal
ownership. A flat rate of $1.00 per month for three 16 candle-power
lights is charged, and $1.00 per month to private families for water.
Dairying, farming, lumbering and fruit growmg are the principal indus-
tries. There are three general stores, two hardware stores, furniture
store, drug store, hotel, blacksmith shop, livery stable, grocery stoi-e, flour
mill, milk condenser, bank, two physicians, two confectionery stores, meat
168 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
market, millinery shop, newspaper, one planing mill, two telephone
exchanges, machine shop, electric light and water plants and sawmill.
Macadamized streets in 1916. Land values from $35.00 per acre up;
wood from $2.50 to $3.50 per cord; house rent from $4.00 to $10.00 per
month. Good water and good drainage. New crushed rock road has been
constructed from Scio to West Scio station on the line of the Southern
Pacific, at a cost of $5,000 per mile. Scio is the home of the Linn
County' Fair and the annual school fair. Scio, Oregon, "The Dairy City'
of the Willamette Valley.
SoDAVlLLE (A. A. King, Mayor) — Population, about 150. Situated
about five miles from Lebanon, the nearest railroad point and terminus
of the branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad connecting with the mam
line at Albany. On Oak Creek, twenty miles southeast of Albany, the
county seat; ninety miles south of Portland; five miles southeast of
Lebanon. Stage to Lebanon, 50 cents; daily mail. Surrounded by splen-
did farming country, in which farming, dairying, fruit raising and lum-
bering are the principal industries. Soda springs of exceptional medicinal
qualities, which were developed by the State and set aside as a reserve
for the benefit of the public, are located here. It is a popular summer
and health resort. Has two churches — Evangelical and Presbyterian.
Has graded public school in which high school courses are taught.
*SWEET Home (H. M. Myer, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1893. Altitude,
500 feet; area, 1,000 acres; population, about 450. Situated on the San-
tiam River, about 16 miles southeast of Lebanon, the nearest railroad
point. Assessed valuation, $52,800, with $592.00 indebtedness. Four
teachers in the public schools receive salaries ranging from $50.00 to
$75.00 per month. City marshal receives $30.00 per month. Average
daily wage for skilled labor, $3.50; common labor, $2.00; and man with
team, $4.50. Two school buildings, grade and high schools, are valued at
$6,000, and two churches — Evangelical and United Evangelical — are
valued at $3,000. Lumbering, farming and dairying are the chief indus-
tries. There are three general stores, two confectionery stores, telephone
exchange, postoffice, meat market, blacksmith shop, drug store, barber
shop, two physicians, hotel, three livery stables, two implement stores, feed
store and pool hall. There is an opening here for a sawmill, cannery,
creamery and flour mill.
*Waterloo — Population, 120. An incorporated town on the south fork
of the Santiam River, 20 miles southeast of Albany. Has a public
school and one church— the Evangelical. Stage daily to Berlin, Foster,
Lebanon, Sodaville and Sweet Home.
MALHEUR COUNTY
(Vale, County Seat)
Malheur is the second largest county in the State. It is situated in
the southeast corner, and is bounded on the west by Harney County, on
the north by Baker County, on the east by the State of Idaho and the
Snake River, and on the south by the State of Nevada. The population
is 13,522 (United States Census, 1910, 8,601). Of these, 90 per cent are
United States born. Of the foreign 10 per cent, about one-fourth are
English, the remaining three-fourths being made up principally of Irish,
Canadians, Germans and Scotch. The total area of the county is 6,346,500
acres There are 4,903,683 acres of public land open to entry in this
county, of which 3,954,049 acres have been surveyed. The total assessed
•From 1914 report. Xo corrected data for 1016 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 169
value of the county for the year 1916 was $5,938,920, not including
$1,583,516.24, the assessed value of public service corporation property
within the county. These values represent 42 per cent of the actual valua-
tions, as determined by the State Tax Commission. There were 49,216
acres of cultivated land at an average assessed value of $15.98; unculti-
vated land, 153,968 acres, valued at $1.88. There are 512,266 acres of
non-tillable land. There are 2,025 miles of public roads in the county,
of which 25 miles are macadamized and gravelled and the balance is of
earth construction.
The surface of the country is mostly rolling, hilly, and parts even
attaining to the mountainous, each different range of hills being divided
by fertile valleys of greater or less extent. Besides the Owyhee and
Malheur Rivers, which are the most important streams of the county, and
with their various tributaries furnish water for irrigation, the Snake
River, which forms the eastern and northeastern line of the county for a
distance of approximately 75 miles, is being called upon to furnish its
quota of water for the reclamation of thousands of acres of fertile lands
which border that stream on the Oregon side. Fruits, such as peaches,
plums, prunes, and apricots, are grown here, while vegetables of all kinds
can be and are grown here in abundance. For quality and quantity of
yield this county cannot be excelled anywhere in the production of pota-
toes. The rock formation is almost entirely a combination of Eocene and
Miocene. The soil, which is a sandy loam consisting of volcanic ash and
silt, has a foundation of sandstone, basalt, slate and granite. This sandy
loam and silt, while in many places it looks barren and unproductive, has
a wonderful power of retaining moisture and produces fine crops of the
hardier grains. The soil is rich in all the essential chemicals, except
humus, and when irrigated it will produce vegetables, fruits, melons,
hops, flax and hemp. Boiling artesian wells are found at Vale. Wood
and coal are used for fuel; the former costs $5.00 per cord, the latter
$8.00 per ton. Stock raising is the principal industry. Main line of
Oregon Short Line crosses the northeast corner of the county, and oper-
ates on the Oregon side to Ontario, where it recrosses the river and skirts
along the northeastern boundary of the State on the Idaho side. A
branch of the Oregon Short Line operates from Nyssa to Homedale.
The Oregon & Eastern Railroad extends from Vale westward to River-
side on the western central border of the county. Malheur Valley Rail-
road from Ontario to Vale and Brogan. Total railroad mileage in county
127.39.
There are seven gold placer mines and three gold quartz mnes, one
flint quarry, and one graphite mine. Silver, gypsum, platinum and
quicksilver are also found, but as yet mined to a very limited extent.
In addition to the above industries there are two sawmills, printing
plants, water and light plants, and electric light plants. Common labor
receives $2.00 to $2.50 per day, and skilled labor, $3.00 to $4.00 per day.
The climate is dry, clear and salubrious. The mean temperature during
the spring months is 42.9 degrees; summer, 71 degrees; fall, 51.2 degrees;
and winter, 32.8 degrees. The normal precipitation per season is:
Spring, 2.89 inches; summer, 1.79 inches; fall, 2.58 inches; and winter,
3.59 inches; total annual, 10.85 inches.
Jordan Valley (W. R. Helm, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1910. Alti-
tude, 4,250 feet; area, 1080 acres; population, 400. Assessed valuation
of town property, $135,000; bonded indebtedness, $2,000. Situated
on Jordan River, 65 miles southwest of Caldwell, Idaho, the nearest point
on the Oregon Short Line, and 75 miles southeast of Vale, the county
seat. Stage fare to Caldwell, Idaho, $6.00. Four school teachers receive
from $75.00 to $100.00 per month. City mar.shal receives $75.00 per
month. Skilled labor is paid $3.50 to $4.00 per day; common labor, $40.00
per month with board, and man and team, $4.50 to $5.00 per day. One
170 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
church — Methodist. Stock raising and farming: are the principal indus-
tries. Located in the midst of an extensive and highly productive farming
section and the shipping and distributive point for a large irrgation
project in process of development. Among the commercial and industrial
establishments of the community are a bank, three large genei-al mei--
chandise stores, drug store, meat market, two livery stables, tw^o hotels,
men's fui-nishing store, commission house, vceekly newspaper, two soft
drink places, a good doctor, first class stone hotel, electric lighted and hot
and cold water with steam heat.
*JuNTURA — Population, 100. Situated on the Vale & Riverside Rail-
way, 75 miles southwest of Vale, the county seat. Has two general
merchandise stores and one real estate company.
*Nyssa (S. D. Goshert, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1903. Altitude,
2,200 feet; area, 160 acres; population, 500. Assessed valuation, $300,-
000; bonded indebtedness, $26,000. Six teachers employed in the
public schools at salaries ranging from $60.00 to $100.00 per month.
City marshal receives $75.00 per month. Average daily wage for skilled
labor is $4.00; common labor, $2.50; and man with team, $4.00 to $6.00.
Two school buildings are valued at $10,000, and the value of properties
of three church organizations — Episcopal, Methodist and Presbyterian —
aggregates $8,000. Fraternal organizations represented are: Masons,
Odd Fellows, W. O. W. and Rebekahs. Chief industries are farming and
stock raising. Chief products : Alfalfa, apples, prunes, small fruits and
grains. Undeveloped natural resources : Artesian wells and a vast terri-
tory subject to irrigation, and power sites on the Owyhee River. Among
the leading business enterprises are two dry goods stores, two grocery
stores, one general store, clothing store, blacksmith shop, hardware store,
two banks, drug store, two meat markets, two livery stables, cheese fac-
tory, lumber yard, two hotels, confectionery, restaurant, and two pool
halls. Good location for commission house.
Ontario (A. W. Trow, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1898. Altitude,
2,153 feet; area, 1,000 acres; population, 2,500. Situated on the main
line of the Oregon Short Line and junction point of the Oregon & Eastern
extension of the O. S. L. into Central Oregon, now in operation to Crane,
a distance of 130 miles. Also on the Snake River. Assessed valuation
of city property is $1,250,000; bonded indebtedness, $75,000. Seven-
teen teachers are employed in the public schools at from $60.00 to $200.00
per month. City marshal and night watchman receive $100.00 and $75.00
per month, respectively. Average daily wage for skilled labor is $4.00 to
$5.00; common labor, $2.50; and for man with team, $5.00. Three public
school buildings, grade and high, aggregate a value of $68,500, and
six churches — Adventist, Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Methodist and
Presbyterian — have a combined aggregate value of $17,000. Masonic
hall, Odd Fellows hall and O. S. L. depot represent a value of $25,000.
A $40,000 hospital has been completed and in operation. Electric
light plant and waterworks system are under private ownership; light
rates are from 9 cents to 12 cents per kilowatt hour, and water rates 35
cents per 1,000 gallons. Well equipped fire department and ample sew-
erage system installed. Farming, fruit growing and stock raising are
the principal industries. The cultivated area adjacent to Ontario has
been greatly increased during the past two years. The city has a full
complement of business and professional establishments, including four
good hotels, one of which is a five-story structure vdth 100 rooms. Over
2,000,000 pounds of wool, 100,000 head of sheep, and 20,000 head of
cattle are shipped from this point annually. A woolen mill and scouring
plant would be a good investment for this locality, as well as a flour
mill and grain elevator. The large acreage being put under cultivation
*From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 171
in small tracts near the city would make this a prood location also for a
canning: factory. Fruits (especially apples), potatoes, onions and alfalfa
and alfalfa seed do exceptionally well in this district. A $30,000
bridjje spannin,2: the Snake River at this point opened to the traffic of
Western Idaho. The Malheur County fair grounds and buildings repre-
sent an investment of $18,000, and are located here. The attendance
runs from 2,000 to 4,000 during the entire five days' session.
Vale (Leonard Cole, Mayor) — County seat of Malheur County. Is
the junction of the Brogan branch with the main line of the Oregon
Eastern Railroad, and the present terminus is Crane, 116 miles west of
the town. It was incorporated in 1889; covers an area of 320 acres, and
has a population of about 1,500. The altitude is 2,235 feet. The assessed
valuation is $400,000. Has two school buildings, valued at $40,000.
Twelve teachers are paid salaries ranging from $65.00 to $150.00 per
month. Has four churches — Catholic, Christian, Episcopal and Methodist.
The courthouse and firehouses are valued at $25,000; the city hall at
$3,000. Has a splendid gravity system of pure spring water, with
complete sewer system. The city marshal receives $75.00; night watch-
man, $65.00, and water and street commissioner, $100.00 per month.
Common labor receives from $2.00 to $2.50, and skilled labor from $3.00
to $4.00 per day. An electric light plant, private ownership, furnishes
light and power on a meter basis. The Oregon-Idaho Light & Power
Company has a franchise for the city. Sheep, horse and cattle raising,
wool growing, farming, fruit culture and alfalfa seed growing are the
principal industries. There are large quarries of sandstone on lands
adjoining the townsite. Hot mineral springs are just outside the city
limits, with bathrooms, plunge and steam laundry. The water can be
piped into town for heating purposes. There are about 4,000.000 pounds
of wool shipped from this locality. There is an opening for investment
in a woolen mill, scouring plant, creamery, cannery and sanatorium to
be located at the hot springs in town. The timber of the surrounding
country consists of fir, and yellow and sugar pine. Wood and coal ai-e
used for fuel; the former costs $5.00 per cord, the latter $8.00 per ton.
The climate is dry, clear and salubrious. Bodies of niter exist near
the incorporation.
Westfall (J. D. Fairman, Mayor)— Settled in 1994; on Bully Creek,
30 miles west of Vale, the county seat; 45 miles west of Ontario. Daily
stage to Vale. Westfall is situated 12 miles from Harper, the nearest
railroad point. It was incorporated in 1904; covers an area of 160 acres,
and has 140 inhabitants. The assessed valuation of town property is
$125,000, with no indebtedness. One school building approximates a
value of $2,000, and two teachers are employed at $60.00 and $100.00
per month. The city marshal receives $50.00 per month. Common labor,
$2.00 per day and board; skilled labor, $3.50 per day; and man and
team, $5.00 per day. Stock raising and farming are the chief industries.
There are two general stores, two hotels, two livery stables, blacksmith
shop, one physician and one bank.
MARION COUNTY
(Salem is the County Seat, and the Capital of the State)
Marion County lies in the central western part of the State, largely
within the Willamette Valley. It is bounded on the north and west by
the Willamette River, on the east and north by Clackamas and Crook
Counties, and on the south by Linn County, the population is 49,213
(United States Census, 1910, 39,780). Of these, 80 per cent are United
172 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
States born. Of the foreign 20 per cent, about one-third are German, the
remaining two-thirds are made up principally of English, Canadians,
Scandinavians, Swiss, Austrians, Irish, Scotch and Russians. The total
area is 764,160 acres. There are 526 acres of unappropriated and unre-
served lands. There are 33,062 acres of the Oregon and California Grant
lands located in this county, that portion of which found suited to agri-
culture will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as classified.
(See "Oregon and California Land Grant Lands" in this report.) Of
the assessed appropriated land 190,358 acres are cultivated, and 369,618
acres uncultivated. The assessed value of all land averages $37.07 per
acre, 'there are 1,258 miles of public highways in the county, of which
two and one-half miles are hard surfaced, 123 miles macadamized, 272
miles gravelled, 861 miles of earth construction, and two miles planked
roads. There was expended $261,115.13 for roads and bridges during
1915. For the five-year period (1911 to 1915, inclusive), an aggregate of
$1,028,613.37 was expended for road construction and repair. In 1915
the county laid 23,885 square yax'ds of hard surfaced pavement at an
average cost of 66 cents per squai-e yard; total cost, $15,762.59; 20,944 ^/^
cubic yards (19.76 miles of macadam road) of crushed rock were placed
upon the roads at an average cost of $2,845 per mile; total cost,
$56,229.07; used 57,768.08 cubic yards of gravel (67.39 miles) at an aver-
age cost of $1,367 per mile; expended $16,204.74 for bridges and
$67,754.07 for general repairs of roads and bridges. There was 1,600%
days of volunteer work done upon the roads by men, and 933% days of
volunteer work by teams. In eleven months of 1916 there were 17,702
square yards of crushed rock, and 30,119 square yards of gravel hauled
upon the roads of the county.
The total amount expended for school purposes for 1914-1915 was
$306,058.85, and for 1915-1916, $337,591.89. For superintendents, prin-
cipals and teachers' salaries, 1914-1915, $18,254.72; 1915-1916, $19,520.37.
The general school and library tax for 1915 was $114,768.05, and the
special school tax for 1915 was $158,677.59. New schoolhouses were
built during 1914 at Silverton, Salem and St. Paul; during 1915 at
Stayton, Waconda, Talbot, Hubbard, Woodburn, Raybell, and at Keizer
in 1916; value, $3,000. The total expended for improvements to build-
ings and grounds during 1914, including janitor work, was $26,526.92;
1915, $27,947.75; and 1916, $27,432.88. The total assessed value of taxable
property in the county in 1916 was $36,142,120, not including
$5,237,399.72, value of public service corporations, which is 67 per cent
of the actual value, as determined by the State Tax Commission.
The surface in the valley is generally level, but in the eastern part
of the county it is somewhat broken and hilly. The Willamette and the
Santiam, with their tributaries, afford splendid waterpower facilities
and are used extensively in the lumber industry. The rock formation of
most of the area is Pleistocene, and the eastern part is a combination of
Eocene and Miocene. The soil of the western part of the county is a
gray clay loam with a clay and gravel subsoil at about three feet. This
soil is well supplied with plant food and very rich in humus. The soil in
the vicinity of Woodburn has a very high percentage of humus, potash
and lime, but is low in phosphoric acid. Bonemeal would greatly benefit
this soil. If well drained it would make a most excellent fruit soil. The
soil of the red hills near Salem is of the most lasting quality, as all the
critical elements are present in abundance. The land is easily cultivated
and especially adapted for fruit and vegetables. The soil in the vicinity
of Brooks is well supplied with potash and humus but deficient in phos-
phoric acid. A thorough system of draining is more necessary than a
fertilizer. Wheat, oats, fruit and hops are principal crops. The hop
acreage at present is about 12,000, the largest in the State, and produces
the best quality of hops of any section in the world. The prune and
cherry industries are becoming of great profit to the farmer. The walnut
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 173
industry, while still in its infancy, promises to become an important
industrial factor. The climate is mild and healthful. The water supply
is good. Mineral springs with good curative qualities exist in the county.
The county is out of debt and is doing; business on strictly cash basis.
A line of 'steamboats plv the Willamette between Salem and Portland
throughout the year, the Southern Pacific main line traverses the
county from north to south, and Springfield branch of same system junc-
tions with the main line at Woodburn. Salem is connected with Portland
by an electric line running twelve trains each way. per day. The Salem,
Falls City & Western Railroad connects this city with Dallas and Black
Rock in Polk County, and a steel bridge has been built across the
Willamette River, giving direct connection by rail. Other lines with
Salem as a center are being constructed, notably the Porltand, Eugene &
Eastern, an electric interurban, and a branch of the Southern Pacific to
Geer and Silverton. There is an excellent grade of flax for linen fiber
grown in this county. In addition to her rich agricultural resources,
Marion Countv has ten sawmills, seven saw and planing mills, one box
factory, four planing mills, and one handle factory. Gold and copper
mines yielding high grade ore exist in the county. (Mineral products,
1915, page 105.) Among the other industrial plants are: Bottling works,
four loganberrv juice plants, brick, creameries, furniture, excelsior, elec-
tricity, flour and feed, canned fruit, handles, paint, laundries, light and
water, printing, machine shops, railroad shops, vinegar and pickles,
warehouses, woolen goods, prunes and pavement. Wood is used for fuel
and costs from $2.50 to $6.00 per cord. Good prospect of coal is found
near Scotts Mills. The mean temperature during the spring months is
52 degrees; summer, 64.8 degrees; fall, 55.8 degrees; and winter, 42.2
degrees. The normal precipitation per season is: Spring, 10.43 inches;
summer, 2.69 inches; fall, 12.27 inches; and winter, 17.65 inches; total
annual, 43.04 inches.
AuMSVlLLE (T. W. Johnson, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1911. Altitude,
358 feet; area, 800 acres; population, 300. Settled in 1861. Is on Mill
Creek, 69 miles south of Portland and 12 miles southeast of Salern.
Situated on the Woodburn-Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific
Railroad. Has one four-room school building and two churches— Chris-
tian and Church of God. There are also a flouring mill, one sawmill, a
blacksmith shop, hotel, livery stable, two general stores, creamery, meat
market, commission house, printing shop, bank, drug store, physician,
barber shop, and a motion picture house. Fruit growing and dairying
are the principal industries. In addition to the above there is need of a
resident dentist, a harness shop, hardware store, cheese factory, and ice
plant. Electric light plant is under private ownership. Cheap water-
power for several industries desiring to locate here.
Aurora (J. W. Sadler, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1893. Altitude, 144
feet; area, 100 acres; population, 475. Situated on the main line of the
Southern Pacific and four miles east of the Oregon Electric Railroad.
Assessed valuation of town property is $300,000, with no indebtedness.
Four teachers are employed in the public schools at from $70.00 to $80.00.
City marshal receives $10.00 per month and fees. Daily wage of skilled
labor is $3.00 and up; common labor, $2.25; and man with team, $5.00.
One school building is valued at $6,000, and two churches — Lutheran
and Presbyterian — are valued at $1,500. Electric lights are furnished
by a private corporation at 15 cents per kilowatt hour. Water system is
under municipal ownership, with a flat rate of $1.00 per month. The
principal industries are farming and lumbering. Large area of valuable
timber land in the vicinity. The town has one cooper shop, commission
house, bank, drug store, hardware store, barber shop, three general
stores, newspaper, physician, blacksmith shop, two hotels, meat market,
brass band, jewelry store, harness shop, cream station, lumber yard,
174 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
sawmill, two confectionery stores, and an undertaker. It needs another
meat market, drayman, creamery, cannery, furniture store, brick and tile
plant, cider and vinegar plant, livery stable, millinery shop and bakery.
*BuTTEViLLE (James F. Kinyon, Mayor) — (Postoff ice, Aurora)— A
steamboat landing on the Willamette River, one and one-half miles west
of East Butteville a station and nearest express point on the Oregon
Electric Railway, and six miles northwest of Aurora, with stage line
connecting the banking point. Daily steamers, carrying passengers and
freight to Portland and up-river points. Has one school building and
one church. Value of school building, $5,000. Salaries paid to teachers,
$65.00 per month. Daily wage for skilled labor, $3.00, and for common
labor, $2.00. Farming is the principal industry. Has one grocery store,
barber shop, blacksmith shop and one hotel. Good location for general
merchandise store, also dry goods store. Price of farming lands in
locality, $100.00 to $150.00 per acre, according to extent of improvements.
* Donald (George Lamb, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1912. A station
on the Oregon Electric Railway. Has good farming country surrounding.
Has a general merchandise store, lumber yard, harness shop, tile and
brick factory, nursery, blacksmith shop, waterworks, electric lights,
express office. Mail twice a day. Has a good public school. Is located
28 miles south of Portland and 23 miles north of Salem.
* Hubbard (G. W. Mayger, Mayor) — Is on the main line of the South-
ern Pacific Railroad and three miles from the Oregon Electric Railway.
It was incorporated in 1893 ; covers an area of one-half mile square, and
has a population of 450. The altitude is 192 feet. The assessed value of
town property is $200,000, with no indebtedness. One school buildmg
is valued at $2,500; four churches— Adventist, Catholic, Congregational
and Methodist — have a combined valuation of $5,000, and the city hall
and fire engine house, $1,000. Five school teachers receive salaries
ranging from $45.00 to $85.00 per month. A city marshal, $5.00 per
month. Common labor, $2.00 per day; skilled labor, $4.00; and man and
team, $4.00 per day. Electric lights are furnished by the Aurora plant,
private ownership, at 75 cents per 16 candle-power per month. General
farming and dairying 'are the principal industries. Hubbard is located
in the heart of the richest farming district in the State. There is a
fine mineral spring near the town, the water of which contains sorne
excellent medicinal properties, and its development, with a sanitarium in
connection, would be a profitable investment. There are many business
establishments, including a bank. The town offers opportunities for
investments.
Gervais (Gustave J. Mosian, Mayor) — Settled in 1871; incorporated
in 1887. Is 14 miles north of Salem and 39 south of Portland. Is situated
on the main line of the Southern Pacific and covers an area of 100 acres,
and has a population of 525. Altitude, 212 feet. There are two school
buildings costing $6,000, and two churches —Catholic and Presbyterian
—valued at $4,000. City hall valued at $3,000. Agriculture and
horticulture are the principal industries. Six school teachers are paid
from $40.00 to $100.00 per month, and a city marshal $50.00 per month.
Common labor receives from $1.50 to $2.00 per day; skilled labor, $2.50
to $5.00; and man and team, $4.00 to $5.00. There is one flour mill
combined with feed, and two feed mills, a variety of general merchandise
stores and shops. Gervais needs a cannery, a dentist, juice factory and
garage. There is a weekly newspaper well equipped with printing plant.
* Jefferson (Geo. P. Griffiths, Mayor) — Is located on the main line
of the Southern Pacific Railroad and on the line of a survey of an
electric railroad from Portland to Eugene. It was incorporated in 1872;
*Froni 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 175
covers an area of 400 acres, and has a population of 415. The altitude
is 183 feet. The assessed valuation of town property is $260,000, with
a bonded indebtedness of $12,000. One school building is valued at
$8,000; three churches — Catholic, Methodist Episcopal and Evanj^fehcal
— as-trregate a value of $5,000.00, and city light and power plant valued at
$8,000. Six school teachers receive from $60.00 to $90.00 per month. A
city marshal is paid a salary. Common labor receives $2.00 per day;
skilled labor, $3.50 to $6.00; and man and team, $4.00 to $5.00. An
electric light plant and a city waterworks are under municipal ownership.
Fifteen cents per kilowatt hour is charged for the first 20 kilowatts, and
6 cents for each additional kilowatt. The rates for water service are
$1.00 per month for kitchen purposes, and minimum for all purposes
$1.50. Lumbering, dairying, stock raising, farming and fruit growing
are the principal industries. There is a good opening for a cannery, or
any manufacturing plant. There are three general merchandise stores,
hardware store, furniture store, hotel, two blacksmith shops, two barber
shops, livery stable, flour mill, sawmill, opera house, bank, millinery
store, creamery, meat market, drug store, harness shop and billiard hall.
*Mt. Angel (Paul S. Fuchs, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1893. Altitude,
485 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 1,000. On the Woodburn-Spring-
field branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad, which connects with the
main line at Woodburn. Five teachers in the public schools receive
salaries ranging from $35.00 to $105.00 per month. City marshal receives
$600.00 per year and fees. Daily wage for skilled labor is $4.00 to $7.00;
common labor, $2.00 to $3.00; and man and team, $3.50 to $5.00. Two
public school buildings aggregate a value of $3,500. One church
(Catholic) has just been completed and dedicated, which cost $95,000.
The city hall is valued at $1,000. Two large Catholic educational insti-
tutions, the academy for girls and college for boys, are located here.
Electric light plant is under private ownership, and the water system is
owned by the city. Water rate to private families is 75 cents minimum
per month. General farming, dairying and hop growing are the principal
industries. A large printing plant is operated in connection with the
Catholic schools, the combined issues of its various publications aggregat-
ing 63,000 per year. There are three general stores, two blacksmith
shops, shoe shop, millinery store, drug store, furniture store, cooper shop,
bank, two meat markets and a sawmill. It is in need of another store,
fruit cannery, milk condensery, starch factory, sawmill, physician, attor-
ney and a watchmaker.
Salem (H. O. White, Mayor) — Salem, the county seat of Marion
County and the Capital City of the State, is located on the main line of
the Southern Pacific Railroad and on the Oregon Electric Railroad, which
is now operating trains from Portland to Eugene. Twelve electric pas-
senger trains and six steam passenger trains pass through the city each
way daily. Connected with Dallas, Black Rock and other Polk County
points by Salem, Falls City & Western Railroad, which has constructed
a steel bridge across the Willamette River at this point and has terminal
franchise in this city. It is also situated on the Willamette River, which
is navigable to Portland, the principal seaport of the State. It was
incorporated in 1862; covers an area of eight square miles, and has a
population of about 18,000. The altitude is 200 feet. The assessed
valuation of city property is $12,000,000, with a bonded indebtedness
of $220,000.
Ten private and seven public school buildings are valued at $500,000,
and high school building costing $75,000. Salem is the seat of Willarn-
ette University, the oldest and strongest sectarian school in the Pacific
Northwest. It comprises colleges of law, medicine, theology, music and
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 191C obtainable.
176 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
liberal arts. Twenty-seven churches are located here; ten of the principal
ones aggregate a value of over $200,000. Within the city and its
vicinity are located the State penitentiary, insane asylum, reform school,
deaf mute school, blind school, Capitol building, and other public build-
ings representing an estimated value of $2,500,000. A school for the
feeble-minded, lately constructed and in operation, cost $100,000. The
postoffice building cost $100,000; courthouse, $75,000; city hall,
$75,000; opera house, $10,000; mute school, $75,000. The Che-
mawa Indian Training School is located five miles from the city and has
a number of buildings ranging in value from $2,000 to $75,000,
and an enrollment of nearly 700 pupils. There are 100 instructors and
teachers employed in the public schools, including a city supermtendent
and nine principals. The superintendent receives a salary of $2,750
per year; the salaries of the principals range from $1,000 to $1,600;
the high school instructors from $1,000 to $1,500, and the grade
teachers from $750.00 to $1,000 per annum. The chief of police
receives a salary of $100.00 per month; six regular policemen receive
$75.00 per month each. There is a fully equipped and well quartered
paid fire department. The fire chief receives $100.00 per month; engi-
neer, $80.00; drivers of engines, chemical truck and hose cart, $70.00,
and hosemen, $10.00 and lodgings. Common labor receives $2.00 to $2.50
per day; skilled labor, $3.50 to $7.00; and man and team, $5.00. The
principal industries of this vicinity are diversified farming, fruit growing,
hop growing, stock raising, dairying, manufacturing and lumbering.
Salem has three prune packing plants, two fruit canneries, woolen mill,
two creameries, cheese factory, soap factory, baking powder factory, two
flour mills, three nurseries, two feed mills, tannery, two soda and bottling
works, three loganberry juice plants, ice plant and bottling works, two
iron foundries and machine shop, one sawmill, three sash and door fac-
tories and planing mills, four lumber yards, cider and vinegar works,
three wood and fuel yards, three warehouses, three plumbing plants, two
daily and seven weekly and monthly papers, four printing plants, five
bicycle, machine and automobile repair shops, seven garages, electric light
and power plant, and street car system, waterworks, gasworks, two steam
laundries, one mineral paint factory, two wagon and carriage factories,
two brickyards, one tile factory, monument works, bitulithic street con-
struction company, box factory, four banks, one logging company, and
others. There is abundant waterpower for factory purposes withm easy
reach of the city. Salem is the natural center of an extensive electric
line system. Surveys have already been made in three directions for
such lines. An excellent quality of flax is grown in this section. In 1915
the Legislature appropriated $50,000 for the promotion of the flax
industry in Oregon, and established a fiber extracting plant m connec-
tion with the penitentiary, operated by convict labor. A linen mill would
prove a most profitable investment. Marion County is also the hop center
of the world, and Salem is the chief distributing point for this industry.
SiLVERTON (P. W. Potter, Mayor) — S'ituated on the Woodburn-
Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad. It covers an area
of one mile square, and has a population of about 2,000. The altitude
is 227 feet. The total assessed valuation of city property is $1,068,099,
with an indebtedness of $89,000. Three school buildings represent a
value of $45,000. There are five churches — Christian, Methodist and
three Norwegian Lutheran. Twenty-one teachers receive salaries ranging
from $50.00 to $150.00 per month; a city marshal receives $72.00 per
month. Common labor, $2.00 per day; skilled labor, $3.50 to $5.00; and
man and team, $5.00. An electric light plant is under private ownership.
Light costs 9 cents, 7 cents and 4 cents per kilowatt. Waterworks system
is owned by city. Lumbering and farming are the principal industries.
Silverton has a'waterworks plant, flour and feed mill, laundry, printing
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 177
plant, warehouse, five saAvmills, saw and planing: mill, and sash and
door factory, creamery, two flourinp: mills, two banks, five jreneral stores,
three hardware stores, four frrocery stores, one clothing' store, two con-
fectioneries, two drug stores, bakery, three blacksmith shops, two weekly
newspapers. Among the principal needs are a milk condenser, and a
cannery. City has newly paved streets and macadamized roads .leading to
the rich farming country surrounding. Also has a good sewer system.
St. Paul (Alois Keber, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1901; limits ex-
tended in 1913. Altitude, 168 feet; area, 100 acres; population, 160.
Situated nine miles west of the nearest point on the Southern Pacific
Railroad, six and one-half miles west of the nearest point on the Oregon
Electric Railway, and one mile from the Willamette River. Practically
all of the shipping is via the river. Assessed valuation of town property,
$75,000; bonded indebtedness, $1,400. Six teachers employed in the
public schools. Daily wages for skilled labor is $.3.00; common labor,
$1.50 to $2.00- and a man and team, $4.00. St. Paul has a modern
public school building, erected at a cost of $6,000; a city hall valued at
$1,000, and an academy (Catholic) valued at $20,000. Said to be
the oldest brick church in the State, a Catholic institution erected in
1846, is valued at $20,000. General farming, dairying, hop growing
are the principal industries. There are three general stores, three black-
smith shops, bakery, furniture store, harness shop, shoemaker, confec-
tionery, hotel, barber, meat market, implement dealer, garage, cement,
tile, block and post factory, a cooperative creamery with 70 shareholders,
a mutual telephone company with 70 subscribers, a pool room, electric
light system and waterworks system. The State Bank of St. Paul had
deposits of over $100,000 when it was two years old, November, 1913.
A contented and prosperous farming community surrounds St. Paul.
*Stayton (H. a. Beauchamp, Mayor) — Situated one and one-half
miles north of the Corvallis & Eastern Railroad, and four miles east of
the Southern Pacific. A survey has been made and franchise granted
for the building of an electric railway from this place to Salem, a
distance of 18 miles, and condition of said franchise is such that con-
struction must begin within 90 days. Stayton was incorporated in 1891,
and covers an area of one square mile, and has a population of about
1,000. The altitude is 375 feet. The assessed valuation of the towm is
$400,000. Has one school building valued at $5,000, and seven
teachers are employed, receiving salaries ranging from $60.00 to $100.00
per month. The school has a four-year hi<rh school course. Has four
churches — Baptist, Catholic. Christian and Methodist. The city marshal
is paid $60.00 per month. Common labor receives $2.50 per day; skilled
labor, $3.00 to $7.00; and man and team, $5.00 to $6.00. An electric
light plant under private ownership furnishes light and power, either on
flat rates or meter system. The water system is o^vned by the munici-
pality. Water costs private families $1.00 per month. Lumber manufac-
turing, dairying, fruit culture, farming and stock raising are the prin-
cipal industries. There are two flour and feed mills, sawmill, chair
factory, cheese factory, cement block works, excelsior factory, woolen
mills, bakery and steam laundry, three hotels, two livery barns, one news-
paper, two furniture stores, three hardware stores, six merchandise
stores, one plumbing establishment, and three blacksmiths, as well as
other industries. Among the principal needs are a cannery, fui-niture
factory and manufactories of various kinds, for the operation of which
there is ample waterpower. There is also a good opportunity for raising
small fruits and berries, for which there is a good market price and the
demand far exceeds the production, necessitating large imports.
•From 1914 report. Xo corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
178 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
*SuBLiMiTY (Joseph Schrewe, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1900. Alti-
tude, 213 feet; area, 320 acres; population, 153. Located four miles from
Aumsville, the nearest point on the Woodburn-Springfield branch of the
Southern Pacific Railroad. Four teachers are employed in the public
schools at salaries ranj^inj? from $50.00 to $90.00 per month. City marshal
receives $25.00 per month. Daily wage for skilled labor is $3.00; common
labor, $2.00; and man and team, $4.00. Two school buildings are valued
at $1,600; one new school building, just completed, cost $7,000; one
church (Catholic), $4,000, and Forester hall, $1,800. Dairying,
farming and fruit growing are the principal industries. There are two
general stores, two blacksmith shops, pool room, implement store, harness
shop, and a creamery. A furniture store and a hotel are needed.
Turner (R. O. Thomas, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1905. Area, 200
acres; population, about 300; altitude, 284 feet. Situated on the main
line of the Southern Pacific Railroad and about eight miles from the
Willamette River. The assessed valuation of the town property is $180,-
000. Five teachers of the public schools receive $60.00 to $100.00 per
month. City marshal is paid in fees. Daily wage of skilled labor is
$3.50; common labor, $2.00; for man and team, $4.00. Three churches —
Methodist, Presbyterian and Christian Tabernacle — represent a combined
valuation of $12,000, and the Masonic, city and Odd Fellows' halls
approximate an aggregate valuation of $4,300. Fire department
volunteer. Electric lighting plant under private ownership. Cost of
lights to consumers, flat rate 50 cents for the first two and 25 cents each
for additional kilowatt hours up to $2.50. The city has but recently
installed its own waterworks system and furnishes water for household
uses at the rate of $1.00 per month. Berrying, general farming, fruit
growing and stock raising are the principal industries. The community
would flourish under a better, more scientific system of farming and
dairying in the surrounding country. Among the immediate needs are a
small flour mill, planing mill, and manufacturing industries of almost
any kind; a woolen mill, a loganberry juice plant, and among the profes-
sions, a physician, a dentist and a lawyer might find profitable openings.
Among the principal business establishments represented here are two
gun stores, one hardware store, one drug store, one implement house
and garage, and one garage, one flax mill, two elevators and feed mills,
one cream station, livery stable, two confectionery stores, barber shop,
meat market, furniture store, hotel, lumber yard, blacksmith shop, weekly
newspaper and one bank with deposits on November 1 of $50,888.08.
The town is surrounded by extensive fruit farming and agricultural
lands. The temperature ranges are between 65 degrees, highest in winter,
to 4 degrees above zero, the lowest; and 90 degrees, highest in summer,
to 60 degrees, the mean lowest. High temperatures seldom last more
than three days. The average annual rainfall is about 40 inches.
WoODBURN (John F. Steelhammer, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1889,
amended in 1895. Area, 640 acres; population, 2,000. Assessed valuation
of city property is $1,071,575. Situated on the main line of the
Southern Pacific Railroad, and is the junction point of the Woodburn-
Springfield branch of the same system. An Oregon Electric spur line
connects with all trains of the main line two miles west. Seventeen
teachers are employed in the public schools at salaries ranging from
$65.00 to $150.00 per month. Average daily wage for skilled labor is
$4.00, and for unskilled or common, $2.50, and man with team. $4.00 to
$4.75. Four schoolhouses, grade and high, are valued at $70,000. Nine
churches — Adventist, Catholic, Christian, Church of God, Christian Sci-
ence, Episcopal, Free Methodist, Methodist and Presb>'i;erian — represent
an aggregate value of $60,000. New city hall, $20,000; new library,
•From 1914 report. Xo corrected data for 1016 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 179
$10,000. The electric lipht plant is under private ownership, and the
water system, costinji- $25,000, is owned by the city. Electric light
service costs $1.00 minimum per month per connection, larj^er quantities
on the meter basis, and water costs 20 cents to 25 cents per 1,000 gallons.
Diversified farming is the principal industry. In Woodburn are located
three nursuries, flouring mill, machine shop and foundry, loganberry
juice factory, axe handle factory, ice plant, creamery, sawmill, brickyard,
tile factory, two banks, two weekly newspapers, and all of the business
enterprises (mercantile and professional) which are usually found in live
communities of this size. There is an opportunity for a good hotel. The
Portland, Eugene & Eastern Electric Railway (S. P.) is surveyed through
the city and will be constructed in the near future. The city has about
two and one-half miles of hard-surfaced streets and a good sewer system.
The new high school and gymnasium buildings, completed this month
(September), cost, with the site, $40,000. The Woodburn Retail
Merchants' \ssociation takes the place of a commercial club. The
merchants have established on a sound basis the Woodburn Produce and
Clearing House. The fire department is one of the best equipped in the
Willamette Valley.
MORROW COUNTY
(Heppner, County Seat)
Morrow County is situated in the central northern part of the State.
It is bounded on the north by the Columbia River, on the east by
Umatilla, on the south by Grant, and on the west by Gilliam Counties.
The population is 4,892 (United States Census, 1910, 4,357). Of these,
88 per cent are United States born. Of the foreign 12 per cent, one-third
are Irish, the remaining two-thirds being made up principally of Scandi-
navians, Canadians and Germans. The total area of the county is
1,314,500 acres. There are 325,145 acres unappropriated and unreserved,
all surveyed. Of the assessed appropriated land, 280,602 acres are culti-
vated and 630,258 uncultivated, of which about 437,000 acres are tillable.
The average assessed value of all land in this county is $6.79. There
are 950 miles of public roads in the county of earth construction.
The total amount expended for school purposes in 1914-1915 was
$50,213.81; in 1915-1916, $59,781.09. For superintendents, principals and
teachers' salaries in 1914-1915, $35,293.52; 1915-1916, $37,661.45; for
janitors and other employes, 1914-1915, $3,801.79, and 1915-1916, $4,745.52.
The average monthly salary for male teachers for 1916 was $106.66;
for females, $69.59; more than one room, $75.47, and for principals in
schools of more than one room, $154.33. The general school tax for 1916
was $16,090.89, and the special school tax for 1915 was $29,370.28. Two
new schoolhouses were built during 1914, three during 1915 and one in
1916; value, $800. The total expended for improvements to buildings and
grounds in 1914 was $3,801.79; in 1915, $4,745.52, and in 1916, $7,420.88.
The bonded indebtedness for school purposes is $69,910. The total
value of taxable property in the county in 1916 was $9,630,139, not
including $2,917,556.41, assessed value of public service corporation
properties. These values represent 88 per cent of the actual valuations,
as determined by the State Tax Commission,
The surface in the northern part is generally rolling, and in the
southern and eastern part it is mountainous. Besides the Columbia River,
which flows along the northern border, there are numerous smaller rivers
and streams which afford splendid waterpower. The rock formation of
the northern half of the county is a mixture of Eocene and Miocene,
and the southern portion a mixture of Pleistocene and Cretaceous. The
180 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
northern three-fourths slopes toward the north and is drained by Bitter
and Willow Creeks into the Columbia. The rest of the county slopes
toward the south and is drained by Wall Creek and its branches. The
soil for the most part is silt, low in humus, normal in phosphoric acid,
abundant in lime, and plentiful in potash. With these chemical ingredi-
ents this soil, if sufficient moisture is present, will prdouce jjrain and
fruit in abundance. The southern one-fourth is especially well adapted
for grazing and stock raising. About 150,000 acres are devoted to wheat
growing. Large irrigation projects are being developed. There are
estimated 225,000 sheep, 10,000 cattle, 6,000 horses and mules, and 2,500
hogs in the county. The annual wool clip is estimated at about 2,000,000
pounds. All kinds of fruit and vegetables are grown in the irrigated
districts. The forest growth is pine, fir, and tamarack. Wood is used
for fuel and costs from $3.00 to .$5.00 a cord. Coal has been found near
Heppner. The O.-W. R. & N. crosses the northern part of the county
and Heppner branch of the same system penetrates to the central portion.
A mineral is found from which is manufactured a fine curative soap.
In addition to wheat and stock raising, there are three saw and planing
mills, bottling works, creameries, electric light plants, flour and feed
mills, laundries, machine and repair shops, printing plants, and water
plants. The climate is dry and healthful. The mean temperature during
the spring months is 48.6 degrees; summer, 64.0 degrees; fall, 51.8
degrees; and winter, 32.9 degrees. The normal precipitation per season
is: Spring, 4.05 inches; summer, 2.53 inches; fall, 2.73 inches; and
winter, 4.29 inches; total annual, 13.60 inches.
Hardman (Mrs. Geo. G. Gaunt, Mayor) — Situated 20 miles south and
a little west of Heppner, the nearest raih'oad point. It was incorporated
in 1904; covers an area of 160 acres, and has an altitude of 3,340 feet;
population, 300. The assessed valuation of town property is $60,000,
with no indebtedness. The one school building is valued at $2,500,
and one church (Methodist) has a valuation of $1,200. Three public
school teachers receive from $60.00 to $85.00 a month. Hardman has a
standard high school with four teachers receiving salaries from $70.00
to $110.00 a month. Skilled labor, $3.00 a dav, and a man and team,
$4.00 a day; common labor, $35.00 a month. The city marshal gets no
salary. The town is without a public water system, and the opportunity
is held out for a profitable investment in a pumping plant. Farming
and stock raising are the principal industries of the surrounding terri-
tory. The chief need of the section is a railroad. There are three mer-
cantile stores, one blacksmith shop, two hotels, one livery barn, a drug
store, a physician, and a garage. The principal needs are a lumber and
fuel yard, and a railroad. There is a flouring mill.
Heppner (S. E. Notson, Mayor) — County seat of Morrow County.
Is at the southern terminus of the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad, which connects
with the main line at Heppner Junction. It was incorporated in 1880;
covers an area of 960 acres, and has a population of about 1,200. The
assessed valuation of the property within the city is about $1,000,000.
The city has no indebtedness. Two public school buildings are valued at
$50,000. Five churches — the Catholic, Christian, Episcopal, Federated
(Baptist and Methodist Episcopal combined), and the Methodist (South)
— approximate a valuation of $15,000, and the courthouse, city hall
and commercial club buildings aggregate a valuation of $65,000. Eleven
teachers are employed in the public schools at salaries ranging from
$675.00 to $1,800 per year. The city marshal receives $900.00 a
year. Common labor, $40.00 to $50.00 per month; skilled labor, $3.50 and
upward day; and a man and team, $5.00. An electric light plant and
water system are under private ownership. Water for domestic purposes
costs $1.50 per month, and moderate rates are charged for light and
power. There are two hardware stores, three general merchandise
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 181
stores, four groceries, two drug- stores, furniture store, one shoe store,
harness shop, two hotels, two rooming houses, two banks, steam laundry,
flour mill, planing mill, ice and cold storage plant, hospital, two livery
stables, two garages, two jewelry stores, four restaurants, two black-
smith shops, one machine shop, two tailor shops, two meat markets,
butter factory, three gi-ain warehouses, two milliners, two picture theatres,
and four pastimes. The principal industries are farming, stock raising,
wool growing, dairying, and fruit culture. Coal, building stone and
marble are found in this vicinity, but none of these are fully developed.
Tone (C. C. Chick, M. D., Mayor) — Situated in the center of Morrow
County, on the Heppner branch of the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad, 26 miles
south of the Columbia River; was incorporated in 1903; covers an area
of one-half mile by three-fourths of a mile, and contains 450 population.
Assessed value of city property, $325,000, with a bonded indebtedness
of $13,000; a public school building of ten rooms, valued at $8,000.
Seven teachers engaged, receiving salaries ranging from $70.00 to $150.00
per month. Three churches — Baptist, Christian and Congregational —
and one building for other denominations. City hall, electric lights and
water plant are valued at $20,000. The city marshal receives a salary
of $85.00 per month. Common labor, $3.00 per day; skilled labor, $4.00
to $4.50 per day; man and team, $4.50 per day. Electric system and
water plant owned by city. Light costs: Meter 20 cents per kilowatt; for
motor, 12 cents per kilowatt; motion pictures, 16 cents per kilowatt.
Water to private dwellings, $1.65 per month. The principal industries
are wheat farming and stock raising. The soil in this section is especially
adapted to wheat and alfalfa growing, and stock raising. Established
business houses are two blacksmith shops, garage, four general stores,
two implement houses, one drug store, hotel, two lodging houses, one
restaurant, barber shop, jewelry store, one wagon shop, one chop mill,
three warehouses, bank, livery stable, two confectionery stores, one fur-
nishing goods store, one furniture store, one meat market, one weekly
newspaper, one motion picture house, wood, coal and lumber yard. There
is needed flour mill, cold storage plant, brickyard or cement works, photo-
graph gallery, creamery, and building and loan association.
Lexington (J. E. Gentry, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1904. On the
Heppner branch of the O.-W. R. & N., nine miles northwest of Heppner,
the county seat. Population, 215. Assessed valuation of town property
is $125,000, with no indebtedness. Five teachers of the public schools
receive salaries ranging from $65.00 to $125.00 per month. Daily wage
for skilled labor is $4.00; common labor, $2.25; and man and team,
$5.00. There is one school building and two churches — Congregational
and Methodist. The principal industries of the surrounding country are
farming, stock raising and wool growing. The business interests of the
town include a flour mill, three general stores, hotel, bank, livery stable,
and privately owned waterworks plant.
MULTNOMAH COUNTY
(Portland, County Seat)
Multnomah County is situated in the northwestern part of Oregon.
It is bounded on the north by the Columbia River, on the west by
Washington County, on the south by Clackamas County, and on the east
by Hood River County. The population is 294,284 (United States Census,
1910, 226,261). Of these, 66 per cent are United States born. Of the
foreign 34 per cent, about one-quarter are Germans, and the remaining
182 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
three-quarters are made up principally of Scandinavians, English, Cana-
dians, Irish, Swiss, Scotch, Russians, Austrians and Italians. The total
area is 288,640 acres. There are 880 acres of unappropriated and unre-
served land, all surveyed. There are 9,269 acres of the Oregon and
California Grant lands located in this county, that portion of which found
suited to agriculture will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as
classified. (See "Oregon and California Land Grant Lands" in this
report.) Of the lands in private ownership, 37,818 acres are cultivated,
and approximately 50,000 acres of the uncultivated lands are tillable.
The average assessed value of all land in this county is $125.29 per acre.
There are 564 miles of public roads in the county, of which 73 miles are
hard surfaced, 235 miles are macadamized or gravelled, 250 miles are of
earth construction, and six miles are planked.
The total amount expended for school purposes for 1914-1915 was
$2,104,101.64; for 1915-1916, $2,430,282.43. For superintendents, princi-
pals and teachers' salaries, 1914-1915, $1,251,383.25; for 1915-1916,
$1,374,098.78; for janitors and other employes, 1914-1915, $101,061.43,
and for 1915-1916, $119,250.70. There are 184 male and 949 female
teachers employed in the public schools who receive salaries ranging from
$775.00 to $i,100 in the grades; $1,150 to $1,350 in the high
schools, according to terms of service; heads of departments, $1,600;
principals in schools of more than ten teachers, $3,000, and less than
ten teachers, $2,500. The general school tax for 1916 was $2,017,343;
special school tax for 1915, $1,550,435. Four new school houses were
built during 1914-1915, and two during 1915-1916. Thei-e was expended
for improvements to buildings and grounds in 1914-1915, $53,209.34; in
1915-1916, $83,960. The bonded indebtedness for school purposes is
$838,500. The assessed valuation of taxable property in this county
in 1916 was $271,357,940, not including $33,979,154.85, the assessed
value of public service corporation properties. These values represent 60
per cent of the actual valuations, as determined by the State Tax
Commission.
The surface of the land in the western part is rolling and in the
eastern portion mountainous. Three-quarters of the rock formation of the
west is Pleistocene. The rest is a mixture of Eocene and Miocene. The
soil in the western part consists mostly of what is locally known as "shot
land," and the red soil is considered especially good. The western soil is
naturally adapted to the growing of all kinds of grains, fruits, vegetables
and flax. The soil of the eastern portion is suited to general farming,
and especially the production of choice fruit. The red soil is of lava
origin, and it is of first quality, very fertile and of good physical texture.
The great transcontinental railway systems operating into Portland at
present include the Northern Pacific, Great Northern, Burlington, Union
Pacific, Southern Pacific and Canadian Pacific, The numerous suburban
electric lines have made it possible for wage-eai'ners to have the advantage
of suburban homes with facilities for generous gardens, etc. County
roads are maintained in excellent condition by a general tax levy. The
natural forest growth is fir. The Columbia and Willamette Rivers are
navigable for large steamers, and there is a '21 Vz-fooi channel from Port-
land to the sea. Portland's commerce reaches every prominent port.
Steamships ply from this city to all Pacific Coast ports, to the Atlantic
Coast, and to the Orient. In the small communities of the county, wood
is the fuel used. In the larger towns, coal and crude oil are also used.
Wood costs from $5.00 to $6.00 a cord; coal, $6.00 and up per ton,
dependent upon quality. Crude oil from 80 cents to 90 cents per barrel.
Pure soft water is available all over the county. In Portland the supply
comes from the Bull Run River, some forty miles distant. Portland is
the meti'opolis of the State, the market for products of every character.
The vessels loading here carry principally wheat, flour and lumber.
Grain, vegetables and livestock are important products of the county.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 1^3
Lumbering is one of the most important industries, and there are fifteen
saw and planing mills, four sawmills and box factories, three shingle
mills, twenty-two planing mills and six furniture factories, two brace
and rafter-end factories, one ladder factory, two wood pipe mills, one
woodenware factory, three wood preserving Pl^"|^' ^^^ J^i^ P^The
plants, and one cross-arm mill. (Mineral products, 191o page 105.) Ihe
climate is mild and healthful. The mean temperature during the spring
months is 52.1 degrees; summer, 65.0 degrees; autumn, 56.3 degrees; and
winter 41.1 degrees. The normal precipitation per season is: ^PP^S,
10.59 inches; summer, 2.97 inches; fall, 12 inches; and winter, 19.o7
inches; total annual, 45.13 inches.
*Fairview (E. A. Whitney, Mayor)— Altitude, 12 feet. Area, 320
acres; population, 250. On the line of the 0,-W. R. & N Rai road and
Portland Railway, Light & Power Co. (electric interurban) railway and
near the Columbia River. Assessed valuation of town property, $185,-
000; bonded indebtedness, $1,000. Two school teachers receive $70 00
and $85.00 per month. One school building is valued at f6,000, Meth-
odist church and Smith Memorial church aggregate a value of $7,000.
Skilled labor receives from $3.50 to $5.00; common labor, ^2.o0; and man
and team, $6.00. Principal industries in and near the town are railroad
machine shops, cheese factory, fruit growing, dairying and truck farming.
Among the greatest needs are a cannery, sawmill and other manufac-
turing industries to take advantage of plenty of available undeveloped
waterpowers and transportation facilities.
Gresham (George W. Stapleton, Mayor)— Situated on the Estacada
and Mt Hood lines of the Portland Railway, Light & Power Company s
system five miles from the east limits of Portland and three miles south
of Fail-view, on the O.-W. R. & N. Railway. City was incorporated m
1904 Now covers 2,250 acres and numbers about 1.200 persons. Ihe
assessed valuation of town property is $600,000, and bonded indebted-
ness, $25,000. Tax rate, 1916, 21.3 mills. Grade school building valued
at $14 000; has eight teachers. Union high school building valued at
$25,000; employs eleven teachers. Teachers' salaries range from
$75 00 to $185.00 per month. Five church buildings— Methodist, h^pisco-
pal Baptist, Catholic, Free Methodist and German Evangelical. County
free Carnegie library valued at $12,000. Automobile factory and iron
foundry. Two fruit canneries. Brick works and sawmill near by. Home
of county fair. City has Bull Run water, gravity system, same as Port-
land's water supply. Two miles of hard surfaced streets. Light and
power supplied by P. R., L. & P. Co. Rate of service is 9, 7 and 4 cents
per kilowatt hour for light, and 7, 5 and 2 cents for power. Portland
Gas & Coke Co. furnishes gas to Gresham. Farming, fruit growing,
dairying, stock raising, poultry raising and gardening are the principal
occupations of the locality. Gresham has two banks with combined
resources of $350,000, semi-weekly newspaper, two lawyers, three den-
tists, four physicians, four groceries, two hardware stores, two dry goods
and furnishings, two drug stores, three garages, two blacksmiths, one
furniture and undertaking establishment, two meat markets, five confec-
tioneries, three barber shops, notion store, tailor shop, shoe shop, two
plumbers, four real estate and insurance agencies, hotel, feed mill, harness
shop, lumber yard, jewelry, electric supplies, farm implement store,
photograph gallery, private sanitarium, bakery, pool room, picture show
and opera house. Would be fine location for steam or electric laundry,
pickle factory, furniture factory, etc.
Portland (H. R. Albee, Mayor)— Portland, the county .seat of Mult-
nomah County, the commercial and industrial metropolis of the State, is
under commission form of government. The altitude is from 30 to 1,060
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
184 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
feet. It is situated near the junction of the two greatest rivers, commer-
cially, west . of the Mississippi River — the Willamette and Columbia —
and is the principal seaport of the north Pacific Coast. It is the Oregon
terminal of transcontinental railway lines — the Southern Pacific, Northei'n
Pacific, Union Pacific, and Great Northern. It is the central terminal
for the North Bank, O.-W. R. & N., Southern Pacific electric lines,
Portland Railway, Light & Power Company. Oregon Electric, and the
United Railway systems. Steamers and vessels of all classes ply into this
port from domestic and foreign points of navigation.
The city was incorporated in 1851; covers an area of 66.36 square
miles, and has a population of 282,000. The assessed value of taxable
property in Portland is $303,600,010, and the net bonded indebtedness
of the city is $13,675,678.96. The waterworks system is valued at $13,-
733,196, and there is a daily flow by gravity system of 67,000,000
gallons of water, pumped every twenty-four hours, brought through
conduits from a Government reserve for a distance of 24 miles. There
are regularly employed 100 skilled workmen, receiving $136,800
annually; 250 unskilled who receive $250,175 annually, and 40 clerks
receiving an annual salary of $58,400, in this department.
Public school buildings and grounds represent an aggregate value of
$7,046,927. School district employs 1,133 teachers, teaching in fifty-
eight elementary schools, five high schools, two polytechnic schools and
two special schools. The salary scale of teachers employed in the public
schools graduates from a minimum of $725.00 to the maximum of $2,500
per year. School superintendent receives $5,000 per year.
There is an increase in church buildings, from 141 in 1915, to 243
in 1916, with a property valuation of $3,150,000.
Public buildings in the city include a $1,500,000 courthouse, city
hall, a postoffice (a million dollar new postoffice nearing completion),
city jail, customs house, etc. The police and fire bureaus are regularly
oi'ganized under the civil service system. The chief of police receives a
salary of $250.00 per month, and the salaries of captains, sergeants,
detectives, patrolmen, etc., range from $80.00 to $200.00 per month. A
fire bureau, fully paid, employs about 375 members, whose salaries,
including chief, ranking officers and firemen, range from $80.00 to $250.00
per month. The city pays common labor $3.00 per day of eight hours;
skilled labor, $4.00 to $6.00; and man and team, $5.00 per day. The
electric light and gas plants are owned by private corporations. The
meter rate for electricity is 9, 7 and 4 cents per kilowatt hour, and for gas
$1.00 per 1,000 feet.
Lumbering, steel and wood ship building, manufacturing, shipping
(both deep sea and railroad), dairying and agriculture are the most
important industries of the city and county, while there are abundint
resources, such as mines, lumber, logging, fruit culture and waterpower.
Portland is the largest lumber manufacturing city in the world. It has
the third largest case goods furniture plant in the world, and the second
largest of its kind in the United States. It is the center of the steel and
wood ship building activity of the Pacific Coast. There are several
sawmills, planing mills, sash and door factories, paper mills, lumber and
fuel yards, furniture factories, foundries, shipyards, box factories, land
and water transportation companies, railway car repairing and construc-
tion works, and innumerable industries of lesser magnitude and import-
ance. It is the center of jobbing and wholesale trading of the Pacific
Northwest, business houses carrying the largest stocks of goods west of
Chicago.
Portland and surrounding territory is thickly settled; in fact, large
suburban districts that with propriety might be considered part of the
city, are not inside the corporate limits or included in the estimate of
Portland proper. These surrounding districts no doubt will in a short
time be included in the city and should form a part in the calculation
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 185
of the same, for in the line of business they are one with the rest, as
their people are mostly on the payroll in the city itself, spend their money
there, and in every way are most deeply concerned m the prosperity and
interested in the conditions of the town. The country surrounding
Portland on all sides, especially on the north, east and in a southerly
direction, is comparatively level and well suited for the extension of the
city without any great expense in the matter of grading. Such elevations
as are found furnish the best opportunity for good drainage. Even the
more abrupt and high elevations on the west side give pleasing variation,
offering to every person opportunities to suit his own taste regarding
location, elevation and scenery. The Port of Portland is, by inaugurating
towage and pilotag:e service and by operating dredges and building
dikes, working to reduce the charges of freight between Portland and
the seaports of the world to the smallest amount possible. Portland has
a 30-foot channel to the sea, permitting large ocean-going vessels to enter
the only fresh water harbor on the Pacific Coast, a matter of great
sig-nificance to seamen, as the fresh water cleans the ship hulls of bar-
nacles. The channel is ever deepening as work proceeds on the jetties at
the mouth of the Columbia River.
Portland stands seventh amongst the cities of the United States m
the volume of postal savings deposits, having passed San Francisco and
Philadelphia during the period covered by a summary of business. The
total is $1,262,366. This is a larger sum than the deposits m the
banks of Seattle, Tacoma and Spokane combined. The total cash on
hand in the several banks and trust companies of Portland on November
17, 1916, was $8,555,043.33, a gain of $1,180,905 over November 10,
1915. The total amount of deposits subject to check was $35,896,746,
an increase of $2,471,010 over November 10, 1915. The savings
amounted to $18,730,069, an increase of $2,155,238 over November
10, 1915, and the postal savings deposits amounted to $1,262,366, an
increase of $248,675 over November 10, 1915.
The city has more hard surface streets than any other city on the
Pacific Coast and west of Chicago. Total miles of paved streets withm
the city limits are 781 miles. There are 837 manufacturing plants in
Portland, an increase of 147 over the number listed in 1915. Eighty-nine
publications admitted to the mails as second class matter are published
in Portland, as follows: Quarterly, six; semi-monthly, two; monthly,
thirty-five; weekly, thirty-five; semi-weekly, three; daily, nine.
Columbia River Highway, just hard surfaced from Portland to the
Hood River County line, gives the tourist access to the land of Thana-
topsis. , T-, -i!-
From Portland this wonderful highway reaches west to the Facitic
and east to Central Oregon. It is America's newest and greatest
pathway for the recreationist. Its scenic beauties are not only a combi-
nation of the Alps, the Rhine and Southern Italy, with the wild grandeur
of the American Rockies, but it is a rfemarkable engineering accomplish-
ment. J. ^u J-1 J
From Portland to the sea the highway gives glimpses of the diked
bottom lands which resemble the wonderful country behind the sea wall
of Holland. It winds in and out among the low hills bordering the
Columbia River, giving vantage for views of splendor m color and form,
while constantly the vista of river shore and water commerce changes.
Then it carries the traveler through Astoria, the quaint port city, and on
to the sea. . , , . xu u *. ^ ^
Going east from Portland this wonder road pierces the heretofore
inaccessible gorge of the Columbia and in these upper stretches of the
highway are found sixty miles of cliffs and falling waters, matchless
colors of shore and sky. Hanging on cliffs, in many places hundreds of
feet above the river; in others its concrete and steel bridges spanning
turbulent streams which sprawl many feet underneath, supported by
186 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
quaint walls of dry masonry for miles of its length, the highway at Crown
Point is 700 feet above the river and gives a view of thirty-five miles in
either direction.
From Crown Point the highway spirals downward on a 5 per cent
grade in triple figure eight, and enters the district which has given it the
title, "The Road of the Falling Waters." In ten miles' travel eleven
superb waterfalls are passed, the highest being Multnomah Falls, second
highest in the United States. Latourell Falls, Sheppards Dell, Bridal
Veil, Coopey Falls, Dalton Falls, Mist Falls, Wahkeena Falls, Benson
Park and Multnomah Falls, Oneonta Gorge (where a subterranean
stream sends air blasts along the rocks). Horsetail Falls, Cathedral Point,
St. Peters Dome pass in quick succession and the traveler is at Bonneville,
where he can inspect the greatest fish hatchery in the world.
Then on through the tunnel at Mitchells Point to the sunken forests
of the Columbia, where giant trees are seen beneath the waters; to the
petrified forests at Tanners Creek, with 200-foot trees; to the abutments
of the Bridge of the Gods, passing numerous fish wheels, and into the
Hood River Valley. From there the tourist finds the call of Mt. Hood
and its tremendous glaciers can be responded to with convenience over
splendid roads.
A National park now parallels the Columbia River Highway between
Portland and Hood River, which forever retains this virgin masterpiece
of nature's handiwork to the uses of the peple.
Troutdale (Clara E. Larson, Mayor)- — Incorporated in 1907. Alti-
tude, 56 to 100 feet; area, 80 acres; population, 309. Situated 18 miles
east of Portland on the main line of the O.-W. R. & N. and the O.-W. P.
railways, one and one-half miles from the Columbia River and on the
Columbia Highway. Assessed valuation of town property is $100,000,
with no indebtedness. Three teachers in the public schools receive from
$70.00 to $95.00 per month; city marshal receives $60.00 per month.
Skilled labor, $3.00 to $4.50 per day; common labor, $2.50; and man and
team, $5.00. Electric lighting system is under private ownership and
meters are used to measure value of service. Water system is also pri-
vately owned and rate to consumers is $1.00 per month, to private resi-
dences. One school building is valued at $2,600, and two churches —
Adventist and Evangelical — at $5,000, and jail, $200. Dairying and
lumbering are the principal industries. Within the town limits are located
two general stores, two hotels, two confectionery stores, gai'age, two pool
halls, two meat markets, blacksmith shop, shoe shop and branch public
library. There is need of a creamery, cannery, pickle factory, brick and
tile plant, earthenware plant, lumber mill, shingle mill, and furniture
factory.
POLK COUNTY
(Dallas, County Seat)
Polk County lies very largely within the Willamette Valley. It is
bounded on the north by Yamhill, on the east by Marion, on the south by
Benton and Lincoln, and on the west by Lincoln and Tillamook counties.
The population is 17,542 (United States Census, 1910, 13,469). Of these,
90 per cent are United States born. Of the foi-eign 10 per cent, one-
fourth are Canadian, the remaining three-fourths are made up principally
of Germans, English, Russians, Scandinavians, Swiss, Scotch and Irish.
The total area is 476,863 acres. There are 600 aci-es unappropriated and
unreserved, all surveyed. There are 37,000 acres of Oregon and Califor-
nia Grant lands located in this county, that portion of which found
suited to agriculture will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as
classified. (See "Oregon and California Land Grant Lands" in this
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 187
report.) Of the assessed appropriated land, 134,046 acres are cultivated
and 322,369 acres uncultivated, of which about 125,000 acres are tillable.
The averag'e assessed value of cultivated land is $36.00 per acre; of uncul-
tivated land, $14.22 per acre. There are 1,100 miles of public roads in the
county, of which 350 miles are macadamized or gravelled and 750 mles
are of earth construction. The total value of taxable property in this
county in 1916 was $11,853,255, not including- $1,449,040.27, the
assessed value of public service corporation properties. These values
represent 51 per cent of the actual valuations, as determined by the
State Tax Commission.
The surface is level, rolling and mountainous. There are good mountain
streams and numerous springs, affording good water power. The rock
formation of the east half next the Willamette River is Pleistocene; of
the western part it is combination of Eocene and Miocene. Its soil con-
ditions in general are the same as characterize the larger part of the
Willamette Valley. Its bottom lands are deep gray loam, which is very
productive of cei-eals, but the fertility of these soils hardly exceeds that
of the red hills, which are red in color but of different physical texture
from the red hills of Washington and Clackamas Counties. The soil in
the vicinity of Monmouth is a gray loam. It has a high percentage of
phosphoric acid and humus, but is low in potash and lime. This is an
excellent soil if kept well drained. The red hills near Eola are rich in
iron, to which the red color is undoubtedly due; they are deficient in both
phosphoric acid and potash, but carry an abundance of lime. The soil on
these hills has wonderful wearing qualities, for they have been found to
produce well under continuous cropping for many years. Applications of
land plaster would increase the production of this soil. Polk is one of
the best fruit growing counties in the State. Cattle raising is carried on
extensively. The county roads are in fair condition and are maintained
by taxation. Wood is used for fuel and costs from $3 to $5 per cord.
The lumber industry is quite important. There are six saw and planing
mills, and three planing mills. There is plenty of pure water near the
surface. Railroad and steamboat facilities are good. West Side division
of the Southern Pacific and P., E. & E. cross the county from north to
south, and Salem, Falls City & Western from west to east, and Willamette
River along eastern boundary. Besides the above mentioned industries
there are brickyard, creameries, ice plants, electric light plants, flour
and feed mills, handle factories, tanneries, laundries, light and water
plants, machine and repair shops, printing plants, railroad shops, ware-
houses, and waterworks. (Mineral products, 1915, page 105.) The climate
is mild and healthful. The mean temperature during the spring months
is 41.9 degrees; summer, 61.4 degrees; fall, 50.2 degrees, and winter, 39.7
degrees. The normal precipitation per season is: Spring, 9.23 inches;
summer, 4.27 inches; fall, 13.85 inches, and winter, 9.12 inches. Total
annual, 36.47 inches.
Dallas (J. G. Van Orsdel, Mayor) — County seat of Polk County, is
situated on the west side branch of the Southern Pacific and on the
Salem, Falls City & Western railroads, and the Independence & I\Ion-
mouth road. Salem, Falls City & Western Railroad has constructed a
steel bridge across the Willamette River at Salem and will extend its line
to Silverton in Marion County. Dallas was incorporated in 1874, covers
an area of one and one-half square miles, and has a population of 3,500.
Altitude is 340 feet. The assessed valuation of city property is $1,125,955,
with a bonded indebtedness of $23,000. Three school houses have an
approximate value of $81,000, the new high school building costing
$60,000; seven churches — Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Christian.
Roman Catholic, Adventist, and Evangelical, are valued at $20,000, and
the county court house, city hall, and Woodmen hall at $74,000; Armory
building, $20,000, and new library building, $10,000. Nineteen teachers
188 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
employed in the public schools receive salaries from $45.00 to $140.00 per
month; the city marshal receives $65.00 per month, and two policemen
receive $65.00 per month each; common labor, $2.00 per day; skilled labor,
$3.00 to $5.00, and man and team, $5.00. An electric light plant under
private ownership, furnishes light at 7 cents to 15 cents per kilowatt hour,
and the rate for water service to dwellings is $1.25 per month. Gravity
water system is under public ownership. The principal industries are
agriculture, horticulture, sheep and goat raising, lumber manufacturing
and dairying. The city has. four sawmills, tannery, feed mills, two machine
and repair shops, three printing plants, laundry, flour and feed mill, ice
and cold storage plant, creamery, three planing mills, wagon factoi-y,
twenty-five hop kilns, ten fruit driers, iron foundry, railroad machine
shops, two banks, two newspapers, three hotels. Streets are electric
lighted and macadamized, and city has good sewage system and stores and
business houses of various kinds. Among the resources as yet undevel-
oped in and near the city are a fruit cannery, furniture factory, box
factory, rock quarries, brick and tile works and prospective oil fields.
Dallas is a prune, hop and mohair center.
Falls City (H. J. Griffin, Mayor) — Incorporated as a town in 1898
and as a city in 1903. Altitude, 355 feet. Area, 753 acres. Population,
1,200. On the main line of the Salem, Falls City & Western railroad,
eight miles southwest of Dallas, the county seat. Assessed valuation of
city property is $268,837; bonded indebtedness, $30,000. Eleven teachers
in the public schools receive salaries of from $55.00 to $110.00. City mar-
shal receives $30.00 per month. Skilled labor, $4.00 to $6.00 per day;
common labor, $2.00 to $2.25, and man and team, $5.00. Three public
school buildings have a value of $17,000; five churches — Adventist, Catho-
lic, Christian, Free Methodist, and Methodist — are valued at $7,500.
Electric lighting plant, privately owned, furnishes four 16-candlepower
lights at a flat rate of $1.00 per month. Water (spring) system is under
public ownership. Within the city are a feed mill, sawmill, bank, two
hotels, four general stores, department store, drug store, meat market,
bakery, shoe store, dry goods store, hardware and furniture store, livery
stable, blacksmith shop, two confectioneries, motion picture show, bowling
alley and pool room. Diversified farming, horticulture, dairying and
lumbering are the principal industries. Soil around Falls City is adapted
to fruit culture, especially prunes, loganberries and grapes. Much alder
and maple of large size, suitable for making pulleys, grows in the
vicinity.
Independence (W. H. Walker, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1879, and
amended in 1905. Altitude, 76 feet. Area, 640 acres. Population, 2,000
(estimated). Ten miles from Dallas, the county seat, it is situated on
the West Side division of the Southern Pacific railroad, the Independence
& Monmouth railroad and the Willamette River, and 76 miles south of
Portland. Assessed valuation is $600,000; bonded indebtedness, $20,200.
Fourteen teachers in the public schools receive fi-om $55.00 to $125.00 per
month; city marshal receives $65.00 per month, and night watch $60.00
per month. Skilled labor receives $4.00 to $6.00 per day; common labor,
$2.00, and man and team, $4.00. Two public school buildings, including
high school, valued at $60,000. Five churches — Baptist, Christian, Metho-
dist, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic — are valued at $23,000. City hall
is valued at $7,000, and new hotel at $25,000. Volunteer fire department.
Electric light and water plants are privately owned. Hop growing, dairy-
ing, fruit growing and diversified farming are the principal industries.
Business enterprises located in the city include five grocery stores, three
general stores, five dry goods stores, three hardware stores, two second-
hand furniture stores, two blacksmith shops, two garages, flour mill, two
jewelry stores, two drug stores. Among the fraternal societies repre-
sented are: Masons, Odd Fellows, Moose, K. of P., Maccabees, Fraternal
Union, W. O. W., G. A. R., and W. R. C.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 189
Monmouth (James Graham, Mayor)— Located 70 miles south of
Portland, and 15 miles west of Salem, the State capital, and is reached
over two Southern Pacific lines from Portland, and by the Oregon Electric
through Salem and Independence. Also has the Independence & Mon-
mouth railway. The population is 800. Monmouth was incorporated in
1881 has an altitude of 225 feet, covers an area of one mile square and
has an assessed valuation of $265,000. Has four churches, high school
with a new $25,000 brick building and 75 pupils; eight fraternal societies,
brass band, a new municipal owned water system costing $25,000, with
a large reservoir on 125 feet elevation; privately owned electric systeni,
supplying service for domestic and power purposes; First National Bank
with $30,000 capital; surplus, $10,000; undivided profits, $8,000; one
creamery, owned by the dairymen; evaporating plant, owned by a local
company; brick and tile factory, grain and general storage warehouses.
Is supplied with stores in all mercantile lines, telephone, telegraph and
express service. Monmouth is the seat of the only normal school in the
State, which is maintained by a state tax on a millage basis, gi-anted under
the initiative by popular vote in 1910, thus establishing beyond any ques-
tion the permanency of the Monmouth Normal School. This was founded
for a college town, with ideal environments for making the student life
as near like home as possible, and the hospitality of its people is one of
the strongest features appealing to students and parents in the selection
of the school. The healthfulness of the location is unquestioned. Polk
County is the leader in Oregon in registered Jersey cattle, and Monmouth
is the center of the largest and best herds, many being annually imported,
also known as the winner of most prizes for pure-bred sheep and goats
in all the expositions of the Northwest. The land is rolling with a rich,
dark loam, especialy adapted in the valley to the various plants supplying
the best dairy food, and in the nearby foothills are good locations for all
fruits adapted to the western Oregon climate, including the English
walnut and filberts. City now paving three blocks, and more to follow
soon. Walter Brown, recorder.
*West Salem (George L. Frazure, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1913.
Altitude, 200 feet. Area, 640 acres. Population, 500. On main line of
Salem, Falls City & Western railway; Southern Pacific and Oregon Elec-
tric railroads one mile across the river, and on the bank of the Willam-
ette River. Assessed valuation of town property, $256,000 no indebted-
ness. Three teachers are employed in the public school at $60.00 per
month each. City marshal is under the fee system. Skilled labor receives
$3.00 per day; common labor, $1.50, and man and team, $5.00. One public
school building is valued at $7,500. There is one church— Methodist Epis-
copal. Electric lighting system is under private ownership, as is also the
water system, the rate for water to private households being $1.00 per
month. Farming and fruitgrowing are the principal industries. Hops are
also grown quite extensively in the vicinity. Besides the customary mer-
cantile establishments of a community of this size, there is a fruit evap-
orator in operation here. There is an opening for a cannery and a
woodworking plant.
SHERMAN COUNTY
(More, County Seat)
Sherman County, in the north part of the State, is bounded on the
west and south by the Deschutes River and Wasco County, on the east
by the John Day River and Gilliam County, and on the north by the
Columbia River. The population is 4,739 (United States census, 1910,
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
190 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
4,242), of which 88 per cent is United States born. Of the foreign born
about one-third are German, and the remainder are made up principally
of Irish, Canadians and Scotch. The total land area is 535,040 acres, of
which 420,312 acres are in private ownership. Of this amount 271,015
acres are in cultivation, and about 35,000 acres are non-tillable. The
total assessed valuation of private property in 1916 was $6,305,400, not
including $2,449,178.89, the assessed value of public service corporation
properties within the county. These values represent 68 per cent of the
actual valuation as determined by the State Tax Commission.
There are 40,043 acres of unappropriated and unreserved land in the
county, of which 39,403 acres are surveyed. Cultivated land on the aver-
age is assessed at $15.60 per acre, and uncultivated at $2.51. There are
432 miles of public highways in the county, of which two miles are
graveled and the balance is of earth construction.
The climate is dry and invigorating. The precipitation is a great
deal lower than it is in the western part of the State, but good agricul-
tural results have always been obtained by men who farmed a moderate
acreage and retained the moisture by cultivation. The precipitation in
the last fiscal year ending September 1, 1913, was 12 inches. Diversified
farming is being more genei'ally adopted and extensively practiced in
recent years, and the importance of the milch cow, the hog, sheep and
poultry in connection with farming of all kinds is being recognized and
profitably taken advantage of. Dairying has been found to be profitable,
and a great deal of cream has been shipped to Portland. Poultry also
pays well, and a great many are engaged in this industry quite extensively.
The elevation at Wasco is 1,263 feet, at Moro 1,782 feet, at Grass Valley
2,260 feet, and at Kent 2,780 feet. The United States government has
an experiment farm at Moro and has about 600 plats of grains, gi-asses,
corn, peas, potatoes and numerous other vegetables under observation.
There are three newspapers published in the county, at Grass Valley,
Moro and Wasco, respectively. The surface of the county slopes north-
ward to the Columbia and is a rolling prairie. The rock formation is
almost entirely a combination of Eocene and Miocene. The soil of this
county is similar to that of Wasco and Gilliam. The red clay loam is
similar to that of the Hood River district and is rich in lime, phosphoric
acid and potash, making it a splendid soil for growing fruit, wheat, oats,
barley, timothy, clover, vetch and alfalfa. The gray clay loam of the
county is similar to that in the vicinity of The Dalles, and while it is
low in potash it is strong in lime, phosphoric acid and humus, rendering
the soil more naturally adapted for growing grains and grasses than for
fruits, but with liberal application of land plaster, fruit growing would
become a profitable industry. The principal crop at present is wheat.
Corn, rye, oats, vegetables, hay, cattle, horses, sheep and hogs are raised
quite extensively. Wood and coal are used for fuel, neither of which is
found in the county. Coal costs $12.00 per ton, and wood $6.00 per cord.
Besides the agricultural pursuits, there are machine and repair shops,
electric light plants, feed mills, light and water companies. The normal
temperature during the spring season is 46.4 degrees; summer, 59.2
degrees; fall, 50.9 degrees, and winter, 33.1 degrees. The normal pre-
cipitation per season is: Spring, 3.68 inches; summer, 1.63 inches; fall,
2.51 inches, and winter. 6.07 inches; total annual, 13.89 inches.
Grass Valley (G. C. Vinton, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1901. Alti-
tude, 2,260 feet; area, 330 acres; population, 342. Situated on the line
of the Columbia Southern railroad, a branch of the O.-W. R. & N., which
connects with the main line at Biggs, twelve miles south of Moro, the
county seat. Assessed valuation of town property is $168,000; bonded
indebtedness, $5,000. Four teachers are employed in the public schools
at salaries ranging from $75.00 to $100.00 per month. City marshal
receives $50.00 per month. Daily wage of skilled labor is $3.50 to $4.00,
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 191
and common labor, $2.00. The school building is valued at $10,000, and
two churches, Baptist and Methodist, are valued at $6,000. Odd P'ellows'
hall valued at $6,000. Electric light and water systems are under public
ownership. Li^-ht is furnished at the rate of 3% cents per candlepower per
month. Farming and stock raising are the principal industries. About
200,000 sacks of wheat, oats and barley are delivered to this point annu-
ally. City park, combined with a three-eighths mile race track, is the chief
center of amusement and recreation in season. Town has two general
stores, hardware and implement store, bank, with a capital of $20,000 and
surplus of $5,000; weekly newspaper, drug store, millinery store, harness
shop, hotel, livery stable, blacksmith shop, meat market, lumber and wood-
yard, three grain warehouses, confectionery store and barber shop. Vol-
unteer fii-e department, fifteen members, is well equipped with apparatus.
MoRO (J. C. Freeman, Mayor) — County seat. Situated on the Colum-
bia Southern branch of the O.-W. R. & N. railroad, which connects with
the main line at Biggs station; 127 miles by rail east of Portland;
twenty-seven i .iles by road southeast of The Dalles. Altitude, 1,790 feet.
It was incorporated in 1899, covers about 200 acres in area and has 600
inhabitants. The city has an assessed value of $195,195, and a bonded debt
of $10,000. One school building has a value of $7,000, and three churches
— Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian — $7,500. Four school teachers are
paid from $65.00 to $140.00 per month; city marshal receives $60.00 per
month; common labor 25 cents per hour, and man and team, $5.00 per day.
Electric light and water plants are owned by the public. Light costs 15
cents per kilowatt hour, and water costs private households a minimum
rate of $1.50 per month. Farming is the principal industry. The chief
industrial enterprises in the town are an electric light and water plant,
a wagon shop, three general merchandise stores, a drug store, hardware
store, two hotels, confectionery store, flour mill, chop mill and lumber
yard.
Wasco (F. L. Morrow, Mayor)— Settled in 1883, situated on the Co-
lumbia Southern railroad, 117 miles east of Portland. Center of large
wheat growing section. Incorporated in 1898. Covers an area of 640 acres;
has a population of 500. Altitude, 1,265 feet. The assessed value of town
property is $216,000, with a bonded indebtedness of $15,000. Erected in
1916 is a public school building valued at $25,000, and three churches —
Catholic, Christian and Methodist — at $8,000. Six school teachers receive
$75.00 each per month. Common labor, $2.50 per day; skilled labor, $4.00
per day, man and team, $5.00 per day. The city owns the water works
system pumping plant, and water for domestic use is furnished at $1.50
per month. Farming is the principal industry in the surrounding country.
Wasco has three general merchandise stores, two garages, two drug
stores, two blacksmith shops, one millinery store, two banks, two flour
mills, lumber yard, two livery stables, one meat market, one hotel, one
jewelry store, one farming implement house and one newspaper (The
Wasco News). Private electric light plant leaves city well lighted.
TILLAMOOK COUNTY
(Tillamook, County Seat)
Tillamook County is one of the northern coast counties. It is bounded
on the west by the Pacific ocean; on the north by Clatsop; on the south
by Lincoln, and on the east by Washington and Yamhill counties. The
population is 8,540 (United States Census, 1910, 6,266). Of these, 72 per
cent; are American born; of the foreign 28 per cent, one-half are Scandi-
navians, the others principally Swiss, Germans, English, Scotch and
192 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Canadians. The total area is 720,000 acres. There are 19,698 acres
unreserved and unappropriated, all surveyed, the greater part of which
is burned-over timber lands of little value. There are 30,000 acres of the
O. & C. Grant lands located in this county, that portion of which found
suited to agriculture will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as
classified. (See "Oregon & California Land Grant Lands" in this report.)
School lands, 160 acres. There are about 12,754 acres of public lands
in the county filed on but not patented. Of the assessed appropriated
lands, 16,240 acres are cultivated, and 589,308 acres uncultivated and
timber lands, of which about 70,000 acres are tillable. The assessed
value of cultivated lands averages $143.19 per acre; of the uncultivated,
$13.39 per acre. There are 313 miles of public roads in the county, of
which 5.35 miles are hard-surfaced (constituting the coast extension of
the Columbia Highway) , 170 miles are macadamized or graveled, 130
miles of earth construction, and 10 miles of plank roads. The total value
of the taxable property of the county in 1916 was $19,829,975 public
service corporations $814,265.27. These values represent 91 per cent of
actual valuations, as determined by the State Tax Commission.
Topographically, the county is rough, agricultural pursuits being car-
ried on in three large valleys surrounding Nehalem, Tillamook and
Nestucca Bays and along the rivers and creeks flowing into these bays.
There are five rivers in the county large enough to float logs and to
furnish water power for mills. The rock formation of a narrow strip
along the coast is Pleistocene; the rest, a mixture of Eocene and Miocene.
The soil of the river bottoms is sandy loam, and that of the prairie a
sandy loam and clay. The supply of humus in this bottom land is good,
but that of lime and potash is low. The soil is of fine texture, but not
very lasting unless reinforced by application of gypsum. The darker
soil is also of fine texture, rich in humus, and largely composed of de-
cayed feldspar. The natural forest growth is yellow and red fir, spruce,
hemlock and cedar, considerable larch and alder being also found. It is
estimated that there are 30,000,000,000 feet of standing, merchantable
timber in the county. On account of its depth and physical condition,
the soil is best adapted to root crops and grasses. Vegetables and small
fruits, particularly berries, do well. Dairying is an important industry;
3,500,000 pounds of cheese are made annually. The cheese industry is
well established and organized, there being about thirty-four factories
in the county. Salmon fishing brings $100,000 into the county annually.
There are five fish canneries in the county. (Mineral products, page
105.) There are six saw and planing mills, five sawmills, one saw and
shingle mill, one sawmill and box factory, and two shingle mills. There
are machine and repair shops, a laundry, newspapers and a cold storage
plant. Also a whey sugar plant. There are 60 school districts, with 60
schoolhouses; 92 teachers are employed, 14 being men and 78 women.
Assistant principals receive, on an average, $65.00; principals, $86.00 per
month. Two hundred miles of public roads are maintained by taxation.
Wood is used for fuel and costs from $3.00 to $5.00 a cord. The Pacific
Railway & Navigation Company connects Tillamook City and Portland,
with trains running daily. Coastwise and foreign trade is carried on
through Tillamook Bay, a deep and naturally land-locked harbor. Fish
and game are plentiful. The climate is mild, moist and healthful. The
mean temperature during the spring months is 49.4 degrees; summer, 59.4
degrees; fall, 55.9 degrees, and winter, 44.2 degrees. The normal precipi-
tation per season is: Spring, 24.51 inches; summer, 6.79 inches; fall, 33.48
inches, and winter, 51.87 inches. Total annual, 116.65 inches.
Bay City (W. H. Gilmore, Mayor) — Altitude, 14 feet on tidewater;
population, 400. Situated on Tillamook Bay, a deep, land-locked harbor,
and on the line of the Pacific Railroad & Navigation Company railroad.
New municipal docks and warehouse facilities provide dockage for sea-
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 193
going vessels. It is also the transfer point for the numerous beach resorts
along the coast. Surrounded by vast area of timbered country and agri-
cultural lands and advantageously located from a commercial viewpoint.
Lumbering, salmon fishing and packing, dairying, fruit raising and
general farming are the principal industries. Has union high and graded
public school and two churches, Methodist and Presbyterian. Water-
works system and electric light plant under private ownership. Con-
gressional appropriation of over $400,000, Port of Bay City to subscribe
an equal amount, is being expended on jetty work at the mouth of the
harbor. There are in and near the city two sawmills, two salmon
canneries (with annual pack of about 30,000 cases), three cold storage
and two ice plants, sash and door factory, tile and cement works, bank,
two hotels, weekly newspaper, sanatorium, two hardware stores, two
general stores, restaurant, barber shop, blacksmith shop, opera house,
confectionery store, plumbing shops, feed store and livery stable.
Nehalem (A. C. Anderson, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1899. Altitude
about fifty feet; population, 250; area about 320 acres. Situated at the
mouth of the Nehalem River two and one-half miles north of Wheeler,
the nearest point on the P. R. & N. railroad, and launches meet each
train. It is thirty miles north of Tillamook, the county seat, twenty-seven
miles south of Seaside. The government and the Port of Nehalem are
expending $632,000 for harbor improvements at the mouth of the Nehalem
River, and public docks have been provided, and government dredge is
deepening river channel to accommodate ocean traffic. The town has a
new two-room public school, and the district high school for the county
is located within a mile of its limits. One church organization, Methodist,
has just built a new church. Daily wage of skilled labor is $3.50 to $4.50,
common labor, $2.50, and man and team, $6.00. The town owns the water
system, an electric light plant and high service concrete reservoir. Lum-
bering, salmon fishing and canning, cheese making, dairying and general
farming are the principal industries. Surrounded by immense body of
merchantable timber. Beaches in vicinity are popular summer resorts,
and good salmon, deep sea and trout fishing is to be had in their respec-
tive seasons. There are in and near the community two salmon canneries,
two cheese factories, several logging camps, a livery stable, blacksmith
shop, general store, weekly newspaper, feed store, restaurant, notion
store, jewelry store, barber shop, bakery, meat market, hotel, confec-
tionery, pool hall, drug store, physician, two sawmills, gas engine supply
house, garage, box factory, cement block works, theater, lodge hall, two
boat lines, tug boat line and a sash and door factory now doing business.
Town also has an orchestra, band and volunteer fire department.
*TiLLAMoqK (S. A. Bredhead, Mayor) — County seat. Incorporated
in 1893. Altitude, near sea level; area 480 acres; population, 1,600.
Located near the mouth of the Tillamook River, at the head of Tilla-
mook Bay, a deep sea harbor, and is the terminus of the Pacific Railroad
& Navigation Companv railroad. Assessed valuations of town poperty is
$700,000; bonded indebtedness, $65,000. Fifteen teachers in the public
schools receive from $50.00 to $100.00 per month. City marshal receives
$90.00 per month. Skilled labor receives $3.50 to $5.00 per day; common
labor, $2.50, and man and team, $5.00. Two public school buildings, grade
and high, are valued at $50,000. There is also a parochial (Catholic)
school located here. Nine churches — Adventist, Catholic, Christian, Con-
gregational (German), German Reformed, Methodist, Nazarene, Presby-
terian and United Brethren — aggregate a combined value of $60,000. City
hall is valued at $2,500. Electric light plant is under private ownership.
Lights cost $1 per month in private residences, and 15 cents per kilowatt
hour meter rate for all over seven kilowatt hours. Gravity water system
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
Sig. 7.
194 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
is owned by the city, capable of being developed to a capacity sufficient
for 40,000 people, and water rate to private households is $1.00 per month
per faucet. Modei'n sewer system and three and a third miles of hard-
surface pavement were con.structed in 1912. The principal industries
are dairying", lumbering and fishing. It is the center of the cheese in-
dustry of the Pacific Coast. Town is surrounded by about 20,000,000,000
feet of merchantable timber. A government appropriation of over $400,000
is being expended in jetty work at the entrance to the harbor. Among
the chief needs of the community and vicinity are milk product factories,
sawmills, wood-working factories, brick and tile plants and more dairy
farmers. There are several general stores, four dry goods stores, two
livery barns, six groceries, three plumbing shops, two hardware stores,
three drug stores, three machine and repair shops, two sawmills, iron
foundry, ice and cold storage plant, cheese factory, two banks, four hotels,
three garages, bakery, steam laundry, three confectioneries, six restau-
rants, and two weekly newspapers.
Wheeler (R. H. Cady, Mayor) — Population, 500. Situated on the
Nehalem River and the Pacific Railway & Navigation Company's rail-
road, twenty-two miles from Tillamook, the county seat, and eighty-nine
miles west of Portland. Has Western Union telegraph office, Wells-
Fargo express. Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company, a newspaper,
two hotels, meat market, salmon cannery, two sawmills, shingle mill, drug
store, dry goods store, two grocery store, bank (Nehalem Valley Bank),
physician, lawyer, dentist, blacksmith shop and two real estate agents.
UMATILLA COUNTY
(Pendleton, County Seat)
Umatilla, the great wheat producing county of the State of Oregon,
lies in the northeastern part. It is bounded on the north by the Columbia
River and the State of Washington, on the east by Union, on the south
by Grant, and on the west by Morrow counties. The population is 24,266;
local estimate, 31,000 (United States Census, 1910, 20,309). Of these, 86
per cent are United States born; of the foreign 14 per cent, about one-
fourth are German ; the remaining three-fourths are made up principally
of Canadians, Scandinavians, English, Irish and Scotch. The total area
is 1,991,000 acres. There are 6.5,691 acres unappropriated and unreserved,
of which 65,400 acres are surveyed. Of the assessed appropriated land,
663,662 acres are cultivated and 466,348 acres uncultivated. All land is
assessed at an average of $18.77 per acre. There are 4,545 miles of public
roads in the county, of which forty-five miles are macadamized or
gravelled, and the balance are of earth construction. The total amount
expended for roads and bridges in 1915 was $119,600, and provided by
taxation for 1916, $120,000. The amount expended upon roads from 1911
to 1914, inclusive, was $420,505. The roads are good, with the exception
of dust, which is unavoidable in a dry climate. There is an excellent
public school system, which includes ten or twelve high schools. The
total amount expended for school purposes in 1913-1914 was $254,128.52;
1914-1915, $273,269.67; 1915-1916, $322,942.17; for superintendents',
principals' and teachers' salaries, 1914-1915, $131,382.31; 1915-1916,
$131,858.97. janitors and other employes, 1914-1915, $17,100.14; 1915-
1916, $18,166.99. There are fifty male and 190 female teachers employed
in the public schools. The principals receive an average of $112.86 per
month, male teachers an average of $127.03, and female teachers, $74.12.
The general school tax for 1916 was $72,000, and the special school tax
for 1915-1916 was $202,232.88. Five new school houses were built during
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 195
1914-1915, and four in 1916, valued at $5,000. Amount expended for im-
provements to buildings and j?rounds in 1914-1915, $28,381.98; 1915-1916,
$44,666.63; 1916, estimated, $10,000. The bonded indebtedness for school
purposes is $379,500. The assessed value of taxable pronertv in pri-
vate ownership for 1916 is $37,924,138, not including $10,866,693.15, the
assessed valuation of public service corporations. These values represent
78 per cent of the actual valuations, as determined by the State Tax
Commission.
The surface is level and mountainous. The rock formation of the
north and west is a combination of Eocene and Miocene; in the east and
south there is a strip of Cretaceous, and the rest is pre-Cretaceous. The
soil consists for the most part of silt, or "dust soil," abundantly supplied
with plant food, and among the most fertile of the State. The wonderful
fertility of these soils is shown in their enormous yield of crops from
year to yerr. The soil is very deep in most localities and of such a
texture as to be easily worked. The percentage of mineral plant food is
quite large, and according to all experience it should be found profusely
and permanently productive. This soil is indeed a wonder to all strangers.
It is difficult at first for them to believe that land of such appearance
could produce anything, much less such wonderful crops as are really
grown. One marked feature of this soil is its capacity to retain moisture.
It is rich in potash, lime and phosphoric acid, but low in humus. It is
especially adapted to grain growing. The Columbia, Umatilla and Walla
Walla rivers furnish splendid water power and irrigation. The roads,
which are generally good, are supported by a road levy of two and one-
half mills. Pine and tamarack are the principal trees found. Granite
building stone, copper and coal are found. The Columbia River, the
O.-W. R. & N. railroad, and the Northern Pacific railroad furnish good
transportation facilities. Harvest hands receive from $2.00 to $5.00 and
board per day of about fourteen hours. Coal sells for $8.50 per ton, and
wood for $6.75 per cord. Besides wheat, livestock is an important asset.
There are also three sawmills, three planing mills, three saw and planing
mills, bottling works, creameries, flour and feed mills, laundries, gas
plants, machine shops, printing plants, electric light plants, and woolen
mills. Arrow heads, medicine stones and Indian curios are frequently
found. (Mineral products, 1915, page 105.) The climate is clear, dry and
salubrious. The mean temperature during the spring months is 50.5
degrees; summer, 66.9 degrees; fall, 52.8 degrees, and winter, 33.3 degrees.
The normal precipitation per season is: Spring, 4.02 inches; summer, 2.41
inches, fall, 3.28 inches, and winter, 4.63 inches. Total annual, 14.34
inches.
* Adams (S. A. Edwards, Mayor) — Adams is located on the line of
the O.-W. R. & N. railroad. It was incorporated in 1893, covers an area
of 320 acres and has a population of 205. Altitude, 1,500 feet. The
assessed valuation of town property is $100,500. Bonded indebtedness,
$2,400. The public school building is valued at $4,500, and four teachers
are employed at salaries ranging from $75.00 to $125.00. Two churches.
Baptist and Methodist, are valued at $4,000. The city hall is valued at
$2,000. City marshal receives $50.00 per month. Common labor is paid
$45.00 per month and board; skilled labor, $3.00 to $5.00 per day, and man
and team, $5.00 per day. A gravity water system is under public owner-
ship, and the meter rate for service is $1.00 per 6,000 gallons. Agriculture
is the principal industry. High school classes ai-e mantained in the public
schools. There is a drug store, hotel, general merchandise store, two chop
and feed mills, blacksmith and machine shop, a livery stable, hardware
store, two confectionery stores, a telephone service with the ranches, and
two rural free delivery routes. A bank, flour mill, machine shop, and a
harness shop are badly needed.
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
196 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Athena (Homer I. Watts, Mayor) — Situated on the Walla Walla-
Pendleton division of the O.-W. R. & N. railroad, and is the junction
of the Washinj^ton and Columbia River branch of the Northern Pacific
railroad; thirty-five miles from the Columbia River; is 248 miles east of
Portland, and eij2:hteen miles northeast of Pendleton, the county seat.
It was incorporated in 1890, covers an area of 160 acres and has a popu-
lation of 586. The altitude at O.-W. R. & N. depot is 1,745 feet. The
total assessed valuation of town property is $479,350, with bonded in-
debtedness of $30,000. The value of the only public school building is
$40,000, and the ei{?ht teachers employed receive salaries ranging from
$55 to $150 per month. Three churches, Baptist, Christian and Methodist,
have a value of $40,000, and the city hall $1,500. The marshal, who is
the water superintendent, receives $85.00 per month. Common labor, $2.50
per day; skilled laboi-, $3.50, and man and team, $4.00. The electric light
plant is under private ownership, and the gravity waterworks system is
owned by the city. Light costs 12 cents per month for 30 kilowatt, resi-
dence rates, and 8 cents for all over that; 12 cents for 60 kilowatt com-
mercial, and 6 cents for all over that, and water at the meter rate of $1.00
per month. Farming, principally wheat and hay, is the chief industry.
The industrial and business concerns in and near the town are two
harness shops, a bank, weekly newspaper, millinery store, hardware store,
four groceries, three general merchandise stores, one hotel, two barber
shops, bakery, furniture store, one livery stable, four blacksmith and
machine shops, drug store, lumber yard, electric plant, grist mill, two
chop mills, garage, several warehouses, shoe shop, three billiard halls,
meat market, two tailoring shops, three doctors, lawyer and two dentists.
There is a good opening for a brick yard and a straw paper mill.
Echo (Hugh D. Smith, Mayor)— Incorporated in 1904. Altitude, 639
feet; area, 320 acres; population, 600. Situated on the main line of the
O.-W. R. & N. railroad. Assessed valuation of town property is $278,095,
with bonded indebtedness of $13,000, incurred to build city hall and buy
park. Seven teachers employed in the public schools at from $80.00 to
$130.00 per month. City marshal and water superintendent receive $85.00
per month. Skilled labor receives $4.00 to $6.00; common labor, $2.50, and
man and team, $5.00. Waterworks system is owned by the public, and the
rate is 25 cents for the first 4,000 gallons, then 15 cents, and down to 10
cents per 1,000 gallons. Electric lighting franchise is owned by a private
corporation, which furnishes light at the rate of 15 cents per kilowatt,
graduated down to 4 cents. Diversified farming and stock raising are
the principal industries. Within the town are two blacksmith shops,
three general stores, grocery store, bank, hardware store, drug store,
bakery, garage and machine shop, tailor shop, jewelry store, meat market,
grist mill, wool scouring plant, two alfalfa meal mills, six warehouses,
two lumber yards, three hotels, three pool rooms, newspaper, i-eal estate
agency, and one physician. Echo claims the largest and most complete
sheep shearing plant in the Northwest. There are two large irrigation
projects under way near Echo, the Paradise and the Teal, which embrace
75,000 acres of very fertile land. There are two rural mail routes, one
supplying daily the Meadows district between Echo and Butter Creek,
and the other a tri-weekly service thirty-five miles up Butter Creek to
Lena.
Freewater (G. H. Bishop, Mayor) — Located on the O.-W. R. & N.
and W. W. V. (electric) railroads. Covers an area of 360 acres, and
has a population of 600. Elevation, 1,010 feet. The assessed valuation
of the town is $237,750, with no indebtedness. There is one school build-
ing, valued at $10,000, and five teachers are employed, salaries ranging
from $65.00 to $100.00 per month. Two churches. Catholic and Federated
Church, are valued at $10,000, the city hall at $1,000. The marshal is paid
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 197
$25.00 per month and fees. Common labor, $2.50 per day; skilled labor,
$3.50 per day, and man and team, $5.00 per day. The electric lifjrht and
water plants are privately owned. The principal industries are fruit
growing and farminpr. The fruit of this vicinity is exceptionally fine in
quality. The town is surrounded by small farmers on five and ten-acre
tracts; 5,000 people are living within five miles of the city. Freewater
has one newspaper (The Times), one bank, two flour mills, one cannery,
one hardware store, one meat market, one harness shop, one drug' store,
one general merchandise store, one milliner, one men's furnishing store,
one lumber dealer, two livery stables, one physician, three real estate
dealers, one grocery. Commercial Club.
Helix (J. Griswold, Mayor) — Situated in the northeastern part of
Umatilla County, on the Pendleton-Pasco branch of the Northern Pacific
railway, seventeen miles north of Pendleton, the county seat. The lai'gest
wheat warehouse station in the state, farms tributary to the station pro-
ducing over 1,000,000 bushels of wheat annually. Area, 40 acres; popu-
lation, 242; altitude, 1,760 feet. Is practically free fi-om debt. The
district high school is housed in a new brick building valued at $11,000.
Two churches. Baptist and Christian, have good buildings valued at
$5,600. The town owns its own water system and is well equipped with
necessary apparatus for fire protection. Helix has two general stores,
drug store, two barber shops, hardware store, two harness shops, two
blacksmith and machine shops, a wagon shop, two chop mills, two livery
stables, one hotel, two confectioneries, a butcher shop, bank, lumber yard,
two grain companies, weekly newspaper, and several other industries.
Wheat raising is the principal industry of the vicinity, and wages for
labor connected with this kind of work are good. There is a demand
for farm and skilled labor at nearly all times of the year. The average
yield of wheat this year was over 40 bushels to the acre, and the pros-
pects of this vicinity are very flattering, indeed.
Hermiston (F. C. McKenzie, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1907. Alti-
tude, 450 feet; area, 1,280 acres; population, 850. On the main line of
the O.-W. R. & N. railroad and about six miles from the point of con-
fluence of the Umatilla and Columbia rivers. Assessed valuation of city
property is $392,000 with $25,000 water bond. Twelve teachers in the
public schools receive from $60.00 to $125.00 per month. City marshal
receives $10.00 per month and fees. Skilled labor receives $4.00 per day,
common labor, $2.50, and man and team, $5.00. One schoolhouse is valued
at $25,000; three churches — Baptist, Catholic and Methodist — are valued
at $15,000. Agriculture, dairying and horticulture are the principal indus-
tries. Waterworks system just completed at a cost of $25,000, and an elec-
tric light plant was installed in 1911. Twenty thousand acres of irrigable
lands, under the United States Umatilla irrigation project, in course of
reclamation, are highly adapted to fruit culture. Is headquarter of the
United States Reclamation Service for the Umatilla project and the West
Extension now being built. Agricultural experiment station under direc-
tion of Department of Agriculture and Oregon Agricultural College is
established here. Three general stores, two hotels, restaurant, hardware
store, two lumber yards, two livery stables, two blacksmith shops, drug
store, bank, garage, creamery (making 16,000 pounds of butter per
month), clothing store, two barber shops, cement block factory, weekly
newspaper, and two confectioneries are located here.
Mjlton (C. D. Hobbs, Mayor) — Located on the Washington branch
of the O.-W. R. & N. and the Walla Walla Valley Traction (electric)
line. It is thirty-six miles northeast of Pendleton, the county seat, and
267 miles east of Portland. It is also on the Walla Walla River. Incor-
porated in 1886, covers an area of about 500 acres and has a population
of about 1,800. The assessed valuation of city pi-operty is $1,010,000,
198 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
with a bonded indebtedness of $88,000. Three schoolhouses are valued at
$45,000. Six churches — Adventist, Baptist, Christian, Methodist, Method- *
ist South and Presbyterian — are valued at $20,000. City hall valued at
$300.00. Fourteen teachers in the public schools receive salaries ranging
from $65.00 to $140.00 per month. The city marshal receives $60.00 per
month; common labor, $2.50 per day, skilled labor, $3.50 to $4.00 per day,
and man and team, $5.00. The city owns the electric light and waterworks
system. Rates for electric lights are $3.00 to $5.00 a month for 100
candlepower, and for domestic use $1.00 per month. The principal indus-
tries are farming, fruit growing and stock raising. Milton has two banks,
a dry goods store, four grocei-y stores, a hardware store, a bakery, a
restaurant, hotel, livery stable, furniture store, harness shop, two drug
stores, meat market, tin shoo, two flour and feed mills, cannery, plumbing
plant, ice plant, box factory, garage, lumber yard, dentists and physicians.
Among the industries that may be developed are a paper mill to utilize
straw; steam laundry and a creamery.
Pendleton (James A. Best, Mayor) — County seat. Incorporated in
1880. Altitude, 1,070 feet. Area, 1,280 acres. Population, 6,500. East-
ern Oregon State Hospital. United States circuit court and State
supreme court sit for Eastern Oregon district. Headquarters, inspector
United States Biological Survey, United States postal inspector, super-
visor Umatilla national forest. Commercial association. On main line
O.-W. R. & N. railroad, and terminus Pilot Rock and Washington divi-
sion branches; terminus Washington and Columbia River division North-
ern Pacific.
Municipal gravity water system cost $300,000. County library build-
ing cost $35,000, distributes 12,000 volumes, adding 3,000 a year. Munici-
pal swimming pool. Largest athletic stadium in State. Paid fire depart-
ment, motor apparatus. Electric and gas lighting plants under private
ownership. Minimum rates for electricity, $1.00 per month; for gas, 50
cents per month; for water, $1.00 per month. Forty-one school teachers
receive salaries ranging from $60.00 to $125.00 a month. Five school
buildings have an aggregate value of $175,000. Eight churches — Baptist,
Catholic, Christian, Congregational, Episcopal, First Church of Christ
Scientist, Methodist Episcopal and Presbyterian — have property valued
at $200,000.
Diversified farming, horticulture, stock raising and wool growing are
the principal industries. Seventy businesses represented, among which are
woolen blanket mill, harvester factory, two flour mills, two grain cleaning
plants, wool scouring plant, wool packing plant, sash and door fac-
tory, foundry, ice and cold storage plant, two banks with deposits of
over $5,250,000; two daily newspapers, two cigar factories, two bakeries,
hospital, three department stores, five men's furnishing stores, one
women's outfitting store, four movie theaters, one theater, five hotels,
creamery, eight garages, five machine shops, two auto accessories stores,
twenty-two grocery stores, three hardware stores, five candy stores, four
paint stores, music store, four drug stores, six jewelry stores, four imple-
ment houses, three chop mills, two laundries, meat packing plant, five
meat markets, thirteen restaurants, two electrical supply stores, three
billiard halls, two bowling alleys.
Good opportunity for investment in a cannery, paper mill, packing
plant, soap factory, farming and fruit lands, and dairy and stock ranches.
Large area of arid land is being put under irrigation by the government
and private capital. Is especially adapted to fruit and grain culture.
Pendleton Round-up, a seasonal festivity in which Western sports and
feats of skill and daring in horsemanship are the principal instructive
and amusement features, is held here annually.
Assessed valuation, $5,500,000; bonded indebtedness, $575,000. Skilled
labor receives $3.50 to $5.00 per day; common labor, $2.50, and man and
team, $5.00.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 199
Pilot Rock (G. W. Done, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1902. Altitude,
1,817 feet; area, 60 acres; population, 300. Southern terminus of the
Umatilla Central branch of the O.-W. R. & N. railroad, which connects
with the main line at Pendleton. Assessed valuation of town property
is $150,000. Three school teachers receive an average salary of $86.75
per month. City marshal receives $65.00 per month, and city recorder
$25.00. Skilled labor receives $4.00 per day, common labor, $2.50, and man
and team, $5.00. One school building has a value of $3,500 and one church
— Presbyterian — $4,500. Town has recently installed a water system, at a
cost of $1,200. Farming and stock raising are the chief industries. Within
the town are two general stores, blacksmith shop, livery stable, feed yard,
meat market, two confectionery stores, weekly newspaper, barber shop,
hotel, hardware store, lumber yard, furniture, bank, printing office,
two garages, two harness shops, a 'twenty-four-hour telephone service,
gent's furnishing store, drug store, hospital, moving picture theater,
electric light plant and a flour and feed mill, the latter costing $13,000.
A creamery and sawmill offer good investments.
Stanfield (Alexander Reid, Mayor — Altitude, 590 feet; population,
380. A thriving town on the main line of the O.-W. R. & N. railroad,
and also one of the junctions of the Stanfield-Coyote cut-off of the O.-W.
R. & N. Is twenty-eight miles west of Pendleton, the county seat, and
near the Umatilla 'River; five miles south of the Columbia River; 200
miles east of Portland. General farming and fruit culture are the prin-
cipal industries. In the midst of a large agricultural district, known
as Umatilla Meadows, is the principal shipping point for some large irri-
gation projects, and the center of 25,000 acres set to alfalfa, growing
orchards and extensive dairy farms. Has bank, stores, newspaper,
blacksmith shop, harness shop, feed mill, two lumber yards, two churches,
and a $25,000 stone school building embracing a high school department;
auto garage, cheese factory, creamery. Standard Oil distributing station,
and ice plant.
*Umatilla (E. E. Starcher, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1906. Alti-
tude, 340 feet; area, 120 acres; population, 500. Situated at the con-
fluence of the Umatilla and Columbia rivers; on the main line of the
O.-W. R. & N. railroad, and is the junction point for the branch lines
leading to Spokane, the Palouse country and the Walla Walla valley.
Is also the main up-river port of the Columbia River, enjoying boat
service both up and down the Columbia and Snake rivers. Upon the
opening of the Celilo canal, early in 1915, this became the principal dis-
tributing point of northeastern Oregon with unobstructed navigation to
the Pacific coast, affording both rail and water transportation to the
seaports of Portland and Astoria. Assessed valuation of tovra property is
$350,000. Three teachers of the public school receive from $75.00 to $115.00
per month. City marshal receives $75.00 per month. Skilled labor receives
$3.00 to $5.00 per day; common labor, $2.50, and man and team, $5.00 and
$6.00. Dairying, fruit growing and general farming are the principal
industries. Surrounded by rich irrigated lands under government and
private projects. Principal products are hay, fruit and dairy products.
Private company supplies water throughout the town, and electric light
plant is under private ownership. Has three general stores, three hotels,
lumber yard, bank, meat market and confectioneries. Has large railroad
yards and is an important division point of the O.-W. R. & N. railroad.
*Weston (J. M. Bannister, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1878. Altitude,
1,652 feet; area, 280 acres; population, 900. On the Walla Walla-Pendle-
ton branch of the O.-W. R. «fe N. railroad. Assessed valuation of town
property is $282,938; bonded indebtedness, $25,000. Eight teachers are
*From 1914 report. No corrected data for 191G obtainable.
200 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
employed in the public schools. City marshal receives $900.00 per year.
Daily wage for skilled labor is $3.50 to $5.00; common labor, $2.25, and
man and team, $5.00 to $6.00. Has a parade and high (four-year course)
school and State Normal plant is also located here, the property valuation
of which is $75,000. Six churches — Baptist, Dunkard, Episcopal, Metho-
dist (Free), Methodist (South) and United Brethren — having a combined
valuation of $20,000. City hall is valued at $1,000. Electric light plant
is privately owned; light service costs $1.00 per month. City owns gravity
water system, and water rate is $1.50 per month to private families.
Farming, brick making, fruit raising and dairying are the principal
industries. There are two grocery stores, merchandise store, bank,
weekly newspaper printing shop, livery stable, furniture store and under-
taking parlors, drug store, two blacksmith shops, hardware store, barber
shop, two confectioneries, meat market, two hotels, brick yard and two
chop mills. One and one-half miles of cement sidewalks built last year.
UNION COUNTY
(La Grande, County Seat)
Union County is situated in the central northeastern part of the
State. It is bounded Qn the east by Wallowa, on the south by Baker
and Grant, and on the west by Umatilla counties. The population is
18,387 (United States Census, 1910, 16,191) ; of these, 91 per cent are
United States born; of the foreign 9 per cent, about one-fourth are
German; the remaining three-fourths are made up principally of English,
Scandinavians, Canadians and Scotch. The total area is 1,335,680 acres.
There are 16,240 acres unappropriated and unreserved, all of which are
surveyed. Of the assessed appropriated land, 153,117 acres of cultivated
are assessed at an average of $40.63 per acre, and 551,391 acres of un-
cultivated at $4.22 per acre. There are 906 miles of public highways in
the county, of which six miles are macadamized or graveled, and the re-
mainder is of earth construction. The total amount expended for roads
and bridges in 1915 was $36,198.83. The amount of taxes raised for
roads for 1916 was $43,401.96, and for bridges, $9,742.21. The total taxes
raised for all purposes for 1916 was $401,845, of which amount $104,351
was special district school taxes, $18,641 special road, $80,610 special city
and town, $197,889 general state, county, school, road, etc. (of which
$57,641 was for general, and $45,261 for high school purpose), and $354.28
fire patrol tax. The total amount expended for roads in the county
from 1911 to 1914, inclusive, was $180,144. The total value of taxable
property in this county in 1916 was $16,127,160, exclusive of public service
corporations, which have an equalized assessed valuation of $4,284,447.42.
These values represent 71 per cent of the actual valuations, as determined
by the State Tax Commission.
That part of the county lying within the Grande Ronde Valley is
generally level. The rest of the county is rolling. The Grande Ronde
River flows through the county and is used largely in the lumber industry.
O.-W. R. & N. railroad crosses southwestern portion of county, and Elgin
branch of same system traverses north central portion. The rock forma-
tion in the western part of the county is pre-Cretaceous, in the centi-al
part constituting fully half the whole area is a combination of Eocene
and Miocene. In the northern part, whei-e the surface is hilly, the soil
is rich in lime, potash and humus, but poor in phosphoric acid. However,
the fineness of the soil, associated with an excellent lime supply, will
much alleviate this difficulty. This soil is well adapted to gro\\ing fruit,
grain, hemp, sugar beets and sorghum. The soil in the southern and
central portion of the county differs from the soil of Eastern Oregon
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 201
generally and closely resembles that in the vicinity of Hood River, con-
sisting of a vi^hite clay loam, rich in potash, lime and phosphoric acid,
but poor in humus. This soil under the same favorable climatic conditions
as are found in Hood River County, would equal it in fertility and adapt-
ability to fruit growing. Fir and pine timber are found in abundance.
Wheat is the most important crop, but the other grains are grown exten-
sively. There are 1,500 miles of county roads in good condition. Wood
costs from $2.50 to $4 per cord. The land is especially adapted to the
growing of sugar beets. Fruit, cattle, horses and sheep are raised.
Mining is quite an important industry. There are thirty-two copper
mines, two gold and copper mines, one mica mine, and one soapstone
mine. (Mineral products, page 105.) There ai-e two sawmills, fifteen
saw and planing mills, five planing mills, and two box factories. There
are also brick yards, creameries, electric light plants, flour and feed mills,
laundries, machine shops, wholesale houses, printing plants and bottling
works. Railroad facilities are good. The winters are mild and the sum-
mers pleasant. The climate is healthful. The mean temperature during
the spring months is 47 degrees; summer, 62.3 degrees; fall, 48.7 degrees,
and winter, 34 degrees. The normal precipitation per season is: Spring,
4.60 inches; summer, 3.26 inches; fall, 3.52 inches, and winter, 3.89 inches.
Total annual. 15.27 inches.
Cove (A. G. Conklin, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1904. Settled in 1862,
on Mill Creek; 333 miles east of Portland. Altitude, 2,700 feet; area,
640 acres; population, 516. Situated on the Central Railroad of Oregon,
which junctions with the main line of the O.-W. R. & N. railroad at
La Grande. Seven school teachers receive from $55.00 to $100.00 per
month. Skilled labor receives $3.50 to $4.00 per day; common labor, $2.50,
and man and team, $5.00. City marshal receives $10.00 per month and
fees. One school building is valued at $3,000, and four churches — Baptist,
Episcopal, Methodist and Mormon — are valued at $5,500. City hall is
valued at $1,800. Electric light plant is privately owned and charges
20 cents per kilowatt hour for services. Principal industries of the sur-
rounding country are fruit growing, farming and stock raising. The prin-
cipal business establishments of the town are a bank, hotel, three general
stores, confectionery, two drug stores, flour mill, planing mill, box
factory, two prune dryers and sawmill.
Elgin (Frank E. Smith, Mayor) — Elgin, covering an area of 640
acres, is an incorporated city of about 1,240 population. It is situated on
the Grande Ronde River and Elgin branch of the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad,
and 334 miles east of Portland. The altitude is 2,664 feet. Assessed
valuation of town property is $522,422, with an indebtedness of $28,250.
The city owns and operates its own water system; has a new city hall and
opera house built in connection in 1912 at a cost of $23,000. There is a
new school building which is valued at $20,000. Twelve teachers are
employed at salaries from $55.00 to $150.00 per month. There are seven
churches — Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Episcopal, two Methodist, and a
Presbyterian — valued at $10 000. The city marshal receives $75.00. Com-
mon labor, $2.25; skilled labor, from $3.00 to $5.00 per day; and man and
team, $5.00 per day. There is a volunteer fire department. Electric light
plant furnishes light at a maximum charge of 15 cents per kilowatt hour.
Lumbering, farming, stock raising, fruit growing and diversified farming
are the principal industries. Elgin has two planing mills with a daily
capacity of 100.000 feet each, box factory, sawmill and flour mill. There
are six sawmills within a radius of ten miles, which export annually about
10.000.000 feet of lumber. There is a vast area of unimproved stump
lands that can be bought for from $10.00 to $25.00 per acre. Elgin, from
its natural location and diversity of rich resources, is destined to be an
important industrial center of Eastern Oregon. In the city dre located
202 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
a bank, two general merchandise stores, two furniture stores, dry goods
store, gents' furnishings store, four groceries, two hardware stores, two
millinery stores, a butcher shop, two drug stores, bakery, two blacksmith
shops, livery stable, garage, two hotels, harness shop and weekly news-
paper.
Imbler (Walter Stringham, Mayor) — Located on the Grande Ronde
River and O.-W. R. & N. Railway, 818 miles east of Portland, 14 miles
north of La Grande, 9 miles south of Elgin. Stage to Summerville twice
daily, 25 cents. It has an altitude of 2,700 feet; an area of 100 acres.
Has an express office (American), telegraph (Western Union), Pacific
and Independent telephone companies. Two churches — Methodist Epis-
copal and Morman — cost $3,000. The school building, a brick, costing
$20,000, was erected in 1912. Five teachers are employed at salaries
ranging from $50.00 to $90.00 per month. Common labor commands $2.50
per day; skilled labor, from $3.00 to $4.00 per day; and a man with team,
$5.00 per day. The principal industries of the surrounding country are
fruit growing, lumbering and farming in all its stages. Located in the
place are three merchandise stores, drug store, confectionery store, hotel,
restaurant, blacksmith shop, livery stable, garage, barber shop, meat
market, implement house, bank, furniture store, jeweler, physician, glove
manufacturer and three storage warehouses. Power line of the Eastern
Oregon Light & Power Company passes through the town, with a sub-
station located here for lighting purposes. It is believed that an exclu-
sive furniture store would thrive here as well as a paperhanger and
painter with an up-to-date stock of goods. A repair man and a dentist
would be welcome and given encouragement.
*ISLAND City (Fred H. Kiddle, Mayor) — Located on the Elgin branch
of the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad, about two miles east and a little north of
La Grande. It was incorporated in 1904 and covers an area of about 40
acres. The population is 166. The assessed valuation is $100,000. One
school building is valued at $5,000, and one church, non-sectarian, is valued
at $3,000. Four school teachers receive from $60.00 to $100.00 per month.
Common labor commands $2.25 per day; skilled labor, $3.50 to $5.00; and
man and team, $5.00. The electric light plant is owned by a private cor-
poration. Agriculture is the principal industry. There is a flour and feed
mill, two general merchandise stores, garage and blacksmith shop in town.
La Grande (Commission form of government; F. J. Lafky, General
Manager) — County seat; incorporated in 1885, settled in 1862. Altitude,
2,782 feet; area, 1.587 acres; population, 7,000. On the main line of the
O.-W. R. & N. Railroad and is the junction point of the Elgin branch of
the same system, 305 miles east of Portland. First city on the Pacific
Coast to adopt the commission form of government with a general
manager at the head. Assessed valuation of city pi'operty, $3,500,000;
bonded indebtedness, $284,000. Thirty-five teachers in the public schools
receive from $55.00 to $200.00 per month; city marshal receives $95.00
per month; two deputies receive $85.00 each, and poundmaster receives
$70.00 per month. City recorder, treasurer and water superintendent
receive $100.00 per month each. Skilled labor is paid $3.00 to $4.00 per
day; common labor, $1.75 to $2.50; and man and team, $4.00 to $5.00.
Four public school buildings approximate a value of $75,000. Eleven
churches — Adventist, Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Christian Science, Epis-
copal, Latter-day Saints, Lutheran (German), Methodist, Methodist
(South), and Presbyterian — have buildings valued at $100,000, and the
Catholics, have built a $30,000 church and $8,000 parsonage, and the
Y. M. C. A. a $40,000 building. Citv hall and fire house are valued at
$50,000; hospital, $15,000; and Carnegie library, $20,000. Postoffice
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 203
building is valued at $65,000. Sewer system (trunk) cost $50,000, and
lateral system cost $55,000. City owns water system, water piped from
the mountains for a distance of 17 miles, which cost $209,000, and the
minimum rate for service is $1.00 per month; meter rates graduated from
15 cents down to 5 cents per 1,000 gallons in proportion to quantity
consumed. Electric light plant is privately owned and rates to consumers
are 15 cents for first 25 kilowatts and 14 cents for the next 25 kilowatts.
Lumbering, manufacturing, and farming are the principal industries.
City is a railroad division point with large shops and roundhouse. The
river furnishes power to operate electric light plant. There is a large
sawmill, flour mill, iron works, ice plant, packing plant, marble works,
five hotels, three garages, two steam laundries, two creameries, daily
newspaper, two printing shops, and the usual complement of mercantile
establishments which exist in a thriving Western city.
North Powder (W. A. Riordan, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1902.
Altitude, 3,427 feet; area, 160 acres; population, 650. Situated in the
southern part of the county on the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad. Assessed
valuation of town property is $170,000, with no debts. Seven teachers
in the public schools receive from $60.00 to $125.00 per month. City mar-
shal receives $60.00 per month. Skilled labor receives $4.00 per day;
common labor, $2.50; and man and team, $5.00. One public school build-
ing is valued at $3,200. Three churches — ^Baptist, Catholic and Methodist
— valued at $5,000; and city hall and opera house valued at $2 000 and
$3,000 respectively. Volunteer fire department, with sixteen members,
well equipped. Electric light furnished by E. O. L. & P. Co. at $1.00 mini-
mum per month. Water system, privately owned, furnishes water at
75 cents per month. City council authorized to expend $20,000 for new
water system. Thirty flowing artesian wells. Principal industries are
farming and lumbering. The town has a drug store, two groceries, two
blacksmith shops, livery stable, hotel, restaurant, furniture store, post-
office, express office, ice plant (natural ice), with cold storage facilities,
flour mill, sawmill and planing mill, meat market, furniture store, two
billiard halls, four general stores, harness shop, and a bank with $18,000
capital. TowTi needs a hardware store and implement house.
*SuMMERViLLE (R. M. Brooks, Mayor) — Altitude, 2,700 feet; area, 80
acres; population, 237. Two teachers are employed in the public school at
$65.00 and $90.00 per month, respectively. Skilled labor receives $3.50 to
$4.50; common labor, $2.50; and man and team, $5.00 per day. One school
building is valued at $3,000, and two churches- — Methodist and Presby-
terian— Masonic hall. Odd Fellows hall and M. B. A. hall are valued at
$5,000. Town is situated four miles west of the nearest point on the line
of the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad. Farming and lumbering are the principal
industries. Located in the town are three general stores, hotel and
hardware store.
Union (Tony D. Smith, Mayor) — Union is situated two miles east of
main line of the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad. The Central Railway of Oregon,
to Cove and Hot Lake, branches here. It was incorporated in 1878; covers
an area of 920 acres, and has a population of 1,800. The altitude is 2.784
feet. The assessed valuation of city property is $645,291, with a bonded
indebtedness of $41,000. Three schoolhouses are valued at $75,000, and
six churches — Adventist, Catholic, Episcopal, Methodist, Mormon and
Presb>i;erian — are valued at $20,000. The city hall and agricultural
experiment station have an aggregate value of $12,000; city hall cost
$9,000. Fourteen school teachers receive salaries ranging from $55.00 to
$125.00 per month. The city marshal receives $62.50 per month. Common
labor, $2.50 per day; skilled labor, $3.50 to $5.00; man and team, $5.00.
*Frora 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
204 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
The electric light plant, under private ownership, sells light at the rate of
10 cents to 17 cents per kilowatt hour. A gravity water system is owned
by the city. Water costs private households $1.25 per month. Dairying,
farming, fruit culture and stock raising are the principal industries.
There are two printing plants, flour and feed mill, planing mill and box
factory, fruit dryer, creamery, blacksmith shop, livery stable, hardware
store, furniture store, four general merchandise stores, hotel, restaurant,
two cigar and notion stores, two meat markets, two drug stores barber
shop, implement house, jewelry store, bank, harness shop, tailor shop,
bicycle and furniture store, two newspapers, millinery store, dentist,
three doctors, Carnegie public library, two garages. There is need of a
steam laundry, fruit cannery, first class hotel, meat packing plant.
There is also abundant and valuable waterpower in the vicinity awaiting
development. Eastern Oregon Agricultural College and Experiment
Station, branch of Oregon Agricultural College is located here. There
are 640 acres of land upon which extensive State improvements have
been made, costing in all $25,000.
WALLOWA COUNTY
(Enterprise, County Seat)
Wallowa County occupies the northeast corner of the State. It is
bounded on the north by Washington State, on the east by the Snake
River, on the south by Baker County, and on the west by Union County.
The population is 10,963 (United States Census, 1910, 8,364). Of these,
94 per cent are United States born. Of the foreign 6 per cent about
one-fifth are Scandinavians, the remaining four-fifths being made up
principally of Germans, Canadians, English and Irish. The total area
is 2,012,800 acres. There are 75,838 acres unappropriated and unreserved,
65,040 surveyed. Of the assessed appropriated land, 101,365 acres,
valued at an assessed average of $32.48 per acre, are cultivated, and
550,000 acres, at $5.87 per acre, are uncultivated. Of this amount about
75,000 acres are tillable. There are 1,500 miles of public roads m the
county, all of which are of earth construction. The total value of taxable
property in 1916 was $11,947,189, exclusive of the public service corpora-
tions, which have an equalized assessed value of $1,277,085.58. These
values represent 76 per cent of the actual valuations, as determined by
the State Tax Commission. , ,,- j
The surface, which in some places is stony, is level, rolling, and
mountainous, and is drained by the Snake and branches of the Grande
Ronde Rivers. The Elgin branch of the O.-W. R. «fe N. Railroad pene-
trates the west central part of the county. The soil is largely of a gray,
ashy appearance, darkening much on becoming damp. It possesses won-
derful fertility and produces abundantly. The soil is fine in texture and
loose. It has wonderful ability to retain moisture and, although the
precipitation is much lower than in the Willamette Valley, grains and
grasses mature. The soil is rich in the necessary ingredients— lime,
potash and phosphoric acid — but lacking in humus, which could easily be
supplied by using organic fertilizers. The native timber is fir and pine.
Wheat, oats, hay, corn, rye, and vegetables are grown. Horses, cattle,
and sheep are raised extensively, as they require but little attention
during the winter. There are some coal prospects, also traces of gold,
silver, platinum and limestone. Wood is the fuel and sells for $3 to $4
per cord. There are eleven sawmills, ten saw and planing mills, five
planing mills, creameries, electric light plants, and flour and feed mills.
The climate is dry and invigorating. The mean temperature during the
spring months is 45.8 degrees; summer, 58.1 degrees; fall, 48.6 degrees;
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 205
and winter, 29 degrees. The normal precipitation per season is : Spring,
4.86 inches; summcM-, 3.24 inches; fall, 4.84 inches; and winter, 4.84
inches; total annual, 17.78 inches.
Enterprise (G. W. Hyatt, Mayor) — County seat. Incorporated in
1899. Altitude, 3,749 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 2,500. Located
on the La Grande-Joseph branch of the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad, about
80 miles northeast of La Grande, Union County. Assessed valuation,
$920,000, exclusive of public service corporations. Bonded indebtedness,
$50,000. Eighteen school teachers receive from $60.00 to $145.00 per
month. Salary of city marshal, $90.00 per month. Skilled labor receives
from $4.00 to $6.00 per day; common labor, $2.50 to $3.00; man and team,
$5.00. Two public school buildings ai-e valued at $25,000; new library
building- at $5,000; courthouse at $65,000, and five churches — Baptist,
Catholic, Christian, Methodist and Presbyterian — valued at $22,500.
Electric light is under private ownership. Waterworks (gravity system)
and sewer system owned by city. Principal industries are dairying, farm-
ing, stock raising and lumbering^. Located in city are a planing mill
(waterpower) , grist mill and large lumbering plant, three general stores,
two hardware stores, two drug stores, two harness shops, two banks, one
weekly newspaper, four physicians, two jewelry stores, four barber shops,
four hotels, two meat markets, two furniture stores, four grocery stores,
one dry goods store, three millinery stores, two furnishing goods stores,
three garages, creamery, bakery, two fruit stores, two tailor shops, steam
laundry, brickyard, two moving picture shows, three plumbing shops and
two blacksmiths. There is a good opening for shoemakers, woolen mill,
sugar factory, wool scouring plant and meat packing plant. Chief among
the resources are undeveloped waterpowers, building stone quarries; also
marble and granite, gold, silver and copper mines, timber and 100,000
acres of rich farm land, irrigated and nonirrigated.
* Joseph (Dr. Albert Mount, Mayor) — Joseph is located about 30
miles southeast of Wallowa, at an elevation of 4,120 feet, and is the ter-
minus of the Elgin branch of the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad. Joseph ^vas
incorporated in 1887; covers an area of 160 acres, and has a population
of 1,000. City property has an assessed value of $800,000. Two school
buildings are valued at $35,000, and three churches — Catholic, Methodist
and Presbyterian, are valued at $40,000. Ten teachers are employed at
salaries from $70.00 to $190.00 per month. The city marshal receives
$100.00 per month. Common labor, $2.50 per day; skilled labor, $3.50 to
$5.00 per day; and man and team, $5.00 per day. A private company owns
the electric light and city waterworks plant. A rate of 65 cents per month
is charged per 16 candle-power lamp, and a flat rate of $1.00 per month
for water. A water system, costing $25,000, has been installed and in
operation. Joseph has four clothing stores, two harness stores, thi-ee gen-
eral merchandise stores, two notion and confectionery stores, two banks,
two cigar stores, three hotels, two barber shops, one photograph gallery,
one jewelry store, one dentist, four physicians, four blacksmiths, a planing
and sawmill, one tin shop, one furniture store, and one newspaper (The
Herald) . Stock raising, lumbering and agriculture are the principal
industries. There is a splendid opening for investment in a woolen mill.
*LosTiNE (J. O. Kiddle, Mayor) — Located about 10 miles south of
Wallowa on the Elgin branch of the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad, incorporated
in 1903; covers an area of 150 acres, and has about 400 inhabitants. The
altitude is 3,300 feet. The assessed valuation of property in the town
is $300,000; no debt. The value of the public school building is $15,000.
There are five rooms with five teachers employed at salaries fi'om $75.00
to $125.00 per month. There are 240 pupils and nine months school each
*From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
206- SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
year. Common labor is paid $2.25 per day, and man and team, $5.00. A
private company owns the electric plant and a flat rate of 50 cents per
16 candle-power is charged for service. Dairying?, mining, manufacture
of lime, lumber and flour, and stock raising are the principal industries.
Valuable lime and marble properties, copper and gold deposits, exist near
town. A lime kiln is in operation near the town. Lostine has four gen-
eral stores, drug store, cigar store, real estate agency, two mercantile
stores in South Lostine and one mercantile store in North Lostine, two
livery barns, three hotels, town hall, three blacksmith shops, a flouring
mill (100-barrel capacity), two hardware stores, two meat markets, two
soft drink establishments, bakery, and restaurant, cream station, three
sawmills within a radius of five miles (one has 50,000 capacity, one 8,000
and one 15,000), a planing mill, two barber shops. There is a $15,000
water system, a drilled and equipped fire department, a garage, and a
racket store. There is a well equipped printing plant. There is a church
building valued at $1,000, which is used jointly by the Presbyterian,
Christian and Methodist denominations. There is a resident Presbyterian
minister. One A. F. and A. M. stone lodge hall and one I. 0. O. F. lodge
hall with steel siding grace the town. Lostine State Bank has a capital of
$15,000. New city hall and cement city jail have but recently been
erected.
*Wallowa (R. McCrae, Mayor) — Situated on the Wallowa branch
of the O.-W. R. & N. Railroad, which connects with the main line at La
Grande. It was incorporated in 1899; covers an area of 320 acres and
contains about 1,250 people. The altitude is 2,912 feet. The assessed
valuation is $650,000, with an indebtedness of $10,000. One school
building has a value of $10,000, and the high school building a value
of $30,000. Five churches — Christian, Methodist, Presbyterian, Catholic
and Latter-day Saints — $25,000. An opera house and public hall, $10,000,
and a lodge hall owned by the Masonic fraternity, $10,000. Twelve
school teachers receive from $60.00 to $150.00 a month. Common Hbor
receives $2.50 a day; skilled labor, $4.00 a day; and man with team, $5.00
to $6.00 per day. The electric light plant is under private ownership and
the water system is owned by the public. Lumbering, mining, dairying,
farming and stock raising are the principal industries. All kinds of manu-
facturing and waterpower resources are undeveloped near the town.
Wallowa has four general merchandise stores, two hardware stores, three
notion stores, one gents' furnishing store, two barber shops, two black-
smith shops, one machine shop, three planing mills, one sawmill and box
factory, etc., with a capacity of 50,000 feet daily, one flouring mill of
75-barrel capacity, two livery stables, newspaper, opera house, creamery,
three real estate offices, three hotels, furniture store, two drug stores,
millinery store, two meat markets, a National bank with a capital of
$50 000, and a well equipped hospital. In the professional line, two
doctors, dentist and two attorneys.
WASCO COUNTY
(The Dalles, County Seat)
Wasco County is situated in the central northern part of the State. It
is bounded on the north by the Columbia River, on the east by the
Deschutes River, Sherman County and the John Day River; on the south
by Crook County, and on the west by Hood River and Clackamas
Counties. The population is 21.043 (United States Census, 1910, 16 336>.
The total area of Wasco County is 1,499,520 acres. There are 117,885
♦From 1914 report. 3V0 corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 207
acres unappropriated and unreserved, of which all are surveyed. Of the
assessed appropriated land, 203,086 acres, valued at an assessed average
of $24.43 an acre, are cultivated, and 439,704 acres, valued at $3.60 an
acre, are uncultivated, of which about 156,000 acres are tillable. There
are 1,100 miles of public highways in the county, all of which are of earth
construction. This county voted bonds in the amount of $362,000 in 1916
for aiding in the extension of the Columbia Highway to The Dalles and
construction of permanent roads in the eastern part of the county. The
total assessed value of taxable property in 1916 was $12,269,080, exclu-
sive of public service corporations within the county, which have an
assessed value of $4,937,702.87. These values represent 75 per cent of the
actual valuations, as determined by the State Tax Commission.
The surface is rolling and mountainous. The rock formation is princi-
pally a mixture of Eocene and Miocene, with a north and south area of
Cretaceous. The soil found in the vicinity of The Dalles is a gray clay
loam and a sandy loam. The former is rich in lime, phosphoric acid and
humus, but is poor in potash. This deficiency can easily be remedied by
applications of land plaster. This soil is especially adapted to the grow-
ing of grains and grasses. The latter (the sandy loam) is rich in
potash and lime but poor in phosphoric acid and humus. Supply this
soil with a green fertilizer and bone charcoal and it would produce straw-
berries and peaches abundantly. Wheat, fruit and sheep are raised exten-
sively. The Columbia River, navigable for about 200 miles inland and to
the sea, forms the north boundary of the county. The O.-W. R. & N. and
Great Southern railways are other means of transportation. Fine timber
is found on the Cascade slopes. There are eleven sawmills, two saw and
planing mills and one box factory. Traces of coal and platinum are
found. There are also ice and cold stoi-age plants, wagon shops, electric
light plants, flour and feed mills, fruit canneries, fish canneries, laun-
dries, machine shops, printing plants, soda water plants, warehouses, and
woolen mills. The water supply for domestic purposes is easily accessible.
The climate is healthful. Wood is used for fuel and costs from $3.00 to
$6.00 a cord. The mean temperature during the spring months is 50.9
degrees; summer, 65.4 degi-ees; fall, 53.6 degrees; and winter, 34.3
degrees. The normal precipitation per season is: Spring, 3.20 inches;
summer, 1.34 inches; fall, 5.10 inches; and winter, 6.32 inches; total
annual, 15.96 inches.
Antelope (H. C. Roopei*, Mayor) ^ — Incorporated in 1899, and covers
an area of 300 acres. It is situated in the southern part of the county,
75 miles south of the Columbia River, about seven miles south of Shaniko,
the terminus of the Columbia Southern Railroad, 185 miles by rail and
stage southeast of Portland, 97 miles southeast of The Dalles, the county
seat. It lies in a fertile valley, flanked with rolling hills and well
watered. The assessed valuation of town property is $45,000, with no
indebtedness. It has an estimated population of 245. The altitude is
2,617 feet. There is one school building valued at $3,000. Three teachers
are employed at salaries ranging from $75.00 to $100.00 per month and
include the high school courses. There is one church — Methodist Episcopal
— valued at $2,000. The city marshal receives $75.00 a month and fees.
There is a volunteer fire department. Common labor i*eceives $2.50;
skilled labor, $3.50; and man and team, $5.00 a day. There is an electric
light plant under private ownership and a gravity water system o^vned by
the town. Light costs 20 cents per 16 candle-power per month, and water
$1.00 a month per family. The principal industries are sheep and cattle
raising and farming. Dairy farming, poultry raising, and hog raising are
the important undeveloped industries. Antelope has two general stores,
blacksmith shop, three confectioneries, one barber, one livery stable, drug
store, two hotels, and three soft drink parlors. There is plenty of work
here for hog men, cattle feeders and a good blacksmith, also a harness
208 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
shop. The surrounding country is rapidly being developed into a farming
section by enterprising homesteaders, and other newcomers, who are
harvesting crops as high as fifty bushels of wheat per acre.
*DUFUR (P. W. Knowles, Mayor)— Incorporated in 1890. Altitude
about 1,000 feet; area, 160 acres, population, 523. On the line of the Great
Southern railroad which connects with the O.-W. R. & N. railroad and
steamer traffic on the Columbia River at The Dalles, 30 miles south by
rail and 15 miles by wagon road. Assessed valuation of city property
$366,580; bonded indebtedness $17,000. Six teachers in the public schools
receive from $60.00 to $125.00 per month. City marshal is salaried.
Skilled labor receives $3.50 per day; common labor $2.00, and man and
team $5.00. One school building is valued at $5,000; four churches. Cath-
olic, Christian, Methodist and United Brethren, have property valued
at $11,000, and city hall and Odd Fellows' hall with club house aggregate
a value of $5,000. Private corporation owns electric lighting plant and
city owns the water-works system and water is furnished private house-
holds at $1.50 per month. Farming, lumbering and fruit raising are
the principal industries. Among the business enterprises of the town
are a planing mill, box factory, laundry, bakery, two blacksmith shops,
bank, drug store, two physicians, dentist, meat market, newspaper and
job printing plant, two hotels, two livery stables, and a variety of mer-
cantile establishments. Dufur Orchard Company, with 6,500 acres of
apple trees claims to have the largest apple orchard in the world.
MosiER (E. A. Race, Mayor) — Located on main line of O.-W. R. &
N. and the Columbia river. Railroad and river transportation to Pacific
ocean; 69 miles to Portland; settled in 1847; incorporated in 1913; 14
miles west of The Dalles, the county seat; is shipping and commercial
center of the district comprising 75,000 acres. City population, 250;
district, 1,800. Altitude 100 to 2,000 feet. Has high school and public
school; five teachers. Christian and Federated chui-ches. Pacific Bridge
Company rock crusher, capacity, 1,400 yards daily. One hundred cars
apples, 130 tons cherries (90 Royal Anne), 120 tons Italian prunes, sold
in 1916. Tonnage increasing. Mosier has a cider and vinegar factory,
lumber yard, general stores and market. Independent telephone company
owned by city and district. Fruit growers' association. No fruit bought
except through association. Apples, cherries and prunes principal crop.
Pears, peaches and plums grown in small quantities. No irrigation.
Rainfall, 35 inches per annum.
*Shaniko (W. a. Rees, Mayor) — Is the southern terminus of the
Columbia Southern railroad, which connects with the main line of the
O.-W. R. & N. at Biggs Station, about 60 miles north. It was incorpo-
rated in 1901, covers an area of a half-mile square, and has a population
of 150. The altitude is 3,220 feet. The assessed valuation of town
property is $100,000, with no indebtedness. One school building is valued
at $2,000; one church at $2,500, and a city hall at $1,000. One school
teacher receives a salary of $90.00 a month, and one $80.00 a month;
the city marshal receives $20.00 a month; common labor receives $2.50
a day, and skilled labor, $3.50 to $5.00; man and team, $5.50. The gravity
water-works system is ovraed by the city and the meter system of rates
generally prevails. Lumbering, stock raising and farming are the principal
industries. The town is the principal shipping point for the varied
products of a vast interior country. Shaniko has one general store,
harness shop, one hotel, four warehouses, barber shop, one livery stable,
a bank, one furnishing goods store, a dry goods store, drug store,' jewelry
store and newspaper. A good public lighting plant would be a good
investment.
*From li)14 report. Xn corropted data for 1016 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 209
The Dalles (J. E. Anderson, Mayor) — County seat of Wasco county.
Incorporated in 1857. Altitude, 96 feet; area 960 acres; population,
6,000. It is situated on the main line of the O.-W. R. & N., for which it
is a division point, and at the junction of the Columbia Southern and
Bend branches of the same system. It is the northern terminus of the
Great Southern Railroad. The Dalles is only a few miles from Celilo
Falls, of the Columbia, the site of the g-reat power project which it is
proposed to establish, with State and federal aid. It is possible to develop
600,000 horse power at this point. The city is connected, by ferry, with
the Spokane, Portland & Seattle (North Bank) Railroad, thus having
excellent rail and water transportation in all directions. The assessed
valuation of The Dalles is $3,750,000, with a bonded indebtedness of
$150,000. Skilled labor receives from $3.50 to $5.00 per day; common
labor, $2.50 and man and team, $5.00. Six public school buildings cost
over $200,000; St. Mary's Academy (Catholic) cost $50,000, and a corps
of forty or more competent teachers provide adequate educational facil-
ities. The following religious denominations are represented by churches:
Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Christian Science, Congregational, Episcopal,
Lutheran, Methodist, United Brethren, Olive Branch Mission, Salvation
Army. The Dalles is justly proud of the following public buildiners:
Court House, $160,000, City Hall, $40,000, Federal Building, $115,000;
Dalles Hotel, Carnegie Library, Elk's Temple, Odd Fellows' Building etc.
The city owns a splendid gravity water system, bringing water from the
streams at the foot of Mt. Hood, and furnishing service at a very
reasonable rate. Besides being in the center of a great fruit district, it
is also heavily interested in wheat farming, cattle raising and wool grow-
ing. Among the industrial enterprises are a wool-scouring mill, two
flouring mills, two box factories, planing mill, Libby, McNeil & Libby
fruit and vegetable cannery, Dri-Fresh fruit and vegetable company, ice
plant, machine shops, two banks, three laundries, eight hotels and a large
salmon cannery. Located as it is, eighty-five miles east of Portland on
the Columbia Highway, with first-class hotels and well equipped garages.
The Dalles is in a position to command a good share of the Columbia
River tourist travel.
WASHINGTON COUNTY
(HlUsboro, County Seat)
Washington County is one of the northwestern counties of the State.
It is bounded on the north by Columbia County, on the east by Multnomah
County, on the south by Yamhill County, and on the west by Tillamook
County. The population is 23,126 (U. S. census 1910, 21,522) ; of these,
72 per cent are United States born; of the foreign 29 per cent, about
one-half are Germans, the remaining one-half being made up principally
of Swiss, Scandinavians, Canadians, English, Irish and Austrians. The
total area of the county is 467,840 acres. There are 320 acres unap-
propriated, all surveyed. There are 17,932 acres of the O. & C. Grant
lands located in this county, that portion of which found suited to agri-
culture will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as classified. See
"Oregon & California Land Grant Lands" in this report.) Of the
assessed appropriated land there are 115.652 cultivated acres, assessed at-
an average of $68.36 an acre, and 356,628 uncultivated, at $12.85 an acre.
Of the uncultivated area approximately 170.000 acres are tillable. There
are 1.077 miles of public roads in the county of which 113 miles are
macadamized, 32 miles are gravel'ed, 920 miles of earth construction
and 12 miles of planked road. The total amount expended for school
purposes for 1914 was $234,492.70, and for 1915, $201,570.75. For super-
intendents, principals and teachers salaries in 1914 was $98,648.83, and
210 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
in 1915, $106,991. The special school tax for 1916 amounted to $63,951.82,
and for 1915, $54,516.40. Three new school houses were built during
1914, and three during: 1915. The total value of taxable property in this
county in 1916 was $19,160,000, not including $2,011,372.12, the assessed
valuation of public service corporations within the county. These values
represent 51 per cent of the actual valuations, as determined by the
State Tax Commission. The surface is mostly level, but a small portion
is mountainous. The Tualatin River and smaller streams flow through
the county, affording splendid waterpower. The rock formation of
the half next the river is Pleistocene, the rest is a combination of Eocene
and Miocene. There is a variety of soil in this county. In the vicinity
of Forest Grove we find loam and red clay. The former has an average
depth of three feet. It is a mixture of decomposed soapstone with some
sand and feldspar. It is a gray loam which darkens considerably when
wet. This is a fine soil for fruit, grain and potatoes. In the vicinity
of the same town is found a stiff red clay, which is very waxy. The
dry lumps are hard to crush, and darken only slightly on moistening.
To render this soil suitable for crops thorough draining is necessary.
Applications of barnyard manure would much improve its physical condi-
tion and at the same time add much to its supply of humus. The soil in
the vicinity of Gales Creek is what is locally known as "shot-land" and
is weak in all the essential elements except lime, and should be fertilized.
The soil near Buxton is characteristic bottom land. On wetting it becomes
a deep black. It is rich in phosphoric acid but weak in potash. It carries
a high iron content for a soil of this character and doubtless the phos-
phoric acid is thus combined. This soil is good and will grow fruits,
vegetables, grains and hops. The hop acreage at present is 2,758. The
walnut industry is becoming important. The forest growth is principally
fir. Coal, granite and sandstone are found. Horses, cattle, sheep, and
goats are raised extensively. Dairying is rapidlv becoming an important
industry. The S. P., P., E. & E., P. R. & N., O.'E., and the United Rail-
ways lines traverse the county. There are three planing mills, twenty-
three sawmills, fourteen saw and planing mills, and one shingle mill.
There are also brickyards, creameries, electric light plants, flour and feed
mills, furniture factories, machine and repair shops, evaporated milk
plants, and printing plants. Good water for domestic purposes is plentiful.
Wood is used for fuel and costs from $2.50 to $4.00 a cord. The climate is
mild and healthful. The mean temperature during the spring months is
49.1 degrees; summer, 65.1 degrees; fall, 53.6 degrees; and winter, 39.1
degrees. The normal precipitation per season is: Spring, 6.72 inches;
summer, 3.24 inches; fall, 17.04 inches; and winter, 25.68 inches — total
annual, 52.86 inches. The normal annual for Forest Grove is 48.92 inches.
*Beaverton (H. G. Vincent, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1898. Altitude
about 150 feet; ai-ea, 450 acres; population, 550. On the West Side
division of the Southern Pacific railroad and on the Oregon Electric and
Portland, Eugene & Eastern electric railroads. Assessed valuation of
town property, $200,000, bonded debt $12,000. Four teachers in the
public school receive salaries of from $60.00 to $100.00 per month. Skilled
labor receives $3.50 per day; common labor $2.00 and man and team $5.00.
• One public school building is valued at $10,000, and one private (Catholic)
school valued at $3,500. Four churches, Adventist, Catholic, Congrega-
tional and Methodist, aggregate a value of $4,800. City Hall and Grange
hall are valued at $3,000. City owns gravity water system, piped from
Hillsboro (10 miles), whence it comes 30 miles from the mountains at
a cost of $12,000. Portland, Eugene & Eastern railroad car shops located
here, giving employment to about fifty men at from $2.50 to $5.00 per day.
Principal industries in and near the town are lumbering, fruit growing,
gardening and brick and tile making. Vegetables and small fruits of
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtafnable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 211
all kinds grown extensively here for the Portland market. Public build-
ings and business establishments located within the town are two public
halls, Grange hall, Masonic hall, four general stores, three confectioneries,
two hotels, flour mill, two greenhouses, two millinery stores, shoe store
and steam laundry.
♦Cornelius (F. H. Sholes, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1893; area, 320
acres; population, 600. Altitude, 204 feet. Is situated in the Tualatin
Valley, on the Portland, Eugene & Eastern and Oregon Electric rail-
roads (both electric), has 20 trains each way per day, and is 23 miles
from Portland, on the west side of the Willamette River. Assessed
valuation, $300,000; municipal debt, $10,500. One schoolhouse valued
at $12 000 Five teachers, nine grades. Churches, Adventist, Advent
Christian, Catholic, Lutheran, Methodist, value, $10,000. Teachers are
paid $55.00 to $100.00 per month; city marshal, $30.00 per month; common
labor, $2.00 to $2.50 per day; skilled labor, $3.00 to $5.00; man and team,
$5.00 to $5.50 per day. Has one blacksmith shop, two chopping mills, two
warehouses, cider mill and pickle works, four general stores, one hotel, one
hardware store, bank, meat market, two confectionery and notion stores,
millinery store, harness store, drug store, new and second hand store,
newspaper, pool hall and confectionery, planing mill and two lumber yards.
Mountain water and electric lights.
Forest Grove (Geo. G. Paterson, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1885. Alti-
tude, 215 feet; area, 600 acres; population, 2,500. Located on the West
Side division of the Southern Pacific railroad and is the western terminus
of the Oregon Electric railroad, 26 miles west of Portland, and six miles
west of Hillsboro, the county seat. Thirty-six electric cars operate
daily over the two railroads between Portland and Forest Grove, 26 miles
distant. Assessed valuation of town property, $700,000; bonded indebted-
ness, $90,000. The whole town is sewered. One-third of the town has
paved streets. Hard surfaced roads to Portland. Twenty teachers m the
grade and high public schools receive salaries ranging from $55.00 to
$150.00 per month. The city marshal is paid under the fee system. Skilled
labor receives $3.50 to $6.00 per day; common labor, $2.50, and man and
team, $6.00. Three school buildings have a value of $65,000. Six churches,
Adventist, Christian, Christian Science, Methodist, Free Methodist, and
Congregational, represent an aggregate value of $125,000. Masonic, K.
of P., and Odd Fellows' halls aggregate a value of $45,000. Electric
lighting and water systems are owned by the city. The maximum charge
for light is 121/2 cents per kilowatt and for power 7 cents per kilowatt,
heating 4 cents. Maximum charge for water service is $1.00 per month
per faucet and 25 cents extra for each additional faucet. Meter rate is
$1.00 for first 3,000 gallons and ten cents for each additional 1,000 gallons.
Dairying and farming are the principal industries. The city has a
condensed milk factory, flour and feed mill, brick and tile factory, monu-
ment works, sash and door factory, gopher trap factory, fruit drier, fruit
packing and canning plant, two lumber yards, two newspapers and Pant-
ing plants, two meat markets, three hardware stores, three livery stables,
three barber shops, free library and reading room, two book stores, three
drug stores, two national banks, shoe store, bakery, two harness shops,
three millinery stores, three blacksmith shops, laundry, ice plant, two
furniture stores, three clothing stores, three grocery stores, five general
stores, two jewelry stores, four confectioneries, two restaurants, three
hotels, moving picture show and two photograph galleries. Among the
needs of the communitv is a large sawonill and a starch factory to utilize
the potatoes. The Pacific University, one of the oldest educational insti-
tutions on the coast, non-sectarian, is located here. It employs twenty-five
instructors, occupies thirty acres of ground and has five buildings, includ-
ing a Carnegie library, aggregating a value of $150,000.
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
212 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
*Gaston (W. a. Spence, Mayor) — Altitude, 118 feet; area, 40 acres;
population, 150. Located on the West Side division of the Southern
Pacific railroad and on the Willamette and Yamhill rivers. Two teachers
in the public school receive $50.00 and $66.00 per month salaries. Skilled
labor receives $4.00 per day; common labor, $2.25, and man and team,
$5.00. One public school building- is valued at $2,500. Two churches,
Congregational and Evangelical, are valued at $3,500. Electric light and
water systems are under private ownership. Lights cost the consumers
12 1/^ cents per kilowatt, with a minimum of $1.00 per month, and water
costs $1.00 per month. The principal industries of the surrounding coun-
try are fruit and vegetable growing, farming, dairying and lumbering.
Among the business establishments of the town are three general stores,
drug store, two blacksmith shops, meat market, livery stable, hotel, bank,
and two physicians.
HiLLSBORO (W. N. Barrett, Mayor) — County seat Washington County.
Altitude, 120 feet; area, 820 acres. Population, 2,500. On the lines of the
West Side division of the Southern Pacific and Oregon Electric railroads,
and is the eastern terminus of the P. R. & N. railroad now owned by the
Southern Pacific, which operates to Tillamook on the coast. Settled in
1842; incorpoi-ated in 1876; assessed valuation of town property $1,250,000.
Twenty-four teachers are employed at salaries of $50.00 to $110.00 per
month. Chief of police receives $60.00 per month. Skilled labor $4.00 per
day, common labor $2.00 and man and team $5.00. Public school building
is valued at $25,000 and high school at $35,000. Ten churches, Baptist,
Catholic, Christian, Congregational, Evangelical, Methodist Episcopal,
Free Methodist, Seven Day Advent, Advent Christian, and Episcopal,
aggregate a property value of $26,500. Value of other public build-
ings, library, $10,000, city hall, $5,000, county court house and public
square, $50,000. Electric light and gravity water system are under pri-
vate ownership. Lights cost to private citizen 12c. per kilowatt iTour.
Water costs $1.00 per 3,000 gallons. Paid fire department with horse
drawn apparatus. Two sewer systems, (sanitary and storm) the sanitary
systems being of the septic disposal type. Lumbering, dairying, hops and
fruit gi-owing and general farming are the principal industries. Located
within the corporate limits are a planing mill, sawnnill, condensed milk
factory, eight grocery stores, three dry goods stores, three meat markets,
two hotels, two harness shops, two drug- stores, two furnishing goods
stores, five farm implement stores, hardware stores, three banks, two com-
mission and feed stores, two storage warehouses, four confectionery and
notion stores, four garages, three livery stables, two millinery stores,
three jewelry stores, four shoe stores, one sash and door factory, three
undertaking establishments, three newspapers, with job printing plants.
*Orenco (M. McDonald, Mayor) — Situated on the Oregon Electric
railroad, 16 miles west of Portland. Incorporated in 1912, covers an area
of 640 acres, and has a population of 350. Altitude 150 feet. The
assessed valuation of all property in the town is $120,000, and there is an
indebtedness of $2,000. There is one school house valued at $7,000; a
city hall at $4,500. Electric lighting is furnished by a private corpora-
tion at a price of 12 cents per kilowatt hour. A city water system is
now under construction. Orenco is the home of the Oregon Nursery
Company, one of the largest nurseries in the United States. The main
industries are agriculture, horticulture and nursery stock growing. Orenco
has three general merchandise stores, one hardware store, one drug store,
one hotel. A bank, cannery, blacksmith shop, and such other small indus-
tries as are usually found in small towns, are needed.
Sherwood (J. E. Morback, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1893. Altitude
about 130 feet; population, 500. On Cedar Creek, 18 miles southeast of
•From 1914 report. Xo corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 213
Hillsboro the county seat, 17 miles southwest of Portland On the
West S?de division of the Southern Pacific railroad and five miles
west of the Willamette River. Assessed valuation of to^^^l, ^'S? 00
rf^S 000 Four teachers in the public schools receive from $65.00 to $8d.00
ner month C tv marshal is paid $10.00 per month. Skilled labor receives
?Sm $3'5o to $7.00 per da|; common labor, f ^25 a ^ ^ ^
$6 00 One school house has a valuation of $10,000, loui chuicnes.
Friends German Evangelical, German Lutheran a"d Con^regationa^^,
have an ae-gregate value of $5,000. Town hall is valued at $500.00 Faim-
inTlumtefing, dairying- and fruit growing are the pnncipal industries.
Loca T^Wthin the town are two large general stores, hotel, barber shop
tvvSmeat markets, three sawmills, two blacksmith shops, bakery, two ice
cieam and candv shops, harness shop, shoe shop, implement house, electric
Stptrnt weekly newspaper and printing shop, plumbing shop, hvery
stable^banklnd $10,000 bri'ck hotel. Good opening for a cannery, cream-
ery aAd brick yard. Sherwood is near the center of the biggest onion
district in the United States.
Tualatin (Thad Sweek, Mayor)— Settled in 1852. Incorporated in
1914 On the Portland, Eugene and Eastern (West Side division of the
SoutheiTi Paciffc) and he Oregon Electric railroads and on the Tuala m
R^veiTSeen miles south of Portland, the banking point; 20 miles
southeast of Hmsboro, the county seat. Altitude 128 feet; area 12o acres;
nonu ation 225 Three teachers in the public schools receive from $50.00
t'^JWs 00 per month. Skilled labor receives $3.50 per day ; common labor
SoO and man and team $5.00. Public school building cost $8,000. Iwo
Src'hes, CoBg-iegationaland Methodist, cost $1,200.. Pnncipal indus-
tSs of the surrounding country are lumbering, dairying general faim-
ine fruit and vegetable growing. Among the business enterprises of the
town are two ge^neral stores, ?andy and notion store, two hotels, brick
^nd tit Dlant and a sawmill. Town also is provided with electric lights
^nd hi's Ccldamiid'streets. Tualatin Country Club with a f me golf
course club house, etc., grounds and improvements, cost $/o,000. Lana
iriocalitv known as beaverdam, the richest in the State, and particu-
larly adapted to the growing of onions.
WHEELER COUNTY
(Fossil, County Seat)
Wheeler County is situated in the north central part of the State
It irbounded on the north by Gilliam and Morrow counties, on the east
by Grait County, on the south by Crook County and on ^e west^by
Crook and Wasco counties. The P^P^lat^^n f .^'OJ^o (U S census^^^^^
9 A«/l^ Of these 93 cer cent are United States born ot the loieign /
|e'r'Unt,''oL'Stf a?e"s5otch, the remaining th-e-fourths bemg made
Sp princ pallv of Germans, Irish, and English. The total area is 1,090 560
acres There are 159,907 acres unappropriated and unreserved, all sur-
veyed- Of the assessed appropriated land,. 28,940 acres a^^^^^^^^ an
averaee of $13.99 per acre, are cultivated, and 452,068 acres, at ^t-f •'^y an
Se Ire uncultivated. Of this amount about 80,000 acres are tillable.
Thei'e are 932 miles of public roads in the county of which 32 miles ar|
gravelled and the remainder is of earth construction. The total value of
Sxable property in 1916 was $4,305,294, not mcludmg public seivice
taxaoie piopeiL.y "' <eo ofiQ ctT Whpeler is one of only three counties
corporations which was $2,3b8.b5. wneeiei i^ one ui uiu>
in the State without railroad facilities of any kind. The suiface is hiUy
and mountainous and in many places stony. The sl«Pf^,^J«^^\^ J^e
north, and is drained by the John Day River. The rock formation m the
214 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
north and south is Cretaceous and pre-Cretaceous, and the central half is
a combination of Eocene and Miocene. The soil of the south and west is
largely composed of silt. This soil is a fine texture, light gray in color,
darkening slightly when moistened, and is easily tilled. It is rich in
potash but poor in phosphoric acid and humus. This soil would be greatly
strengthened by barnyard manui-es and the plowing under of big clover
and vetch. The soil of the north is of fine quality, very rich and of excel-
lent physical texture. It is weak in potash but abundantly supplied with
all the other essential ingredients. Its humus content is exceptionally
high. Land plaster would greatly improve this soil. Sugarbeets would
thrive here. Other vegetables, especially onions, and small fruits could
be grown. Little attempt has been made at grain farming in the eastern
part, as this area is better adapted to cattle-raising. Water is plentiful
near the surface. The foi-est growth is pine, fir, tamarack and juniper.
Wood is used as fuel and costs from $3.00 to $4.00 a cord. At present hay
is the principal and most important crop. All varieties of vegetables are
grown. Wheat, corn, rye, oats, and barley yield well. Cattle, horses,
sheep, hogs, and poultry are raised extensively. There are five sawmills,
one saw and planing mill, two saw and shingle mills, creameries, and flour
and feed mills within the county. (Mineral products, 1915, page 105.)
Wages range from $1.50 to $2.50 a day. Traces of coal, gold and silver
are found. The water supply is good and the climate is dry and congenial.
The mean temperature during the spring months is 47.9 degrees; summer,
60.1 degrees; fall, 51.8 degrees; and winter, 33.5 degrees. The normal
precipitation per season is: Spring, 3.72 inches; summer, 2.94 inches;
fall, 2.61 inches; and winter, 5.94 inches — total annual, 15.21. No accur-
ate record available.
Fossil (Ford Hendricks, Mayor) — 'Fossil, the county seat of Wheeler
County, is located 20 miles south of Condon, Gilliam County, the terminus
of the Columbia River and Oregon Central branch of the O.-W. R. & N.
railroad, and the nearest ralroad point. It covers an area of 300 acres and
has a population of 471. The assessed valuation of town property is about
$207,000, with a bonded indebtedness for water system of $10,000. The
estimated value of one school building is $10,000; of three churches, Bap-
tist, Christian and Methodist, is $4,000, and of the court house and city
hall, $13,000. Nine school teachers receive from $75.00 to $85.00 a month;
the city marshal receives $40.00 a month and fees; common labor $2.00 a
day; skilled labor $3.00 to $4.00, and man and team $5.00. The gravity
water system is owned by the city and the flat rate for family service is
$1.25 a month. Farming and stock raising are the principal industries.
Fossil has three general merchandise stores, two confectionery stores, two
blacksmith shops, two gai'ages, ice plant, shoe repair shop, weekly news-
paper, flour mill, electric light plant, two hotels, farming implement store,
two millinery stores and hardware store. Railroad connection with the
outside world seems to be the greatest need of the town.
*MiTCHELL (Elmer Sasser, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1901. Altitude,
2,750 feet; area, 750 acres; population, 210. Forty miles south of Fossil,
the county seat, and 60 miles south of Condon, Gilliam County, terminus
of the Columbia River Oregon Central branch of the O.-W. R. & N.
railroad and also 60 miles southeast of Shaniko, the terminus of the
Columbia Southern branch of the same system. Assessed vilue of town
property is $95,000. Three school teachers receive from $65.00 to $100 00
per month. City marshal receives $50.00 per month. Skilled labor receives
from $3.50 to $5.00 per day; common labor $2.50, and man and team $6.00.
One school building is valued at $3,000, and two churches. Baptist and
Methodist, are valued at $2,500. City hall is valued at $600.00. Gravity
water system, installed by the town 'at a cost of $6,000, has a resei-voi'r
*From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 215
capacity of 200,000 gallons. Rate for -water service is $1.50 per month
to private households. Stock raising and farming are the principal
industries Among the undeveloped resources of the surrounding country
are lumbering and mining. There are two general stores, two gents
furnishing stores, drug store, confectionery store, furniture store, three
hotels, two millinery stores, blacksmith shop, garage and a newspaper.
Among the needs of the town are a bank, flouring mill, and a lighting
plant.
YAMHILL COUNTY
(McMinnville, County Seat)
Yamhill County is situated in the northwestern part of the State and
lies partly within the Willamette Valley. It is bounded on the north by
Washington County, on the east by the Willamette River and Marion and
Clackamas Counties, on the south by Polk County, and on the west by
Tillamook County. The West Side division of the Southern Pacific and
P E & E. provide transportation facilities for the northern, central and
southern portions of the county, and the Willamette River on the eastern
border. The population is 19,492 (U. S. census 1910, 18,285) ; of these 85
per cent are United States born; of the foreign 15 per cent, about one-
fourth ar6 Germans, the remaining three-fourths being made up princi-
pally of Scandinavians, English and Irish. The total area is 456,960 acres.
There are 410 acres unappropriated and unreserved, all surveyed. Of the
assessed appropriated land, 138,458.60 acres, assessed at an average of
$49.08 an acre, are cultivated, and 286,894.40 acres, assessed at $10.90 an
acre, are uncultivated. Of this amount about 150,000 acres are tillable.
The total value of taxable property in this county in 1916 was $14,685,910,
not including public service corporations, which was $1,153,105.18. These
values represent 50 per cent of the actual valuations, as determined by the
State Tax Commission. There are 28,655 acres of the O. & C. Grant lands
located in this county, that portion of which found suited to agriculture
will be thrown open to homestead entry as soon as classified. (See "Ore-
gon & California Land Grant Lands" in this report.) There are 1,300
miles of public roads in the county of which 300 miles are macadamized or
graveled and the remainder of earth construction.
The total amount expended for school purposes m 1914-1915 was
$216,795.58; for 1915, $224,551 and for 1916, $240,374.18. For superin-
tendents', principals' and teachers' salaries, 1914, $107,942.08; 1915,
$105 028.61. The general school tax for 1916 was $81,540.47, and the
special school tax for 1915, $60,276.14. Three new schoolhouses were
built during 1914 and four during 1915. Two new schoolhouses were
built in 1916, valued at $4,800. The bonded indebtedness for school
houses is $241,718.01. . . ^ ,
The surface is generally level and rolling. Waterpower is furnished
by numerous rivers and springs. Abundance of good water is near the
surface. The rock formation of the eastern part near the river is
Pleistocene; of the western two-thirds it is a combination of Eocene and
Miocene. The soil is a gray clay loam, exceedingly fine in texture,
strong in lime, phosphoric acid and humus but weak in potash. The
abundance of lime and humus, however, tend to offset the deficiency of
potash. Underlying these soils there is a hardpan at a depth of about two
and one-half feet. The natural growth is oak, maple, wild rose, and black-
berry. Applications of land plaster would strengthen this soil. The soil
is naturally well drained, all kinds of fruits and vegetables, flax,
hemp and "hops do well on this soil. The hop acreage at present
is 3,399. A large amount of prunes are raised. The soil seems
well adapted to their growth. The forest growth is fir, oak
216 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
and cedar. Coal is mined. Wheat, corn, rye, and barley are the prin-
cipal grains g-rowTi. The flour made of Yamhill wheat has an interna-
tional reputation. Sheep and goats are raised . extensively, the latter
proving valuable for clearing land. Hoop poles from the hazelwood
bushes, and the crawfisheries of the Yamhill River are becoming import-
ant industries. The roads are under the supervision of the County Board
and are in fair condition. Wood is used for fuel and costs from $2.50 to
$4 a cord. Gold and silver, granite, sandstone and gypsum are found.
There are six sawmills, seven saw and planing mills, and one handle
plant. There are also warehouses, printing plants, machine shops, laun-
dries, handle factories, fruit canneries, flour and feed mills, electric light
plants, ice and cold storage plants, creameries, and brickyards. The
climate is mild and healthful. The mean temperature during the spring
months is 51.4 degrees; summer, 62.7 degrees; fall, 54.2 degrees; and
winter, 40.9 degrees. The normal precipitation per season is: Spring,
9.83 inches; summer, 2.48 inches; fall, 13.81 inches; and winter, 20.62
inches; total annual, 46.74 inches.
*Amity (A. B. Watt, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1880. Population,
600. On the West Side division of the Southern Pacific and on the P., E.
& E. (electric) railroads. Assessed valuation is $145,000. Six teachers
are employed in the public schools. Skilled labor receives $3.00 per day
and upward; common labor, $2.00, and man and team, $5.00. One school
building is valued at $5,000, and a new $20,000 high school was built in
this year. There are three churches — Baptist, Christian and Meth-
odist—-and city hall and postoffice. Fruit growing, dairying and general
farming are the principal industries. Already located here are a bank,
hotel, three general stores, drug store, harness shop, barber shop, two
hardware stores, two restaurants, livery stable, photograph gallery, milk
condenser, fruit evaporator, three blacksmith shops, planing mill, grocery
store, feed shed, grain warehouse, two confectioneries, and feed store.
Electric light service is furnished by private corporation. Among the
needs of the town are a water system, fruit cannery, flour mill, brickyard
and ax-handle factory.
Carlton (W. E. Kidder, Mayor) — Is situated on the West Side divi-
sion of the Portland, Eugene & Eastern and the Southern Pacific rail-
roads. It is the initial point of the Carlton & Coast railroad, running
15 miles northwest. It was incorporated in 1899; covers an area of one
square mile, and has 900 inhabitants. One schoolhouse is valued at $15,000.
Three churches — Methodist, Baptist and Christian — ^at $12,000; A. O. U.
W. hall and hotel, $20,000. Eight school teachers receive from $45.00 to
$100.00 a month. Common labor receives $2.50 a day; skilled labor, $3.50;
man and team, $5.00 a day. An electric light plant is owned by a private
company. A municipal water plant costing $38,000 was put in during
the summer of 1912. Water is brought nine miles. It is furnished for
household use at $1.00 to $1.50 a month. Sewer system costing $15,000.
Lumbering, fruit culture, agriculture, dairying and stock raising are the
leading industries. Carlton has four general stores, two hardware
stores, a blacksmith shop, bakery, garage, two confectionery stores, meat
market, sawmill, two warehouses, bank, livery stable, implement store,
one doctor, and a drug store. Carlton has a" $5,000 creamery, built in
1915 by the farmers, nine nursery companies, doing a large business.
There is also a lodging house, two barber shops, real estate office, furni-
ture store, jewelry store and tailor shop. Among the undeveloped
resources in and near town are brickmaking, working up by-products of
sawmill, and dairying. The town needs milk condenser, brick and tile
factory, harness shop, and sash and door factory.
•From lOU report. No corrected data for 1!)1C obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 217
* Dayton (R. L. Harris, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1904. Altitude
about 180 feet; population, 650 (local estimate). Situated on the West
Side division of the Southern Pacific railroad and the Portland, Eugrene
& Eastern electric road, 32 miles south of Portland and seven miles east
of McMinnville, county seat, and on the Yamhill River. Assessed valua-
tion of town property is $155,000; bonded indebtedness, $14,000. Seven
school teachers receive from $50.00 to $125.00 per month. Skilled labor
receives $3.50 per day; common labor, $2.00, and man and team, $4.00. One
school building is valued at $30,000. Five churches — Baptist, Christian,
Christian Science, Evangelical and Methodist — have a combined valuation
of $8,500. Gravity water system, improvements to the extent of $7,000
having been made to it recently, is owned by the public. Water rate to house-
holders, $1.00 per month. Principal business street has been improved
with concrete pavement and several substantial business houses have
been erected during the past few years. Fruit growing, hop growing,
dairying and farming are the principal industries. Located in the town
are two general stores, grocery store, two feed stores, hardware store,
drug store, two barber shops, garage, confectionery store, hotel, harness
shop, blacksmith shop, planing mill, fruit evaporator, bank, farm irnple-
ment house, and livery stable. Good opportunity for investment in a
hotel, flour mill, creamery, fruit cannery.
*DuNDEE (J. E. Devoe, Mayor)— -Incorporated in 1895; covers an
area of 320 acres, and has a population of 250. It is situated at the
junction point of the Yamhill division with the main line of the Southern
Pacific railroad near the Willamette River. Its altitude is 219 feet.
It has a schoolhouse valued at $5,000; one church worth $1,000, and a
town hall, $500.00. Four teachers receive $50 00 to $100.00 each a month.
A city marshal is paid by the fee system. Common labor, fi-om $1.50 to
$2.00 a day; skilled labor, from $3.00 to $5.00; and man and team, from
$3.50 to $5.00 a day. Water for domestic purposes is furnished from
private wells. The total valuation of town property is $75,000, with no
debt. The principal industries are fruit, walnuts, potatoes, grain, and
hop raising, and prune drying. The towm needs a cannei-y. Dundee has
two general stores, one hardware store, one prune packing house, twenty-
two prune driers.
Lafayette (Eugene Courtney, Mayor) — Settled in 1846; incorporated
in 1878. Altitude, about 190 feet; area, 1,280 acres; population, 550.
Situated on the West Side division of the Southern Pacific railroad and
the Portland, Eugene & Eastern electric railroad, on Yamhill River
near its confluence with the Willamette; 34 miles southwest of Portland,
five miles northeast of McMinnville, the county seat, three miles west of
Dayton. Assessed valuation, $150,000; bonded indebtedness, $15,000.
Five school teachers receive from $55.00 to $105.00 per month; city mar-
shal receives $20.00 per month. Skilled labor receives $4.50 ; common labor,
$2.00, and man and team, $4.00. Two school buildings, one valued at $2,000,
andanewone valued at $12,000. There are three churches — Evangelical,
Methodist and Presbyterian — and a city hall. City has just put in a new
water system at a cost of $15,000. The principal industries of the sur-
rounding country are dairying, hop and fruit growing, especially apples.
Located in the town are two general stores, drug store, candy store,
bakery, bank, barber shop, blacksmith shop, livery stable, real estate
agency, hardware store, lumber yard, warehouse, fruit drier, millinery
store, postoffice, meat market, and a 100-acre nursery. Largest apple
orchard on Pacific Coast, which will yield about 100,000 boxes this year,
is located here. Good mineral spring within one mile of the town.
Yamhill River locks, which cost the government $100,000 to build, also
located here. The town needs a cannery, furniture store, harness shop,
physician and dentist.
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtaiuaWe.
218 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
*McMiNNVlLLE (Geo. W. Evans, Mayor) — County seat. Incorporated
in 1882. Altitude, 182 feet; area, 800 acres; population, 3,-500. Situated
on the Yamhill River at the head of navigation and on the West Side
division of the Southern Pacific and the Portland, Eugene & Eastern
electric railroad. Also connected with the Salem, Falls City & Western
railroad, and the main line of the Southern Pacific at Salem. Assessed
valuation of city property is $1,750,000, with an indebtedness of $185,000.
Twenty-four teachers are employed in the public schools at salaries rang-
ing from $50.00 to $100.00 per month. City marshal receives $75.00 per
month. Common labor, $2.00 to $2.50 per day; and man and team, $5.00
per day. Two grade and two high school buildings are valued at $95,000;
courthouse, city hall and auditorium are valued at $90,000; and seven
churches — Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian
and Nazarene — represent an aggregate value of $25,000. City owns and
operates electric light plant and gravity water system. Lights are
furnished at the rate of 10 cents per kilowatt hour, and water at $1.00
to $1.55 per month to private families. There is a good volunteer fire
department. There are two flouring mills with daily capacities of 50
and 75 barrels, respectively; planing mill, milk condenser, fruit drier,
machine shop and two florists. Baptist college and Sisters (Catholic)
school located here.
*New^berg (Jesse Edwards, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1889. Altitude,
about 200 feet; area, 640 acres; population, 2,260. Situated on the West
Side division of the Southern Pacific railroad and on the Portland, Eu-
gene & Eastern electric railroad, and on the Willamette River. Oz"egon
Electric railroad has a franchise through the town and proposes to
extend its line here in the near future. Five passenger trains each way
daily over the Portland, Eugene & Eastern electric railroad. Boats on
the Willamette River give daily passenger ar<d freight service to Portland,
Salem and way points. Assessed valuation of town property is $903,774;
bonded indebtedness, $30,000. Twenty school teachers receive from $50.00
to $145.00 per month. The value of one school building, grade and high, is
$31,500. Eight churches — Baptist, Disciples, Episcopal, Methodist Epis-
copal, Methodist (Free), Methodist (German), Presbyterian and Friends.
City marshal and one deputy receive $50.00 per month each. Skilled labor
receives $3.50 per day; common labor, $2.00; and man and team, $5.00.
Pacific College, under the control of the Friends Church, is located here.
Electric light plant under private ownership, furnishes light at the rate of
15 cents per kilowatt hour. Water system is owned by the municipality
and service is rendered to private families for $1.00 per month. The prin-
cipal industries are farming, dairying, fruit culture and lumbering. Among
the industrial and business enterprises established in and near the town
are a large sawmill, box factory, sash and door factory, flouring mill,
milk condenser, creamery, foundry, machine shop, two fruit canneries,
prune driers, hop driers, two brick and tile plants, ice and cold storage
plant, handle factory, six general stores, two hardware stores, commission
house, three farm implement houses, three feed stores, two weekly papers,
two drug stores, two plumbing shops, two undertaking parlors, three
furniture stores, clothing store, thi-ee groceries, two hotels, two bakeries,
garage, harness store, two shoe stores, planing mill, two banks, cigar
factory, three jewelry stores, two greenhouses, steam laundry, paint and
oil store, two second hand stores, five confectioneries, three meat markets,
and one meat packing plant. The lai"gest walnut (English and French)
orchard and largest prune orchard in the world are located near the
town. Among the needs of the community are a furniture factory and a
box factory.
•From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 219
*Sheridan (D. E. Dilley, Mayor) — The third largest town in Yamhill
County, is located on the Dallas branch of the West Side division of the
Southern Pacific railroad, 14 miles southwest of McMinnville. It was
incorporated in 1880; area, 600 acres, and has a population of 1,200.
The assessed valuation of city property is $376,000; bonded debt, $35,000.
One schoolhouse is valued at $13,000. Five churches— Catholic. Christian,
Congregational, Lutheran and Methodist — are valued at $110,000, and the
Masonic and Odd Fellows halls at $15,000. Twelve teachers receive from
$55.00 to $125.00 per month. The city marshal receives $60.00 per month.
Common labor, $2.50; skilled labor, $4.00; man and team, $5.00 per day.
An electric light plant, private ownership, furnishes light for 50 cents per
16 candlepower lamp per month. A gravity waterworks system is owned
by the city, and the family rate is 75 cents per month per faucet. Farm-
ing, dairying and stock raising are the principal industries in the sur-
rounding country. Sheridan has a large lumber mill employing about 175
men. There are two banks, two hardware stores, three dry goods stores,
two drug stores, two harness stores, two warehouses, three livery stables,
two grocery stores, three confectionery stores, two shoe stores, one clothing
store, soda works, two millinery stores, three furniture stoi-es, a machine
shop, two jewelry stores, a good newspaper (The Sheridan Sun), a
commercial club, three hotels, flour and feed mill, electric light plant,
planing mill, two garages, two meat markets, packing and cannery plant,
capital stock about $10,000. There is opportunity for investment in a
good hotel, brick and tile mill, milk condensing factory, cheese factory.
A fine bank of clay is located near the town, and is suitable for making
pottery or fire brick. Sheridan is in a good fruit section, and has an
orchard acreage of 4,080 in the immediate vicinity of the town.
*WiLLAMiNA (Dr. Andrew Kershaw, Mayor) — Incorporated in 1903;
has a population of 600. Is situated at the junction of the Yamhill and
Willamina Rivers. It is the terminus of the Sheridan-Willamina
branch of the Southern Pacific railroad. The assessed valuation of town
•property is $130,000, with a debt of $17,000. There is one school building
valued at $12,000; two churches, Methodist and Congi-egational, valued at
$10,000, and a city hall. There are five teachers employed in the school
who receive $50.00 to $100.00 per month. A city marshal is paid $15.00 a
month. Common labor, $2.25 to $2.75 per day; skilled labor, $3.00 to $5.00
per day; man and team, $5.00 per day. The town is lighted by electricity,
under private ownership, at 75 cents to $1.00 per month for 16 candle-
power light. City water is of gravity system, being newly established at a
cost of $15,000, and being under municipal control. A volunteer fire
department has been organized. Leading industries are stock raising, gen-
eral farming, dairying, lumbering and fruit culture. Working institutions
are $300,000 brock and tile factory, $10,000 handle and turning factory,
$10,000 fruit drying plant under construction, five stores, two drug stores,
one butcher shop, bakery, creamery. The town has an attorney, dentist,
physician and weekly paper, two livery barns, two hotels, two black-
smith shops, shoe shop, jewelry shop, two confectioneries, photograph
gallery, bowling alley, auto garage. Willamina needs a sawmill, cream-
ery, sash and door factory, pottery plant. The Yamhill and Willamina
Rivers have numerous falls, to be harnessed for power. Main street is
laid with concrete pavement ; two other streets are macadamized.
Yamhill (W. C. Moore, Mayor) — Yamhill, incorporated in 1888,
covers an area of 260 acres, and has a population of 650. It is situated
on the West Side division of the Southern Pacific railroad and three-
quarters of a mile from the track; 39 miles southwest of Portland and 11
miles north of McMinnville, the county seat. The assessed value of
town property is $165,000, with $4,500 indebtedness. Altitude, 210 feet.
*From 1914 report. No corrected data for 1916 obtainable.
220 SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
It has a schoolhouse valued at $10,000. Seven teachers are employed at
salaries from $50.00 to $100.00 per month. Four churches — Methodist,
Christian, Catholic and Union — are valued at $8,000. The city marshal
receives $5.00 per month. Common labor is paid $2.25 per day, and skilled
labor $3.50, while man and team command $4.00 per day. There is a w^ell
organized volunteer fire department. The electric light plant and gravity
water system, under private ownership, furnish light at 3 cents per
candle-power, and water at $1.00 per month. The principal industries are
lumber, stock, tile, farming, fruit and vegetable growing, feed mill,
sawmill, clay works. Principal crops, hops, prunes, apples, walnuts, hay
and grain. Both Mutual and Bell telephone systems. Yamhill has three
general merchandise stores, two hardware stores, two drug stores, harness
shop, butcher shop, two blacksmith shops, an optician, shoe shop, one
millinery store, undertaker, moving picture theatre, physician, dentist,
real estate agent, livery barn, garage, bank, two barbers, hotel, tile
factory, lumber yard. The town hall, the Masonic hall, the Knights of
Pythias hall, and Odd Fellows hall are valued at $10,000. The new
bank building cost $8,000. The dairy and poultry business is advancing.
C. W. Van Wormer, city recorder.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 221
INSPECTIONS, DISTRICTS, ETC.
First District (W. B. Chance, Deputy Commissioner) consists of the
counties of Benton, Douglas (except western end), Jackson, Josephine,
Klamath, Lake, Lane (except western end), Lincoln (except northwestern
end) , Linn and Marion.
Second District (C. H. Gram, Deputy Commissioner), consists of the
counties of Clackamas, Clatsop, Columbia, Coos, Curry, western ends of
Douprlas and Lane, Lincoln (northwestern end), Polk, Tillamook, Wash-
ington and Yamhill.
Third District (Wm. A. Dalziel, Deputy Commissioner), consists of
the counties of Baker, Crook, Gilliam, Grant, Harney, Hood River, Mal-
heur, Morrow, Multnomah (small part of eastern end), Sherman, Uma-
tilla, Union, Wallowa, Wasco and Wheeler.
Fourth District (Carl F. Caulfield, Deputy Commissioner), consists
of the county of Multnomah (except a small portion of eastern end).
During the two years (October 1, 1914, to September 30, 1916) 7,385
inspections have been made in 2,929 plants. Of this number, since Octo-
ber 1, 1914, thirty have burned, 441 have gone out of business, seventy-
nine have passed from under the Factory Inspection Law, and 682 new
plants began operating. Most all of the new plants and also the old ones
gone out of business belong to the lumber industry.
EXPENSE ACCOUNT
(Factory Inspection Fund)
October 1, 1914 to September 30, 1916, inclusive
On hand, October 1. 1914 (over outstanding debts) $ 3,735.71
Received October 1, 1!>U, to September 30, 1916 25,717.75 $ 29,45:5.46
DISBURSEMENTS
Salaries and expenses for four Deputy Commissioners $ 20,219.48
Clerks 2.408.60
Furniture, supplies and express 53... 63
Printing sH'S^
Stamps 885.00
Telegraph and telephone 174.01 „. ,^„ „„
Transferred to General Fund 676.97 $ 2o, 123.78
On hand October 1, 1916 $ 4,329.68
GENERAL FUND
Salary of Commissioner ? ^'???'n'o
Traveling expenses (including telegraph and telephone) .. 1,541.98
Clerk hire 546.55
Stamps ^r? !>"
Books and supplies iocn
*SS*"^.^''^'"''^::::::"::::::::::::"=""-'" i-io^ls ? 9,668.43
♦Expense of additional printing of report that will be done after October
1, 1916, comes out of the fund appropriated for the Bureau of Labor. In 1914
this expense came out of the general printing fund. Also a large amount of the
expense of compiling the report was paid before October 1, 1914, while this year
only a very small amount was paid before this date.
222 . SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
INDEX TO TABULATIONS
Page
Labor Employment 9
Labor Data, Portland Employment Bureau 10
Labor Data, U. S. Employment Service 10
Accident Statement 18
Vacant Public Lands in Oregon 37
National Forest Eliminations 38
Forest Area Listed for Homesteads 39
Revenues from National Forests 40
Population of Oi-egon by Counties 43
Oregon and California Grant Lands, by Counties 46
Products of Oregon and Value, 1916 47, 48
Property and Valuations of State, by Counties 51
Timber Industries 52, 53
School, Road and General Taxes, 1916 54, 55
Salaries School Teachers, Principals, etc 56
Banks and Banking 63
Market Reports, a 12-year Comparison 87
Labor Unions, statistics concerning 90-96
Occupations of Females 101
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
Locking the Barn Door 2
Swinging Cut-off Saw (guarded) 6
Drive-wheel in Electric Plant (guarded) 10
Gear-roll in Sawmill (guarded and unguarded) 13
Wood-pipe Machine (guarded and unguarded) 20
Band Saw (guarded and unguarded) 24
Mangle in Laundry (guarded) 29
Seats for Female Help 30
Shaper in Planing Mill (guarded) 32
Portable Woodsaw (guarded) 32
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
223
IND
I'ACK
Alistract Examiners 61
Alistructs of Title 61
AcadLinies and Colleges 48
Ac-uU'inv of Our Lady of Perpetual
Help. Albany 50
Accidents, two-year period 18
Accordoon Plaiting 61
Accountants 61
Acknowledgments »
Adams, I'matilla County 195
Addressing Machine Bureau 61
Adjusters 61
Advertising and specialties 61
Agricultural College, Corvallis 48
Agricultural Crops, Value 1916 47
Air Compressors 61
Albany College 48
Albanv. Linn County 165
Amity. Yamhill County 216
Amusement Companies 61
Antelope, Wasco County 207
Apples. Product and Value 47
Appraisers 61
Apprenticeships, Organized Labor.. 91
Apricots 47
Aprons 61
Architects 61
Artificial Limbs 61
Artificial Stone 61
Art Glass, Mirrors, etc 61
Artists 61
Arlington. Gilliam County 136
Art Metals 62
Asbestos 62
Acetylene 61
Ashland, Jackson County 145
Asphalt and Mortar 62
Assessed Valuations, 1916 51
Astoria, Clatsop County 117
Athena. Umatilla County 196
Auctioneers 62
Aumsville. Marion County 173
Aurora, Marion County 173
Austin, Grant County 137
Automobile. Its Relation to Labor.. 88
Average Value of Minerals, 1915.... 105
Awnings and Tents 62
Baby Korals 64
Baker, Baker County 106
Baker Business College 49
Baker Coimty, Description of 106
Baker, County Seat 106
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Bakery Products 65
Baking Powder 64
Banks. Resources and Liabilities
1914-1916 63
Bandon, Coos County 123
Barbers 64
Barley, Product and Value 47
Barlow, Clackamas County 112
Baskets 64
Bay City, Tillamook County 192
Beans, Product and Value 47
Beaver Hill, Coos County 124
Beaver Hill Mine Explosion 21
Beaverton, Washington County 210
Bedding 62
Beef — Cost of Yearling 46
Cost of 2-year-oId 46
Behnke-Walker Business College,
Portland 49
Bend. Deschutes County 130
Benefits, Organized Labor 91
EX
Page
Benton C<iunty, Description of 109
Corvallis, County Scat 110
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Berries, Product and Value 47
Beverages 64
Bicych'S 64
Bill Distributers 64
Billiard Halls 64
Blackb.-riies. I'roduct and Value.... 47
Blacksmith. Machine, Repair Shops 64
Blind, Institute for 48
Blueing Manufacturers 64
Boat and Shipbuilding 64
Boat Liveries 64
Boilers — Inspection of 25
Detilers and Manufacturers 64
Bonanza, Klamath County 153
Bonuses and Investments 64
Bookbinding 65
Books and Stationery 64
Bourne, Baker County 107
Bread and Bakery Products 6;i
Brick and Tile 65
Bridge Building 65
Brokers 65
Bronze and Brass Works 65
Brookings. Curry County 129
Brownsville, Linn County 166
Buckwheat, Product and Value 47
Building and Loan Associations.... 66
Bureau' Should Regulate (Fire and
Health) 60
Burns, Harney County 141
Business Colleges 49
Business. Trades, Progressions, etc. 61
Butte Fall.s. JacksAn County 146
Butter and Cheese 66
Butter. Product and Value 47
Butteville, Marion County 1'4
Cabbage. Product and Value 47
Cabinet Workers ^f
Callings. Trades, Professions, etc. 61
Canby, Clackamas County ii-i
Candies -
Canned and Preserved Fruits fifi
C3-ns '
Canvon'City, Grant County 139
Canvonviile, Douglas County 1-3^
Capital Business College, Salem.... 49
Carlton, Yamhill County 216
Carpet Cleaning ^i
Carpets, Dealers °'
Carriages and Wagons «£
Caskets
Cattle, Average Value on Range.. 46
Cauliflower. Product and Value 4(
Cement Pipe and Tile.... ^i
Central Point. Jackson County 14b
Cereals. Product and Value 47
Cheese, Product and Value 4^
Chimney Sweeps - ■: ct
Chinese and Japanese, Goods o'
Population and Labor Conditions
of ''
Chiropractors 67
Cider, Manufacturers of »'
Cigar Makers .^- ■ I'
Clears and Tobacco Dealers ..-._ 67
Cities and Towns of State... l^^-?^"
Clackamas County, Description of.. Ill
Oregon City, County Seat .115
Homesteads in Ik
Population of *^
224
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
INDEX— Continued.
Page
Clatskanie, Columbia County 120
Clatsop. Clatsop County 118
Clatsop Countv. Description of 116
Astoria. County Seat 117
Homosteads in 35-41
Population of 4".
Cleaners and Dyers 67
Clothing, Dealers and Makers of.... 68
Coal 68
Coal Mines. Inspection of 20
Coburjj, Lane County 158
Coffees, Teas and Spices 68
Collection Agencies 68
Columbia County, Description of.... 119
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
St. Helens, County Seat 121
Columl)ia University, Portland 50
Commission Merchants 68
Commissions, Industrial Welfare.... 29
Child Labor 31
Condensed Milk 68
Condon, Gilliam County 136
Confections, Retail 69
Contractors 69
Cooperage 69
Coos, Countv, Description of 122
Coquille, County Seat 124
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Coquille, Coos County 124
Corn, Average Yield per Acre 46
Product and Value- 47
Cornelius, Washington County 211
Cornucopia. Baker County 107
Corvallis, Benton County 110
Cottage Grove, Lane County 158
Countifs, Description of 105-220
Cove. L^nion County 201
Cranberries, Product and Value 47
Creswell, Lane County 158
Crockery Dealers 69
Crook County, Description of 126
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Prineville, County Seat 127
Crops, Agricultural Value of 4 8
Crop Prices. Effects of Wages 46
Crushed Rock Plants 69
Culver, .Jefferson Covmty 150
Curry Countv, Description of 128
Gold Beach, County Seat 129
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Dairy Products 47
Dallas, Polk County 187
Dav I.iaborers, Conditions of 88
Wages of 11
Dayton, Yamhill County 216
Dayville, Grant County 139
Deaf, Oregon School for 4 8
Department Stores 69
Dentists 69
Deschutes County, Description of.... 130
Bend. County Seat 130
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Directorj^ of Unions 97-99
Docks 69
Domestic Help, Conditions of 89
Wages of 11
Donald, Marion County 174
Doors, Sash, Windows, etc 69
Page
Douglas County, Description of 131
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Ro.seburg, County Seat 134
Drain, Douglas County 132
Dressmakers 69
Drewsey, Harney County 142
Drugs 69
Dry Goods 69
Dufur, Wasco County 208
Dundee, Yamhill County 217
Dyers and Cleaners 67
East Side, Coos County
Echo, Umatilla County
Egg.s, Product and Value
Electric Fixtures, Supplies, etc.
Plants
Elevators
Elgin, Union County
Elite Business College, Portland...
Empire, Coos County
Employment Agencies
Operation of Law : Agency
Operation of Law : Laborer
Cooperate
Enlarged Homesteads
Enterprise, Wallowa County
Estacada, Clackamas County
Eugene Bible University, Eugene.
Eugene, Lane County
E.xcelsior Plants
Express and Transfer
125
196
47
70
70
70
201
49
124
15
16
17
7
36
205
113
50
159
70
85
Factory Inspection 33
Fairview, Multnomali County 183
Falls City, Polk County 188
Farm Implements 70
Farm, Tlie, Labor Conditions on 86
Wages FaiTn Labor 11
Farming Lands in National Forests 38
Females. Occupations of 101
Employment of 7-14
Flax, Product and Value 48
Florence, Lane County 159
Florists 71
Flour and Feed 71
Finances ( See Bank Statement) 63
Fire, Health and Accident Inspec-
tion 57
Bureau Should Regulate 60
Survey of Factory Buildings 60
Fish Canneries 70
Fish School of Expression. Salem... 50
Forest Grove, Washington County.. 211
Forest Reserves, Homesteads in 38
Reforestation of 41
Revenues from 39
Fossil, Wlieeler County 214
Foundries. Iron Works, etc 73
Free Employment Agencies 15
Freewater, Umatilla County 196
Fruit 47
Canneries 66
Cost of Harvesting 46
Juice Plants 71
Fuel Dealers 71
Furs, Hides, Pelts, etc 72
Gardiner, Douglas Countv 132
Gas Plants 71
Gaston, AVashington County 212
Geological Terms. Explanation of 105
Gervais. Marion County 174
Gillespie School of Expression,
Portland 50
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
225
INDEX— Continued.
Paoi:
Gilliam Comity, Description of 135
Cordon. County Seat 136
Homt'Stcads in 35-41
Population of 43
Gladstone. Clackamas County 114
Glenada. Lane County 160
Glendale, Douglas County 133
Goats. Products and Value 47
Goble. Columbia County 120
Gold Bcacli. Curry County 129
Gold Hill. Jackson County 146
Gold Mines 72
Gooseberries. Product ;ind Value.., 47
Government School, Cliemawa 49
Graduation of Penalties, Need of.. 31
Granite, Grant County 139
Grant County, Description of 137
Canyon City. County Seat 139
Homesteads in 35-41
Population if 43
Grants Pass. .Josephine County .... 152
Grass Seed, Product and Value 48
Grass Valley, Sherman County 190
Gresham. Multnomah County 183
Grocers 72
Haines. Bak'.r County 107
Halfway, Baker County 108
Halsey, Linn County 166
Hammond, Clatsop County 118
Hardman, Morrow County 180
Hardware 72
Harness Shops 72
Harney County. Description of 141
Burns, County Seat 141
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Harney, Hainey County 142
Harrisburg, Linn County 166
Hay, Product and Value 48
Helix, Umatilla County 197
Heri, The Product of and Value.... 46
Heppner, Morrow County 180
Hcrmiston, Umatilla County 197
Hides, Pelts, etc 72
Hill Military Academy, Portland... 49
Hillsboro, Wasliington County 212
Hogs, Product and Value '. 47
Holmes Business College, Portland 4 9
Homesteads —
Acreage Public Lands 37
Commutation Privileges 36
Enlarged Homesteads 36
Fees and Commissions 38
How Procured 36
In Forest Reserves 38
In O. & C. Grant 41
Qualifications for Entry 36
Soldiers' and Sailor.s' Rights 37
Vacant Public Lands 35
Honey, Product and Value 48
Hood River County, Description of 142
Homesteads in 35-41
Hood River, County Seat 144
Population of 43
Hops, Cost of Producing 46
Horse, Age of Efficiency 46
Product and Value .... 47
Hospital Pees, Editorial 34
Hotel and Lodging Houses 72
House Movers 73
Hubbard, Marion Countv ..'."."".."" 174
Huckleberries, Product and Value 47
Huntington. Baker Countv 108
Page
Imbler, Union County 202
Independence, Polk County 188
Indian Agency Boarding School
(U. S. ) Fort Klamath 4 9
Indian Training School (U. S.)
('liemawa 49
liidu.strial Welfare Commission...... 29
liuhi.stries, Calling.s, Trades, etc 61
Mi.^tellaneous 85
huf.stments. Bonuses, etc 65
lone. Morrow County 181
Iron Works 73
Irrigation Companies 73
Island City, Union County 202
Inspection :
l'.<aver Hill Mine 19-22
Hoiler 25
•''aetory 33
Fire and Health 57-60
flenryville Mine 22-23
Mines 19-23
.Jackson County, Description of 144
» Homesteads in 35-41
.rack.sonville. County Seat 147
Population of 43
Jacksonville, Jackson County 147
Janitors 73
Jefferson County, Description of.!!!!! 149
Culver, County Seat 150
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Jefferson, Marion County 174
Jewelers 73
Jordan Valley, Malheur County!!-!" 169
Josephine County, Description of.... 151
Grants Pass, County Seat 152
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
.Joseph, Wallowa County 205
Junction City, Lane County 160
Juntura, Malheur County 170
Kimball College of Theology, Salem 50
Klamath County, Description of 153
Homesteads in 35-41
Klamath Falls, County Seat . 154
Population of 43
Labor —
Conditions, Difficult of Analysis '.1
Conditions of Markets 14
I^aws, Prosecution for Violation
of 102
Legislation, Suggested by Unions 100
Union Directory 97
Union Statistics 92-96
Wages of 11
Labor Laws — Prosecution for Vio-
lation of 102
Labor Organizations —
Automobile, Relation to Labor.... 8*
Chinese and Japanese 89
Conditions of Labor 7
Domestic Help 89
Female Occupations ....: lOl
Farm, The 88
I^aborer, The Day 88
Legislation, Recommended by.... 100
Strikes loO
Union.s, Summary of Reports .... 90
Unions, Statistics 92-96
LaFayette, Yamhill County 217
Ija Grande, Union County 202
Lakeview, Lake County 150
Sig. 8.
226
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
INDEX— Continued.
Page
Lake County, Description of 155
Homesteads in 35-41
I«il<eview, County Seat 155
Population 43
Landscape Gardeners 73
Lane County, Description of 156
lOusene, County Seat 159
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Laundries 73
I^aw Schools 49
lyebanon, Linn County 167
Legislation, Suggested 100
Letter l^arriers 73
Letter of Transmittal 3
Lexington, Morrow County 181
Librai'ies 74
Link's Business College, Portland.. 49
Lincoln (bounty. Description of 161
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Toledo, County Seat '163
Linn County, Description of 164
Albany, County Seat _ 165
Homesteads in .' 35-41
Population of 43
Livery Stables 74
Livestock 47
Locking the Barn Door —
A "Safety First" Lesson -
Lodging Houses, HoteJs, etc 7'2
Loganberries, Product and Value.. 47
Lone Rock, Gilliam County ..- 137
Long Creek, Grant County 140
Lostine, Wallowa County 205
Lumber Output, 1916, Rough 53
Lumber Yards 74
Machine, Blacksmitli and Repair
Shops 64
Madras, Jefferson County 150
Malheur County, Description of — . 168
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Vale, County seat 171
Manicurists 74
Marble Works and Monuments 74
Marion County, Description of 171
Homesteads in 35—41
Population of 43
Sak'm, County Seat 175
Market Gardeners 74
Market Reports 87
Marshfield, Coos County 125
Masonry 74
Massage Parlors 74
McLaughlin Institute, Oregon City.. 50
McMiiuiville College 48
McMinnville, Yamhill County 218
Meat Markets 74
Medford, Jackson County 147
Merrill, Klamath County 154
Metal Goods 74
Metolius, Jefferson County 150
Mih'h Cows, Product and Value 47
Military School 49
Milk, Product and Value 47
Mill Work 74
Milton, Umatilla County 197
Mihvaukie, Clackamas County 114
Mineral Products and Value, 1915.... 105
Miiieial Springs 74
MiniiiK Industry, Inspections 19—23
Miscillaiieiius Industries 85
Mitchell. Wheeler County 214
Mixed Products and Value 48
Page
Mohair, Product and X'alue 48
Molalla, Clackamas County 114
Monmouth, Polk County 189
Monroe, Benton County Ill
Monument, Grant County 140
Moro, Sherman County 191
Morrow County, Description of 179
Homesteads in 35—41
Heppner, County Seat 180
Population of 43
Mortar and Asphalt 62
Mosier, Wasco County 208
Mt. Angel Academy and Normal.... 50
Mt. Angel College 50
Mt. Angel, Marion County 175
Mules, Number and Value 47
Multnomah County, Description of.. 181
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Poi'tland, County Seat 183
Music Teachers 74
Myrtle Creek, Douglas County 133
Myrtle Point, Coos County 125
National B^orests 38—41
Acreage listed for entry 39
Area, Classified in 38
Benefits to Homesteaders 40
Eliminations by Forests and
Counties 38
Eliminations since 1906 39
Requirements for homesteading.. 39
Revenues from Forests 39—41
Reforestation of 41
Timber, free to settlers 40
Timber, sale grazing, etc 40
Warnings to settlers 40
Necessities of Life, Market Report
on 87
Nehalem, Tillamook County 193
New Astoria, Clatsop County 118
Newberg, Yamhill County 218
Newport, Lincoln County 163
News Agents (railroad) 74
Newspapers 75
North Powder, Union County 203
North Bend, Coos County 126
Northwestern College of Law,
Portland 49
Nyssa, Malheur County 170
Oakland, Douglas County 133
Occupation of Females 101
Oil „ 74
Opal City, Jefferson County 151
Onions, Product and Value 47
Ontario, Malheur County 170
Oregon. Brief Sketch of 35
Population of 43
Oregon City, Clackamas County .... 115
Oregon Law School, Salem 49
Oregon & California Grant Lands..41-46
Agricultural, what portion 45
Area of by Counties 46
How to Procure Homestead in 42
Maps of. How Obtainable 44
Timber area of 45
Orenco, Washington County 212
Organized Labor (editorial) 5
Conditions of Market 7-14
Labor Data from Agencies 8
Summary of Reports from 90
Union Directory 97
U^nion Statistics 92-96
(^.'iwegi). Clackamas County 115
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
227
INDEX— Continued.
Page
I'iiiific College, Newberg 48
Pacilic- University, 1^'orest Grove.... 4 8
Paints and Oils 81
Paisley, Lake County 156
Paper Boxes, etc 81
Patterns and Models 81
Peaches, Product and Value 47
Pears, Product and Value 47
Peas. Product and Value 47
I'l-iidleton, Umatilla County 198
l'il>lierniint. Product and N'alue 48
IMiiioniath, Benton County Ill
I'hoLiiix, Jackson County 148
Photographers 81
Piano Tuners 81
Pilot Rock, Umatilla County 199
Pipe and Tile, Cement 67
Pipe, Iron and Cement 75
Plating Works 81
Plumbing and Gas Fitting 81
Plums, Product and Value 47
Polk County, Description of 186
Dallas, County Seat 187
Homesteads in 35—41
Population of Oregon, by Counties.. 43
Cities and Towns (see coun-
ties) 105-220
Portland, Multnomah County 183
Port Orford, Curry County 129
Postoffices in Oregon 51
i'otatoes. Product and Value 47
Poultry and Kggs 47
Power Plants 81
Power Site Resei-ves, 1915 35
Prairie City, Grant County 140
Principals of Schools, salaries of.... 56
Prineville. Crook County 127
Printing and Publishing Plants .... 81
Newspapers 75
Products, Miscellaneous 47
Mixed 48
Market Report of 87
Mineral 105
Timber 52
Professions, Trades, etc 61
Progressive Business College,
Portland 49
Property Valuations, Assessed 51
Prosecutions for Labor Law Vio-
lations ._. 102
Prune Packing 82
Prunes, Product and Value 47
Public Lands in Oregon, Vacant. ...35-38
Area by Counties 37
Character of Land in 36
Desirable Homesteads in 35
How to Procure 36
Qualifications for Entry 36
Power Site Reserves 35
Public Water Reserves 35
I'ublic Schools, Our ; the Teacher.... 25
Salaries of Teachers 56
Tenure of Office Law 25
Pumping Plants 82
Railroads 82-86
Rainier, Columbia County .... 121
Range Cattle, Average Value 46
Raspberries, Product and Value.. 47
Real Estate Dealers 82
Reed College, Portland 49
Redmond, Deschutes County 130
Repair Shops, Blacksmith and
Machines 64
Revenues from National Forests!!!! 40
Review and Recommendations 5
Page
Rhubard, Product and Value 47
Riddle, Douglas County 134
Road, School and General Ta.xes.... 54-55
Rogue River, Jackson County 148
Roseburg, Douglas County 134
Rubber Goods 82
Rye, Product and Value 46
Sacred Heart Academy, IjaGrande.. 50
Sacred Heart Acadiimy, Salem 50
Safes 82
Safety Campaign, Launched 28
Safety First Cautions 26—31
Salaries of Teachers, Principals
and Superintendents 56
Salem, Marion County 175
Salinon Canneries 82
Sand and Gravel 83
Stindy, Clackamas County 115
School of E.xpression 50
School for Girls 49
School, Road and General Taxes,
1916 54-55
Scio, Linn County 167
Seaside, Clatsop County 118
Seasonal Employment 15
Second Hand Goods 83
Seed Cleaning 83
Seed, Product and Value 47
Sewing Machines 83
Sextons 83
Shaniko, Wasco County 208
Sheep, Product and Value 47
Sheet Metal Workers 85
Sheridan, Yamhill County 219
Sherman County, Description of .... 189
Homesteads in 35-41
Morrow, County Seat 191
Population of 43
Sherwood, Washington County 212
Shipbuilding, Activity of 27
Boats and Ships 64
Shirts and Overalls 83
Shortage of Labor Reviewed
Male Wages 11
Female Wages 13
Causes of and Working Condi-
tions 13
Prospects for the Future 14
Shoes, etc 83
Shooting Galleries 84
Show Cases 84
Signs 84
Silver Lake, Lake County 156
Silverton, Marion County 176
Sodaville, Linn County 168
Splint Baskets 84
Springfield, Lane County 161
Stablemen 84
Stage Lines 84
Stamps and Stencils 84
Stanfield, Umatilla County 199
State Aid, as solution to Seasonal
Employment Problem 15
State Institutions 48
Stayton, Marion County 177
Steam Packing 84
Steamships and Steamboats 84
Store Fixtures 84
Stoves 84
Strawberries, Product and Value.... 47
Street Railways 84
Strikes 100
St. Boniface School, Sublimity 50
St. Francis College and Academy,
Baker 50
228
SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT— LABOR BUREAU
INDEX— Continued.
Pack
St. Ilclonp. Columbia ("'ountj- 121
St. Helens Hall. Portland 49
St. Joseph's Academy, Pendleton 5P
St. Mary's College, Albany 50
St. Mary's Home, Beaverton 50
St. Paul's Academy, St. Paul 50
St. Paul, Marion County 177
Sublimity, Marion Co\mty 178
Suggestions to Wage Workers 14
Suits and Cloaks 68
Summerville, Union County 203
Suinpter, Baker County 108
Superintendents, Schools, Salaries.. .56
Sutlierlin, Douglas County 134
Sweet Home. Linn County 168
Tailor Shops ..'. 84
Talent, Jackson, County 148
Tallow 84
Tanners 84
Taxes, Paid in Stock Counties 46
Road, School and General, 1916.. 54
Taxidermists 84
Teachers of Schools, Salaries of 56
Telephone Companies 84
Tenure of Office Law, Teachers.... 25
Tents and Awnings 62
The Dalles, Wasco County 209
Theological Schools 50
Tillamook County, Description of.... 191
Homesteads in 35—41
Population of 43
Tillamook, County Seat 193
Timber Cruisers 85
Timber Industry, statistical 52
National Forests, Homesteads in 38
Reforestation of Reserves 41
Tin, Copper and Sheet Metal
Workers 85
Title Page 1
Toledo, Lincoln County 163
Tomatoes, Product and Value .47
Trades, Callings, etc 31
Transfer and Express Companies.... 85
Transmittal, Letter of 3
Troutdale, Multnomah County 186
Trunks ! 85
Tualatin, Washington County 213
Turner. Marion County 178
Turpentine and Resin hs
Typewriters 85
Umatilla County, Decriptlon of 194
Homesteads in 35-41
Pendleton. County Seat 198
Population of 43
Umatilla, Umatilla County 199
Undertakers 85
Union County, Description of 200
Homesteads in 35—41
La Grande. County Seat 202
Population of 43
Page
Unions, Statistics of 92-96
Directory of 97-99
Legislation Suggested by 100
Strikes 100
Summary of Reports 90
Union, Union County 203
University of Oregon 48
Vale, Malheur County 171
Valuations, Assessed by counties.... 51
Value of Lands — Improved and
Unimproved 46
Vegetables 47-66
Wages of Labor 11
Regulation of Payment Urged.... 5
Waldport, Lincoln County 163
W^all Paper 85
Wallowa County, Description of 204
Homesteads in 35-41
Enterprise, County Seat 205
Population of 4S
Wallowa, Wallowa County 206
Walnuts, Product and Value 47
Warm Springs, Jefferson County. -.. 151
Warrenton. Clatsop County 119
Wasco County. Description of 206
Homesteads in 35—41
Population of 43
The Dalles, County Seat 209
W^asco, Sherman County 191
W^ashington County, Description of 209
Hillsboro, County Seat 212
Homesteads in 35—41
Population of 43
Valuation of Properties, Assessed 51
Waterloo. Linn County 168
Weights of Grains, Standard 46
Well Drilling 85
Westfall, Malheur County 171
West Linn. Clackamas County 116
Weston. Umatilla County 199
West Salem, Polk County 189
Wheat. Prodv.ct and Value 47
Wheeler Couut.v, Description of 213
Fossil, County Seat 214
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
^^^leeler, Tillamook County 194
Willamette, Clackamas County 116
Willamette LTniversity, Salem 49
Willamina, Yamhill County 219
Woodburn, Marion County 178
Woodsaws, Editorials 33
Wool, Product and Value 48
Yamhill County, Description of 215
McMinnville, County Seat 218
Homesteads in 35-41
Population of 43
Yamhill, Yamhill County 219
Yearling Beef. Cost of Producing.... 46
Yoncalla, Douglas County 31
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